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B1 noun 6 دقیقه مطالعه

普段

fudan
مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 普段 در ۳۰ ثانیه
توضیح 普段 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you can think of '普段' (fudan) as a word for 'usually' that helps you describe your daily routine. Even though it's a B1 word, you might hear it when people talk about what they do every day. You can use it at the start of a sentence like 'Fudan wa...' to say 'Usually, I...' For example, 'Fudan wa pan o tabemasu' (Usually, I eat bread). It's a great word to help you move beyond just saying 'every day' (mainichi). Just remember it's about your regular habits.
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At the A2 level, you should start using '普段' (fudan) to describe your habits and preferences more accurately. You can use 'fudan no' to describe things you normally use, like 'fudan no kaban' (my usual bag). It's very useful for contrasting your 'normal' life with special events. For example, 'Usually I don't drink alcohol, but today is a party.' This helps you build more complex sentences. You should also recognize it in listening when people talk about their 'everyday' style.
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At the B1 level, you should master the nuance of '普段' (fudan) as a baseline state. You understand that it differs from 'itsumo' (always) and 'futsuu' (normal). You can use it in professional or social settings to explain your standard way of working or living. You should be comfortable with expressions like 'fudan-dōri' (as usual) and 'fudan-zukai' (everyday use). This word is key to sounding more natural because it focuses on the 'ordinary' context of human life rather than just frequency.
At the B2 level, you use '普段' (fudan) to nuance your speech and writing. You can use it to set a scene or define a character's baseline before describing a deviation. You are aware of its collocations like 'fudan no okonai' (everyday behavior/conduct) and how it can be used to judge someone's character. You can participate in discussions about lifestyle and culture, using 'fudan' to describe the 'ke' (mundane) aspects of Japanese life. Your usage is fluid and grammatically correct in all patterns.
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At the C1 level, you recognize the subtle differences between '普段' (fudan), '平生' (heizei), and '日頃' (higoro). You can use 'fudan' in literary analysis or high-level business negotiations to discuss standard conditions versus exceptional circumstances. You understand the sociological implications of the word in Japanese culture, such as the distinction between public and private 'fudan' personas. You can use the word to express complex ideas about habituation and the 'standard' self in psychological or philosophical contexts.
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At the C2 level, you have a native-like command of '普段' (fudan). You can use it with precision in any register, from slang to academic writing. You understand its etymological roots and how it has evolved to represent the modern Japanese concept of 'daily life.' You can use it to create subtle irony or deep characterization in creative writing. You are also capable of explaining the cultural nuances of 'fudan' to others, including its role in the 'hare and ke' dichotomy that defines much of Japanese traditional and modern life.
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مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

普段 در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • Fudan means 'usually' or 'ordinarily' and refers to your baseline daily life.
  • It is often used as 'Fudan wa' (Usually...) or 'Fudan no' (Usual...).
  • It contrasts with 'Itsumo' by focusing on lifestyle rather than just frequency.
  • Commonly used to describe clothes (fudangi), habits, and everyday behavior.

The word 普段 (ふだん - fudan) is a cornerstone of Japanese daily conversation, primarily functioning as a noun that describes the 'usual' or 'ordinary' state of affairs. Unlike other words for 'always' or 'usually' that focus strictly on frequency, fudan carries a nuance of the baseline state—the background noise of your life. When you talk about what you usually do, what you ordinarily wear, or how you habitually behave, fudan is your go-to term. It is composed of the kanji 普 (common/general) and 段 (step/grade/level), suggesting a level of existence that is common or standard.

The Baseline State
It refers to the 'default' version of things. For example, your 'fudan' self might be relaxed at home, while your 'work' self is formal. It captures the essence of routine without the clinical feel of 'routine' (ruuchin).
Grammatical Flexibility
While it is a noun, it is frequently followed by the particle は (wa) to set the topic ('As for the usual time...') or の (no) to modify another noun ('Usual clothes').

彼は普段、眼鏡をかけています。
(Kare wa fudan, megane o kakete imasu.)
He usually wears glasses.

In a social context, people use fudan to contrast special occasions with regular life. If you see a coworker at a fancy gala, you might say their appearance is different from fudan. It acts as the yardstick for normalcy. It is not just about the number of times an action occurs; it is about the setting of the 'normal' mode.

普段の生活を大切にする。
(Fudan no seikatsu o taisetsu ni suru.)
To cherish one's everyday life.

Whether you are discussing your diet, your commute, or your personality, fudan provides the necessary context to define what is standard for you. It is a soft, natural word that fits perfectly in casual chats, business small talk, and literary descriptions alike.

Mastering 普段 (fudan) requires understanding its three primary grammatical patterns. Unlike English adverbs like 'usually' which often float around the verb, fudan functions more like a temporal noun that anchors the entire sentence's context.

Pattern 1: 普段は (Fudan wa)
This is the most common way to start a sentence. It sets 'the usual' as the topic.
Example: 普段はコーヒーを飲みます。(Usually, I drink coffee.)
Pattern 2: 普段の + Noun (Fudan no...)
This turns 'usual' into an adjective modifying a noun. Common pairings include fudan no fuku (usual clothes) or fudan no yōsu (usual appearance).
Example: 普段の道が工事中だ。(My usual road is under construction.)
Pattern 3: 普段から (Fudan kara)
This means 'from the usual time' or 'habitually/always.' It implies a continuous state that started long ago.
Example: 普段から運動しています。(I exercise regularly/habitually.)

普段通りに接してください。
(Fudan-dōri ni sesshite kudasai.)
Please treat me as usual.

One subtle point: fudan is rarely used for future events. You wouldn't say 'I will fudan go to the park.' Instead, you use it to describe current habits or general truths about your lifestyle. When contrasting, you might use 普段は...、でも今日は... (Usually..., but today...).

普段、どんな音楽を聴きますか？
(Fudan, donna ongaku o kikimasu ka?)
What kind of music do you usually listen to?

You will encounter 普段 (fudan) in almost every layer of Japanese life, from the supermarket to the boardroom. Its versatility makes it indispensable. Here are some real-world scenarios where the word shines:

At the Office
Colleagues use it to discuss workflows. 'Fudan no gyōmu' (usual duties) or 'Fudan wa rimōto desu' (Usually, I work remotely). It helps clarify standard operating procedures versus exceptions.
In Fashion and Shopping
The term 普段着 (fudangi) literally means 'everyday clothes.' When shopping, a clerk might ask if you are looking for something for a party or for fudan-zukai (everyday use).
Health and Wellness
Doctors or trainers will ask about your fudan no shokuji (usual diet) or fudan no suimin (usual sleep). Here, it serves as a medical baseline.

これは普段使いにぴったりのバッグですね。
(Kore wa fudan-zukai ni pittari no baggu desu ne.)
This bag is perfect for everyday use, isn't it?

In anime and drama, you'll often hear characters say 'Fudan wa sonna koto shinai noni...' (Usually I don't do things like that, but...), which is a classic way to signal that the current plot point is an exception to their character's normal behavior. It builds character depth by establishing what 'normal' is for that person.

While 普段 (fudan) is common, English speakers often trip up by treating it as an exact synonym for 'always' or 'usually' without considering the context. Here are the pitfalls to avoid:

Confusing with 'Itsumo'
'Itsumo' means 'always' (frequency). 'Fudan' means 'ordinarily' (state). You say 'Itsumo arigatō' (Always thank you), but NEVER 'Fudan arigatō.' 'Fudan' needs a lifestyle context.
Confusing with 'Futsuu'
'Futsuu' (普通) means 'normal' or 'average' compared to others. 'Fudan' is 'usual' compared to your own history. If you say a steak is 'fudan,' it makes no sense; you should say it is 'futsuu' (average).
Incorrect Particle Usage
Many learners forget the 'no' when modifying nouns. It's 'fudan no fuku,' not 'fudan fuku' (though 'fudangi' is a specific compound word).

❌ 普段、太陽は東から昇る。
(Fudan, taiyō wa higashi kara noboru.)
Correction: Use Itsumo. The sun doesn't have a 'lifestyle' or 'habit.'

Another mistake is using fudan for things that just happened recently. Fudan implies a long-term pattern. If you've only been going to a gym for two days, you can't say it's your fudan routine yet. It requires the weight of time and consistency.

To truly sound native, you need to know when to use 普段 (fudan) versus its cousins. Japanese has many ways to say 'usually,' each with a specific flavor.

普段 (Fudan) vs. いつも (Itsumo)
Fudan: Habits, lifestyle, 'usually' as a state.
Itsumo: Frequency, 'always,' 'every time.'
Difference: Fudan implies 'on a daily basis,' while Itsumo can mean 'without exception.'
普段 (Fudan) vs. 普通 (Futsuu)
Fudan: Personal routine.
Futsuu: Societal norm, average, ordinary.
Difference: Your 'fudan' might not be 'futsuu' (e.g., usually waking up at 3 AM is your habit, but it's not normal).
普段 (Fudan) vs. たいてい (Taitei)
Taitei: Mostly, for the most part.
Difference: Taitei is more about probability and statistics (80% of the time). Fudan is about the quality of the time.

平生 (Heizei) - A very formal, literary version of 普段. You see this in old novels or very stiff speeches.

In summary, use fudan when you want to emphasize the 'everydayness' of a situation. Use taitei when you want to say 'mostly,' and itsumo when you want to emphasize that it happens every single time. Choosing the right one shows a high level of Japanese proficiency.

چقدر رسمی است؟

نکته جالب

In old Japanese texts, 'fudan' was often used in a religious context to describe rituals that were performed 'without ceasing' (fudan-nenbutsu).

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /fuːdæn/
US /fudɑːn/
Pitch accent is Heiban (Flat): fu-da-n (low-high-high).
هم‌قافیه با
Mudan (futility) Kudan (the aforementioned) Gedan (lower tier) Shudan (means/way) Budan (military) Kidan (strange story) Yudan (negligence) Kodan (lectern)
خطاهای رایج
  • Pronouncing 'fu' like 'foo' in 'food' (it should be a softer sound).
  • Stress on the 'dan' (Japanese pitch is usually flat or falling).
  • Confusing the 'n' with an 'm' sound.
  • Making the 'a' too long like 'fudaaan'.
  • Pronouncing the 'f' too strongly with teeth on lips (it's a bilabial sound in Japanese).

سطح دشواری

خواندن 3/5

Kanji are common but require knowing the specific reading 'fudan' which is somewhat irregular.

نوشتن 4/5

The kanji for 'fudan' are moderate in complexity (12 and 9 strokes).

صحبت کردن 2/5

Easy to pronounce once the pitch accent is learned.

گوش دادن 2/5

Distinctive sound makes it easy to pick out in conversation.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

いつも 普通 生活 習慣 毎日

بعداً یاد بگیرید

通常 平生 日頃 割合 頻度

پیشرفته

非日常 (The extraordinary) 公私 (Public and private) 恒常的 (Constant/perpetual) 世俗 (Secular/mundane) 慣習 (Custom/convention)

گرامر لازم

Temporal Nouns

普段、朝食は食べません。

Noun + の + Noun

普段の服。

Adverbial usage of nouns

普段は静かだ。

Contrasting with 'Demo'

普段は高いが、今日は安い。

Habitual state with '~te iru'

普段から歩いている。

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

普段はパンを食べます。

Usually, I eat bread.

Fudan wa + Verb

2

普段、何時に起きますか？

What time do you usually wake up?

Fudan used as a temporal adverb

3

普段はテレビを見ません。

Usually, I don't watch TV.

Negative form with fudan

4

普段は日本語で話します。

Usually, I speak in Japanese.

Setting the usual language

5

普段、どこで買い物をしますか？

Where do you usually shop?

Fudan in a question

6

普段はバスで行きます。

Usually, I go by bus.

Means of transport + fudan

7

普段、お酒を飲みますか？

Do you usually drink alcohol?

Asking about habits

8

普段は安いです。

Usually, it is cheap.

Describing a state

1

これは普段の服です。

These are my usual clothes.

Fudan no + Noun

2

普段はもっと早いです。

Usually, it is faster.

Comparison with the usual state

3

普段、料理をしますか？

Do you usually cook?

Habitual action

4

普段の道が混んでいます。

The usual road is crowded.

Fudan no + Noun (Subject)

5

普段は静かな町です。

Usually, it is a quiet town.

Describing a place

6

普段から野菜を食べています。

I eat vegetables habitually.

Fudan kara (habitually)

7

普段、どんな音楽を聴く？

What kind of music do you usually listen to?

Informal question

8

普段は忙しいですが、今日は休みです。

Usually I'm busy, but today is a holiday.

Contrast using fudan wa

1

普段の生活に満足しています。

I am satisfied with my everyday life.

Fudan no seikatsu (everyday life)

2

彼は普段、とても静かな人です。

He is usually a very quiet person.

Describing personality

3

普段通りに仕事をしてください。

Please do your work as usual.

Fudan-dōri (as usual)

4

普段から準備をしておくことが大切だ。

It is important to be prepared habitually.

Fudan kara (from the usual time)

5

普段使いができるバッグを探しています。

I'm looking for a bag for everyday use.

Fudan-zukai (everyday use)

6

普段はあまり怒らない彼が怒った。

He, who usually doesn't get angry, got angry.

Relative clause with fudan

7

普段の彼とは全然違いますね。

He is completely different from his usual self, isn't he?

Comparing to the 'usual self'

8

普段、運動する習慣がありますか？

Do you have a habit of exercising usually?

Asking about routine habits

1

普段の行いが良いから、運が向いてきた。

Because my everyday conduct is good, my luck has turned.

Fudan no okonai (everyday conduct)

2

普段は意識していないが、健康は大切だ。

Usually I'm not conscious of it, but health is important.

Fudan wa... (negative consciousness)

3

普段の何気ない会話が楽しい。

I enjoy the usual, casual conversations.

Fudan no nanigenai (casual/usual)

4

普段、私たちが使っている言葉には歴史がある。

The words we usually use have history.

Complex relative clause

5

普段の努力が結果に結びついた。

Everyday effort led to the results.

Fudan no doryoku (everyday effort)

6

普段はクールな彼が、珍しく熱く語った。

Usually cool, he spoke with unusual passion.

Contrast of personality traits

7

普段着のままでお越しください。

Please come in your everyday clothes.

Fudangi (everyday clothes)

8

普段の生活圏では見かけない鳥だ。

It's a bird not seen in my usual living area.

Fudan no seikatsuken (living area)

1

普段の何気ない風景にこそ、美しさが宿る。

Beauty dwells precisely in the usual, casual scenery.

Emphatic particle 'koso' with fudan

2

普段の立ち居振る舞いにその人の品格が表れる。

A person's dignity is revealed in their everyday behavior.

Fudan no tachii-furumai (everyday behavior/bearing)

3

普段は隠されている本性が、窮地で露わになった。

The true nature, usually hidden, was revealed in a predicament.

Passive voice with fudan

4

普段から危機管理意識を持つことが不可欠だ。

It is indispensable to have a sense of crisis management habitually.

Professional/Academic context

5

普段の喧騒を離れて、山奥で過ごす。

Leaving the usual bustle behind, I spend time deep in the mountains.

Fudan no kensō (usual bustle)

6

普段の業務に加え、新しいプロジェクトも任された。

In addition to usual duties, I was entrusted with a new project.

Business context

7

普段の食事を少し変えるだけで、健康状態が改善する。

Just by changing your usual diet slightly, your health improves.

Conditional phrase

8

普段、当たり前だと思っていることに感謝する。

To be grateful for things we usually take for granted.

Abstract concept

1

普段の何気ない一言が、相手を深く傷つけることもある。

A casual word usually spoken can sometimes deeply hurt someone.

Subtle interpersonal nuance

2

普段の平穏な生活が、一瞬にして崩れ去った。

The usual peaceful life crumbled in an instant.

Literary/Dramatic context

3

普段の自分を客観的に見つめ直す必要がある。

It is necessary to re-examine one's usual self objectively.

Philosophical context

4

普段の言動からは想像もつかないような大胆な行動だ。

It was a bold action unimaginable from their usual words and deeds.

Fudan no gendō (words and deeds)

5

普段の暮らしの中にこそ、真の幸福があるのかもしれない。

Perhaps true happiness lies precisely within everyday life.

Existential reflection

6

普段、表舞台に立つことのないスタッフに光を当てる。

To shine a light on the staff who usually don't stand on the main stage.

Metaphorical usage

7

普段の鍛錬が、いざという時の力になる。

Everyday discipline becomes strength in times of need.

Fudan no tanren (everyday discipline)

8

普段の意識のあり方が、夢の内容に影響を与える。

The state of one's usual consciousness influences the content of dreams.

Psychological context

ترکیب‌های رایج

普段通り
普段着
普段の行い
普段使い
普段の生活
普段は〜ない
普段から
普段の様子
普段の自分
普段の倍

عبارات رایج

普段はそうでもない

— It's not usually like that. Used to downplay a current situation.

今日は賑やかだけど、普段はそうでもないよ。

普段の心がけ

— One's daily attitude or preparation. Often used in advice.

普段の心がけが成功を呼ぶ。

普段の足

— One's usual means of transportation.

自転車が普段の足です。

普段の顔

— One's 'everyday' face/personality (as opposed to a public one).

彼は家では普段の顔を見せる。

普段の持ち物

— Items one usually carries (EDC).

普段の持ち物をチェックする。

普段の食卓

— The everyday dining table/meals.

普段の食卓に彩りを添える。

普段の付き合い

— Everyday social interactions.

普段の付き合いを大切にする。

普段の仕事

— Routine work or daily tasks.

普段の仕事を早く終わらせる。

普段の場所

— One's usual spot or haunt.

普段の場所で待ち合わせる。

普段の通り道

— One's usual path or route.

普段の通り道に新しい店ができた。

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

普段 vs いつも

Always vs Usually. Fudan is about lifestyle; Itsumo is about frequency.

普段 vs 普通

Ordinary vs Normal. Fudan is personal; Futsuu is societal.

普段 vs たいてい

Mostly vs Usually. Taitei is statistical; Fudan is habitual.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"普段の行いが身を助ける"

— One's daily good deeds will eventually save or help them.

普段の行いが身を助けるというが、本当に助かった。

Proverbial
"普段の顔を出す"

— To show one's true, everyday self (often after being formal).

お酒を飲むと、普段の顔を出すね。

Informal
"普段の倍"

— Twice as much as usual. Used to emphasize an extreme exception.

今日は普段の倍の客が来た。

Neutral
"普段の通り"

— Exactly as usual, without change.

何事もなかったかのように、普段の通りに振る舞う。

Neutral
"普段着の自分"

— One's natural, unpretentious self.

普段着の自分でいられる相手がいい。

Casual
"普段から〜に慣れる"

— To be accustomed to something through daily habit.

普段から早起きに慣れている。

Neutral
"普段の不摂生"

— Daily neglect of health; habitual bad health habits.

普段の不摂生がたたって病気になった。

Neutral
"普段の備え"

— Daily preparation (especially for disasters).

普段の備えあれば憂いなし。

Formal
"普段の付き合い"

— Standard social relations.

普段の付き合いでその人の本質がわかる。

Neutral
"普段の何気ない"

— Casual everyday (used to describe small, unimportant-seeming things).

普段の何気ない風景が好きだ。

Literary

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

普段 vs 通常

Both mean 'usually.'

Tsuujou is formal/business (regular hours), Fudan is personal/daily life.

通常営業 (Regular business hours) vs 普段の服 (Usual clothes).

普段 vs 日頃

Both refer to daily life.

Higoro refers to 'the past few days' or 'daily efforts,' whereas Fudan is the general 'usual state.'

日頃の感謝 (Gratitude for daily support) vs 普段は静か (Usually quiet).

普段 vs 平生

Dictionary synonyms.

Heizei is formal/literary; you won't hear it in a cafe.

平生の心がけ (One's usual mental attitude).

普段 vs 常々

Both imply consistency.

Tsunezune means 'always thinking/saying,' whereas Fudan is about 'doing/being.'

常々思っている (Always thinking) vs 普段は忙しい (Usually busy).

普段 vs 日常

Both mean 'everyday.'

Nichijou is a noun meaning 'daily routine' or 'daily life' as a concept; Fudan is more of an adverbial noun.

日常生活 (Daily life) vs 普段の道 (U

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

A1

普段は [Verb]。

普段はパンを食べます。

A2

普段の [Noun] は [Adjective] です。

普段の料理は簡単です。

B1

普段から [Verb-te] います。

普段から運動しています。

B1

普段通りに [Verb]。

普段通りに接してください。

B2

普段の [Noun] とは違う。

普段の彼とは違う。

B2

普段 [Verb] ことはない。

普段泣くことはない。

C1

普段の [Noun] にこそ [Verb]。

普段の生活にこそ美しさがある。

C2

普段の [Noun] からは想像できない。

普段の言動からは想像できない。

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

普段着 (Everyday clothes)
普段使い (Everyday use)

مرتبط

普通 (Normal)
普遍 (Universal)
普及 (Spread)
普段着 (Casual wear)
普請 (Construction/repair)
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نحوه استفاده

frequency

Extremely high in daily conversation and media.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Think of 'Food' and 'Dan'. You usually eat 'Food' with a guy named 'Dan'. 'Food-Dan' is what you usually do.

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a closet split in half. One side has a tuxedo (special), the other has a simple t-shirt labeled 'Fudan' (usual).

شبکه واژگان

Routine Habit Clothing Lifestyle Everyday Ordinary Normal Default

چالش

Try to describe your morning routine using 'Fudan wa...' for at least three different actions.

ریشه کلمه

Comes from the Chinese characters 普 (common/general) and 段 (step/level). It originally meant 'constant' or 'uninterrupted.'

معنای اصلی: A state that continues without interruption; a constant condition.

Sino-Japanese (Kango).

بافت فرهنگی

No specific sensitivities, but using 'fudan' to describe a person's behavior can sometimes sound slightly judgmental if you're pointing out they are behaving 'differently from usual.'

In English, we use 'usually' as an adverb. In Japanese, 'fudan' is more of a state or a noun, which makes it feel more substantial than just a frequency marker.

Fudangi (A popular concept in Japanese fashion magazines) Fudan-nenbutsu (An ancient Buddhist practice) Fudan (A common theme in 'Shishōsetsu' or I-novels)

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

Daily Routine

  • 普段の生活
  • 普段の食事
  • 普段の睡眠
  • 普段の運動

Fashion

  • 普段着
  • 普段使いのバッグ
  • 普段の格好
  • 普段の服装

Work/Business

  • 普段の業務
  • 普段の対応
  • 普段のやり方
  • 普段の会議

Health/Doctor

  • 普段の体調
  • 普段の血圧
  • 普段の食生活
  • 普段の様子

Personal Relationships

  • 普段の彼
  • 普段の付き合い
  • 普段の顔
  • 普段の行い

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"普段、週末は何をしていますか？ (What do you usually do on weekends?)"

"普段、どんな料理を作りますか？ (What kind of food do you usually cook?)"

"普段、仕事で一番大変なことは何ですか？ (What is usually the hardest part of your job?)"

"普段、どこで服を買うことが多いですか？ (Where do you usually buy your clothes?)"

"普段、ストレス解消のために何をしていますか？ (What do you usually do to relieve stress?)"

موضوعات نگارش

普段の生活の中で、一番幸せを感じる瞬間は何ですか？ (What is the moment in your everyday life when you feel happiest?)

普段の自分と、仕事や学校での自分はどう違いますか？ (How is your usual self different from your self at work or school?)

普段から気をつけている健康習慣について書いてください。 (Write about the health habits you maintain daily.)

普段の通り道で見つけた面白いものについて教えてください。 (Tell me about something interesting you found on your usual route.)

「普段」という言葉の美しさについてどう思いますか？ (What do you think about the beauty of the word 'fudan'?)

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این کلمه در زبان‌های دیگر

usual English usual Portuguese usual Spanish 平日 Chinese
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