Overview
The Japanese verb '定める' (sadameru) is a versatile and nuanced verb with several core meanings that revolve around the idea of establishing, deciding, or fixing something. It's often used in formal contexts but also appears in everyday conversation, depending on the nuance. Here's a breakdown of its primary uses:
- 1To establish; to enact; to institute: This is a very common and formal usage. It refers to the act of setting up rules, laws, systems, or policies. For example, a government might '定める' a new law, or a company might '定める' new regulations. It implies a deliberate and authoritative act of creation or implementation.
- 例: 法律を定める (hōritsu o sadameru) - to enact a law
- 例: 規則を定める (kisoku o sadameru) - to establish rules
- 1To decide; to determine; to fix: In this sense, '定める' refers to making a firm decision or settling on a specific outcome or course of action. It suggests a conclusion reached after consideration, often with a sense of finality. This can apply to plans, goals, or even abstract concepts like one's future.
- 例: 目標を定める (mokuhyō o sadameru) - to set a goal
- 例: 方針を定める (hōshin o sadameru) - to decide on a policy
- 例: 進路を定める (shinro o sadameru) - to decide on one's future path
- 1To settle; to calm; to stabilize: Less common but still present, '定める' can also refer to bringing something to a state of calm or stability. This might be used in a more literary or poetic context, referring to settling one's mind or calming a tumultuous situation.
- 例: 心を定める (kokoro o sadameru) - to calm one's mind (often implies making a firm resolution)
Conjugation:
'定める' is a Ichidan verb (る verb). Here are some common conjugations:
- Plain form (non-past): 定める (sadameru)
- Plain form (past): 定めた (sadameta)
- Te-form: 定めて (sadamete)
- Masu form: 定めます (sadamemasu)
- Negative form: 定めない (sadamenai)
- Passive form: 定められる (sadamerareru)
- Causative form: 定めさせる (sadamesaseru)
Nuance and Usage Tips:
- Formal vs. Informal: While '定める' can be used informally, especially in the sense of deciding on a personal goal, its stronger connotations lean towards formal or official declarations. For simple, everyday decisions, verbs like '決める' (kimeru) are more common.
- Focus on the result: '定める' often emphasizes the outcome of the establishment or decision—the state of being fixed or decided.
- Transitive: '定める' is a transitive verb, meaning it always takes a direct object (marked by the particle を 'o').
Understanding '定める' enriches your comprehension of Japanese, especially when encountering official documents, news, or literature where precision in establishing rules and decisions is key.
مثالها
憲法を定める。
Law/PoliticsTo enact a constitution.
方針を定める。
Business/AdministrationTo decide on a policy.
目標を定める。
GeneralTo set a goal.
彼は進むべき道を定めた。
GeneralHe decided on the path he should take.
座席を定める。
Event/LogisticsTo assign seats.
ترکیبهای رایج
اغلب اشتباه گرفته میشود با
There are over 80 words that share the same pronunciation or kanji with '定める'. Please specify which one you are referring to for a more accurate comparison.
الگوهای دستوری
نحوه استفاده
定める (sadameru) is a versatile verb that can be translated in several ways depending on the context, including 'to establish,' 'to enact,' 'to decide,' 'to stipulate,' or 'to fix.' It is often used formally, for example, when discussing the establishment of laws (法律を定める), rules (規則を定める), or policies (方針を定める). It can also describe the act of setting a goal or target (目標を定める) or making a firm personal decision (心を定める). When referring to a fixed or determined state, it can imply a sense of permanence or certainty. The nuance often lies in the active establishment or clear decision-making process. For instance, while '決める' (kimeru) also means 'to decide,' '定める' often carries a more formal or weighty connotation, implying a decision that has been carefully considered and will have lasting effect.
1. **Transitivity:** '定める' (sada.meru) is a transitive verb, meaning it takes a direct object. For example, 法律を定める (houritsu o sadameru - to establish a law). The intransitive counterpart is 定まる (sada.maru), meaning 'to be decided' or 'to be fixed.' For instance, 予定が定まる (yotei ga sadamaru - the plan is decided). Misusing the transitive/intransitive forms is a common error. 2. **Nuance with '決める' (kimeru):** While both '定める' and '決める' (kimeru) can mean 'to decide,' '定める' often implies a more formal, official, or long-term establishment or determination. '決める' is more general and can be used for everyday decisions. For example, 会社の方針を定める (kaisha no houshin o sadameru - to establish company policy) sounds more formal than 会社の方針を決める (kaisha no houshin o kimeru), though both are grammatically correct. 3. **Context of usage:** '定める' is frequently used in contexts like establishing rules, laws, policies, or principles. It can also mean to fix or set a date/time, or to settle one's mind or gaze. Be mindful of these specific contexts to choose the most appropriate verb. For example, 目的地を定める (mokutekichi o sadameru - to fix one's destination or aim). 4. **Incorrect particles:** As a transitive verb, it usually takes the object particle 'を' (o). Forgetting or misusing particles can lead to confusion. For example, 彼は目標を定めた (kare wa mokuhyou o sadameta - He set a goal), not 彼は目標に定めた (kare wa mokuhyou ni sadameta).
نکات
Usage Contexts of '定める' (sadameru)
'定める' is a versatile verb with various nuanced meanings depending on the context. It generally implies establishing, deciding, or fixing something. Common usages include '規則を定める' (kisoku o sadameru - to establish rules), '方針を定める' (hōshin o sadameru - to decide on a policy), and '目的を定める' (mokuteki o sadameru - to set a goal). Understanding the accompanying particles and nouns is crucial for accurate interpretation.
Common Pitfalls with '定める'
One common mistake is confusing '定める' with similar-sounding verbs like '定める' (sadameru - to calm down, to settle) which uses a different kanji, or '決める' (kimeru - to decide) which can be more informal. While '決める' often focuses on the act of making a decision, '定める' emphasizes the establishment or formalization of something. Additionally, '定める' can be used transitively and intransitively, so paying attention to sentence structure is important. For instance, '法律が定められた' (hōritsu ga sadamerareta - a law was established) uses the passive voice for the intransitive sense, while '政府が法律を定める' (seifu ga hōritsu o sadameru - the government establishes laws) is transitive.
Mastering '定める' for Natural Japanese
To master '定める', practice using it in different formal and official contexts. Try creating sentences that involve establishing policies, rules, or even personal goals. Pay attention to how native speakers use it in news articles, official documents, and formal discussions. Incorporating it into your vocabulary will significantly enhance your ability to express complex ideas related to decision-making, establishment, and formalization in Japanese. Also, be aware of its honorific and humble forms if you are engaging in very formal communication.
ریشه کلمه
From Old Japanese. The original meaning was 'to make stable' or 'to fix'. It is a transitive verb derived from the intransitive verb 定まる (sadameru), meaning 'to become stable' or 'to be fixed'. Over time, its usage expanded to include establishing rules, enacting laws, and deciding upon matters. It often implies a sense of finality and authority in the decision or establishment. It can also refer to setting a date, determining a course of action, or settling a dispute. The nuance can vary depending on the context, but the core idea of making something firm and definite remains. In classical Japanese literature, it frequently appears in contexts of imperial decrees or the establishment of societal norms. In modern usage, it is still a common and versatile verb with a similar range of meanings.
بافت فرهنگی
The word "定める" (sadameru) holds significant cultural weight in Japan, often appearing in contexts related to tradition, law, and personal resolve. In a societal sense, it reflects the Japanese emphasis on order, clear rules, and established customs. When used for laws or regulations, it implies a thorough and well-considered process, aiming for stability and fairness within the community. In personal contexts, it conveys a strong sense of determination and commitment, aligning with the samurai spirit of unwavering resolve. The act of "sadameru" is not taken lightly; it implies a deep understanding of the situation and a firm decision that will be adhered to, reflecting a culture that values steadfastness and a clear path forward.
راهنمای حفظ
The character 定 (tei, jou, sada.meru) means 'determine,' 'fix,' or 'establish.' Imagine a 'T' (like 'tei') being used to 'tie' down a decision firmly, 'establishing' it. The radical 宀 (uben, ukanmuri) means 'roof,' suggesting something settled under a roof, like a home or a fixed place. The bottom part, 正 (shou, sei, tada.shii), means 'correct' or 'justice,' implying that what is established is correct or just. So, 定 combines the idea of settling something firmly under a roof with correctness, leading to 'establish,' 'determine,' or 'fix.'
سوالات متداول
4 سوال'定める' (sadameru) primarily means 'to establish,' 'to enact,' or 'to decide.' It carries a sense of setting something firmly or formally.
Certainly! For 'to establish,' you might see phrases like 規則を定める (kisoku o sadameru) meaning 'to establish rules,' or 新しい組織を定める (atarashii soshiki o sadameru) meaning 'to establish a new organization.' It's about putting something in place officially.
When '定める' means 'to decide,' it often implies a firm and final decision. For example, 進路を定める (shinro o sadameru) means 'to decide one's course in life,' or 方針を定める (hōshin o sadameru) means 'to decide on a policy.' It's not a casual decision, but a deliberate one.
Yes, beyond 'establish' and 'decide,' '定める' can also mean 'to fix' or 'to settle,' often referring to something that was previously unfixed or uncertain. For instance, 目的を定める (mokuteki o sadameru) means 'to fix a goal,' or 席を定める (seki o sadameru) can mean 'to settle in one's seat.' The core idea remains bringing something to a stable or defined state.
خودت رو بسنج
法律を___。
目標を___。
運命は___られている。
امتیاز: /3
Usage Contexts of '定める' (sadameru)
'定める' is a versatile verb with various nuanced meanings depending on the context. It generally implies establishing, deciding, or fixing something. Common usages include '規則を定める' (kisoku o sadameru - to establish rules), '方針を定める' (hōshin o sadameru - to decide on a policy), and '目的を定める' (mokuteki o sadameru - to set a goal). Understanding the accompanying particles and nouns is crucial for accurate interpretation.
Common Pitfalls with '定める'
One common mistake is confusing '定める' with similar-sounding verbs like '定める' (sadameru - to calm down, to settle) which uses a different kanji, or '決める' (kimeru - to decide) which can be more informal. While '決める' often focuses on the act of making a decision, '定める' emphasizes the establishment or formalization of something. Additionally, '定める' can be used transitively and intransitively, so paying attention to sentence structure is important. For instance, '法律が定められた' (hōritsu ga sadamerareta - a law was established) uses the passive voice for the intransitive sense, while '政府が法律を定める' (seifu ga hōritsu o sadameru - the government establishes laws) is transitive.
Mastering '定める' for Natural Japanese
To master '定める', practice using it in different formal and official contexts. Try creating sentences that involve establishing policies, rules, or even personal goals. Pay attention to how native speakers use it in news articles, official documents, and formal discussions. Incorporating it into your vocabulary will significantly enhance your ability to express complex ideas related to decision-making, establishment, and formalization in Japanese. Also, be aware of its honorific and humble forms if you are engaging in very formal communication.
مثالها
5 از 5憲法を定める。
To enact a constitution.
方針を定める。
To decide on a policy.
目標を定める。
To set a goal.
彼は進むべき道を定めた。
He decided on the path he should take.
座席を定める。
To assign seats.
محتوای مرتبط
این کلمه در زبانهای دیگر
واژههای بیشتر politics
撤廃
B2The total abolition or removal of an established system, law, or restriction.
援助する
A2To assist; to help; to support.
訴える
A2To appeal; to sue; to complain.
容認
B2To approve, permit, or tolerate something, even if it is not ideal. It often implies a passive or reluctant acceptance of a situation.
逮捕する
A2To arrest. To seize someone by legal authority.
諮問
B2To refer a matter to an advisory body or an expert for their opinion or deliberation.
是正
B2To correct or rectify a wrong situation, inequality, or error. It is often used in official contexts like correcting social injustices or market imbalances.
腐敗
B2The decomposition of organic matter (biological) or the dishonest/fraudulent conduct by those in power (social). A common topic in IELTS essays about governance.
批判する
A2To criticize. To express disapproval of someone or something.
民主主義
A2Democracy. A system of government by the whole population.
