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A1 pronoun 8 دقیقه مطالعه

아무도

مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 아무도 در ۳۰ ثانیه
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At the A1 level, you are just starting to build your Korean foundation. '아무도' (Amudo) is one of the first 'negative words' you will learn. It simply means 'nobody' or 'no one.' The most important thing to remember at this stage is the 'Negative Partner Rule.' In Korean, you cannot use '아무도' with a happy or positive verb. You must always end the sentence with '없어요' (is not there), '안' (not), or '못' (cannot). For example, if you want to say 'Nobody is in the room,' you say '방에 아무도 없어요.' Think of '아무도' as a signal that a negative word is coming at the end of the sentence. It is very common in simple conversations about who is present or who did something. You will mostly use it with the verb '없다' (to not exist/not be there) to describe empty places. Don't worry about complex grammar yet; just focus on the pair: 아무도 + Negative Verb.
As an A2 learner, you can start using '아무도' in more varied sentences beyond just 'there is no one.' You will begin to pair it with past tense verbs and different negative markers. For instance, '아무도 안 왔어요' (Nobody came) or '아무도 안 먹었어요' (Nobody ate). You should also start noticing the difference between '아무도' (nobody) and '아무나' (anybody). At this level, you might use '아무도' to express simple feelings, like '아무도 나를 안 도와줘요' (Nobody is helping me). You are also learning to place '아무도' correctly in longer sentences that include time and place markers, such as '어제 공원에 아무도 없었어요' (There was nobody in the park yesterday). The focus here is on consistency—making sure every time you use '아무도', your verb reflects the negative meaning clearly.
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At the B1 level, you should be comfortable with the basic '아무도' structure and start using it in more complex sentence patterns, including indirect speech and descriptive clauses. You might say things like '아무도 모르게 했어요' (I did it without anyone knowing), where '모르게' is an adverbial form. You can also use '아무도' in sentences with connectors like '-지만' (but) or '-아서/어서' (because). For example, '아무도 없어서 심심해요' (Because nobody is here, I am bored). At this intermediate stage, you should also be able to distinguish '아무도' from '누구도' in reading. While '아무도' is standard, '누구도' starts appearing in the texts you read, often adding a touch of emphasis. You are moving from just stating facts ('nobody is here') to describing situations and intentions involving the absence of people.
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At the B2 level, your use of '아무도' should become more nuanced and natural. You will encounter '아무도' in idiomatic expressions and more sophisticated grammatical structures like the passive voice or causative forms. For instance, '아무도 그를 설득할 수 없었다' (Nobody could persuade him). You should also be able to use '아무도' in hypothetical situations using '-면' (if) or '-ㄹ/을 때' (when). A B2 learner understands the emotional weight '아무도' can carry in literature or film, representing themes of existential loneliness or total secrecy. You might also start using '아무도' in more formal writing, ensuring that the level of politeness in the verb (like using -습니다 instead of -아요) matches the context while maintaining the negative agreement. Your ability to switch between '아무도' and more specific negatives like '단 한 사람도' (not even one person) shows your growing proficiency.
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As a C1 learner, you use '아무도' with precision and stylistic flair. You understand how it functions in complex rhetorical structures and academic or literary contexts. You might encounter '아무도' in philosophical discussions about the 'self' and 'others,' or in high-level news analysis. At this level, you can appreciate the subtle differences between '아무도 ...하지 않다' and other negative constructions that provide different shades of meaning. You might use '아무도' in inverted sentences for poetic effect or in long, multi-clausal sentences where the negative verb is far removed from the pronoun. You also understand the historical development of the '아무' prefix and how it interacts with various particles to create different semantic fields. Your usage is indistinguishable from a native speaker, catching the rhythmic flow of the sentence that '아무도' creates.
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At the C2 level, '아무도' is a tool for mastery. You can use it to convey deep irony, subtle humor, or profound tragedy. You are aware of its use in classical literature versus modern slang. You might analyze how the word's frequency and usage have shifted in contemporary Korean society. In your own output, you use '아무도' effortlessly in spontaneous, high-pressure situations, such as debates or legal arguments, where the distinction between 'no one' and 'anyone' can have significant consequences. You also understand the socio-linguistic implications of using '아무도' in different dialects or social registers. For a C2 learner, '아무도' is not just a vocabulary word; it is a versatile element of the Korean language that you can manipulate to achieve specific communicative goals with total confidence and cultural sensitivity.
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مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

아무도 در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • 아무도 (Amudo) is the Korean word for 'nobody' or 'no one,' essential for basic communication.
  • It requires a negative verb ending like '안', '못', or '없다' to be grammatically correct.
  • It is formed from '아무' (any) + '도' (even), literally meaning 'not even any person.'
  • Commonly used to describe empty places, secrets, or situations where no one participated.

The word 아무도 (Amudo) is a fundamental Korean pronoun used to signify 'nobody' or 'no one.' In the landscape of Korean grammar, it serves as a negative polarity item, which is a fancy way of saying it must always be paired with a negative verb or a negative ending like 안, 못, or 없다. Understanding this word is essential because it forms the basis of how Korean speakers express the total absence of people in a given context. Whether you are walking into an empty room, looking for a friend in a crowd, or describing a lonely scene in a story, 아무도 is your go-to term.

Grammatical Composition
The word is composed of '아무' (amu), meaning 'any' or 'certain,' and the particle '도' (do), which means 'even' or 'also.' Literally, it translates to 'even any person,' which reinforces the negative 'not even one person' when combined with a negative verb.

집에 아무도 없어요. (There is nobody at home.)

In daily life, Koreans use this word to emphasize total exclusion. It is not just about a few people missing; it is about the absolute zero. If you go to a party and say '아무도 안 왔어요,' you are expressing a sense of disappointment or surprise that not a single soul showed up. This word carries weight in emotional contexts, often appearing in songs and dramas to highlight loneliness or secrecy. For instance, '아무도 모르게' means 'so that nobody knows,' often used when someone is doing something in secret. The versatility of 아무도 allows it to function as the subject of a sentence or an object, though its most common role is as the subject that 'does not' do something.

Social Nuance
When using this word in a social setting, it can sometimes sound a bit stark or lonely. If you want to say 'no one is here' in a more polite or soft way, you might use different phrasing, but for directness, '아무도' is the standard.

내 마음을 아무도 몰라요. (Nobody knows my heart/feelings.)

Using 아무도 correctly requires a firm grasp of Korean sentence structure, specifically the mandatory negative agreement. In English, we can say 'Nobody came' (where 'nobody' is the negative element and 'came' is positive). However, in Korean, you must say 'Nobody didn't come' (아무도 안 왔어요). This double negative logic is the most important rule to remember. If you use a positive verb like '왔어요' (came) with '아무도', a Korean listener will be confused or will wait for you to finish the sentence with a negative.

Subject Marker Usage
Interestingly, '아무도' already contains the particle '도', so you rarely see it with other particles like '이/가'. While '아무도' usually acts as the subject, it is self-contained. You don't say '아무도가'. The '도' provides the emphasis needed for the negative context.

교실에 아무도 없었습니다. (There was no one in the classroom.)

Another common pattern is using 아무도 with the object particle when it refers to 'not... anyone.' However, in most cases, '아무도' remains '아무도' regardless of its role in the negative sentence. For example, '나는 아무도 만나지 않았어' (I didn't meet anyone). Here, '아무도' acts as the object of the meeting, but it still retains its form. It is a very stable word that doesn't change much based on honorifics, though the verb at the end of the sentence must change to match the politeness level required by the situation.

Placement in Sentences
Typically, '아무도' appears at the beginning of the clause it governs. Since Korean is a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) language, '아무도' usually starts the thought, setting the stage for the negative conclusion.

이 비밀은 아무도 모를 거야. (Nobody will know this secret.)

You will hear 아무도 in a vast array of contexts, from the most mundane daily interactions to the most dramatic cinematic moments. In a typical office setting, if someone asks 'Is the boss here?' and the office is empty, a colleague might reply, '아무도 없어요' (Nobody is here). In this context, it is a simple statement of fact. However, in Korean pop culture, specifically K-Dramas and K-Pop lyrics, 아무도 often carries a heavy emotional burden. It is used to express themes of isolation, uniqueness, or forbidden love. A character might cry out, '아무도 나를 사랑하지 않아!' (Nobody loves me!), emphasizing their total despair.

In News and Media
Journalists use '아무도' to report on events where there were no survivors or no witnesses. '아무도 다치지 않았습니다' (Nobody was hurt) is a common phrase in news reports about accidents where people narrowly escaped injury.

그 영화관에는 아무도 없었다. (There was nobody in that movie theater.)

In the world of mystery and thrillers, '아무도' is indispensable. It creates tension. '아무도 모르는 곳' (A place nobody knows) is a classic trope for a hidden hideout or a place where a crime occurred. Because Korean culture values social cohesion, the idea of being '아무도 없는' (somewhere where nobody is) can feel particularly lonely or eerie. Conversely, it can also represent a peaceful escape from the bustling city life. You might hear a traveler say, '아무도 없는 바다에 가고 싶어요' (I want to go to a sea where nobody is/a deserted beach), expressing a desire for solitude and quiet reflection.

Public Announcements
On subways or in public spaces, you might hear announcements like '아무도 없는 것을 확인하십시오' (Please check that nobody is left/nothing is left), though usually, they refer to objects in that specific phrasing.

The most frequent mistake English speakers make when learning 아무도 is failing to use a negative verb. Because English allows for 'Nobody knows' (positive verb 'knows'), students often translate directly to '아무도 알아요.' This is a major error. In Korean, the negative must be explicit: '아무도 몰라요' (Nobody doesn't know). Another common pitfall is confusing '아무도' with '아무나.' While they both start with '아무,' they have opposite meanings in terms of context. '아무나' means 'anybody' (in a positive, inclusive sense), whereas '아무도' means 'nobody' (in a negative, exclusive sense).

Mistake: Positive Verb Pairing
Incorrect: 아무도 왔어요 (Nobody came). Correct: 아무도 안 왔어요. Remember, '아무도' acts like a magnet for negative endings.

틀린 예: 아무도 좋아해요. (X) -> 아무도 안 좋아해요. (O)

Another nuance that learners miss is the difference between '아무도' and '아무것도.' '아무도' refers strictly to people (no one/nobody), while '아무것도' refers to things (nothing). If you say '아무도 안 먹었어요,' it means 'Nobody (person) ate.' If you say '아무것도 안 먹었어요,' it means 'I ate nothing.' Mixing these up can lead to very funny or confusing situations. Furthermore, learners sometimes try to add the subject marker '가' to '아무도,' resulting in '아무도가.' This is redundant and incorrect because the '도' particle already functions as the marker for the word in this negative structure.

Pronunciation Pitfall
Some learners pronounce '아무도' as '아무두.' Make sure the '도' (do) is a clear 'o' sound, like in 'dough,' not 'u' like in 'do.'

To truly master 아무도, you must see how it fits into the family of '아무' words and how it compares to other ways of saying 'no one.' The most direct contrast is with 아무나. While 아무도 is used in negative sentences to mean 'nobody,' 아무나 is used in positive sentences to mean 'anybody' or 'anyone.' For example, '아무나 할 수 있어요' (Anyone can do it). Another related word is 아무것도 (nothing), which follows the same negative agreement rule but applies to objects rather than people.

Comparison Table
  • 아무도: Nobody (Negative context)
  • 아무나: Anybody (Inclusive/Positive context)
  • 아무것도: Nothing (Negative context)
  • 누구도: Not a single person (More emphatic/formal)

이것은 누구도 풀 수 없는 문제다. (This is a problem that nobody [not even one person] can solve.)

In more formal or literary settings, you might encounter 누구도 (nugu-do). This is very similar to 아무도 but often carries a more emphatic tone, similar to 'not a single person' or 'no one whatsoever.' It is common in political speeches or philosophical texts. If you want to say 'nobody' but in a way that sounds more like 'everybody doesn't,' you might use 모두가 ...하지 않다, but this is less common than the simple 아무도 construction. There is also 아무런, which is an adjective form meaning 'no kind of,' used before nouns, such as '아무런 이유 없이' (without any reason at all).

The 'Any' Family
Learning '아무도' is the gateway to '아무데도' (nowhere), '아무 때도' (at no time), and '아무것도' (nothing). They all share the same logic: [아무 + Category + 도 + Negative Verb].

نکته جالب

The '아무' root is incredibly productive in Korean, forming the basis for 'nothing,' 'nowhere,' and 'anytime' just by switching the particle or noun that follows it.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /a.mu.do/
US /ɑ.mu.doʊ/
In Korean, stress is generally even across syllables, but a slight emphasis may be placed on the first syllable '아'.
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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

교실에 아무도 없어요.

There is nobody in the classroom.

아무도 (nobody) + 없어요 (is not there).

2

집에 아무도 없어요?

Is nobody at home?

Question form using '없어요'.

3

아무도 안 왔어요.

Nobody came.

아무도 (nobody) + 안 왔어요 (did not come).

4

아무도 안 먹어요.

Nobody is eating.

Present tense negative '안 먹어요'.

5

여기에 아무도 없어요.

Nobody is here.

여기 (here) + 아무도 없어요.

6

아무도 몰라요.

Nobody knows.

몰라요 is the negative of 알아요 (to know).

7

아무도 안 자요.

Nobody is sleeping.

Negative '안 자요'.

8

아무도 안 사요.

Nobody is buying (it).

Negative '안 사요'.

1

어제는 아무도 안 만났어요.

I didn't meet anyone yesterday.

Past tense '안 만났어요'.

2

아무도 그를 도와주지 않았어요.

Nobody helped him.

-지 않다 is a longer negative form.

3

아무도 내 이름을 못 들었어요.

Nobody could hear my name.

못 (cannot) indicates inability.

4

아무도 이 가방을 안 가져갔어요.

Nobody took this bag.

Negative past tense '안 가져갔어요'.

5

파티에 아무도 안 올 거예요.

Nobody will come to the party.

Future tense negative '-ㄹ 거예요'.

6

아무도 질문을 안 했어요.

Nobody asked a question.

질문을 하다 (to ask a question) in negative.

7

아무도 그 영화를 안 봤어요.

Nobody watched that movie.

Negative past tense.

8

아무도 전화를 안 받아요.

Nobody is answering the phone.

전화를 받다 (to answer the phone) in negative.

1

아무도 모르게 선물을 준비했어요.

I prepared a gift without anyone knowing.

아무도 모르게 (without anyone knowing) acts as an adverbial phrase.

2

아무도 나를 찾지 못할 곳으로 가고 싶어요.

I want to go to a place where nobody can find me.

Relative clause '나를 찾지 못할'.

3

그 방에는 아무도 들어갈 수 없어요.

Nobody can enter that room.

-ㄹ 수 없다 (cannot).

4

아무도 내 마음을 이해해 주지 않아요.

Nobody understands my heart/feelings.

이해해 주다 (to understand for someone) in negative.

5

아무도 이 사실을 믿지 않을 거예요.

Nobody will believe this fact.

Future negative '믿지 않을 거예요'.

6

회의실에 아무도 없는 줄 알았어요.

I thought there was nobody in the meeting room.

-ㄴ 줄 알았다 (thought that...).

7

아무도 다치지 않아서 다행이에요.

It's a relief that nobody was hurt.

-아서 다행이다 (relief because...).

8

아무도 그 소문을 믿지 않았으면 좋겠어요.

I hope nobody believes that rumor.

-았으면 좋겠다 (hope that...).

1

아무도 예상치 못한 결과가 나왔습니다.

A result that nobody expected came out.

예상치 못한 (unexpected) modifying '결과'.

2

그는 아무도 따라올 수 없는 실력을 가졌다.

He has a skill level that nobody can match/follow.

따라올 수 없는 (unmatchable).

3

아무도 책임지려고 하지 않아요.

Nobody is trying to take responsibility.

-려고 하다 (to try/intend to) in negative.

4

아무도 눈치채지 못하게 방을 나갔어요.

I left the room so that nobody would notice.

눈치채지 못하게 (without noticing).

5

그 비밀은 아무도 모르는 곳에 숨겨져 있다.

The secret is hidden in a place nobody knows.

Passive voice '숨겨져 있다'.

6

아무도 그를 대신할 수 없습니다.

Nobody can replace him.

대신하다 (to replace/substitute).

7

아무도 그녀의 고통을 짐작조차 할 수 없었다.

Nobody could even guess her pain.

-조차 (even) added for emphasis.

8

아무도 그 제안에 찬성하지 않았습니다.

Nobody agreed with that proposal.

찬성하다 (to agree/approve) in negative.

1

아무도 이 거대한 흐름을 막을 수 없다.

Nobody can stop this massive tide/trend.

Metaphorical use of '흐름' (flow/tide).

2

아무도 그 진실에 접근하는 것을 허용받지 못했다.

Nobody was allowed to approach the truth.

Passive negative '허용받지 못했다'.

3

아무도 소외되지 않는 사회를 만들어야 합니다.

We must create a society where nobody is marginalized.

소외되다 (to be marginalized/alienated).

4

아무도 그 예술가의 내면 세계를 온전히 이해하지 못했다.

Nobody fully understood the artist's inner world.

온전히 (fully/entirely).

5

그곳은 아무도 발을 들여놓지 않은 원시림이었다.

It was a primeval forest where nobody had ever set foot.

발을 들여놓다 (to set foot in).

6

아무도 그의 죽음을 슬퍼해 줄 이가 없었다.

There was no one to mourn his death.

-ㄹ 이 (person who...).

7

아무도 이 비극을 피할 수 없었을 것이다.

Nobody would have been able to avoid this tragedy.

-었을 것이다 (would have been).

8

아무도 그 정책의 부작용을 경고하지 않았다.

Nobody warned of the side effects of that policy.

부작용 (side effect) and 경고하다 (to warn).

1

아무도 존재의 본질에 대해 확신할 수 없다.

No one can be certain about the essence of existence.

Philosophical context using '본질' (essence).

2

아무도 시대의 요구로부터 자유로울 수 없다.

No one can be free from the demands of the times.

Abstract concept of '시대의 요구' (demands of the era).

3

아무도 그 심연의 깊이를 가늠할 수 없었다.

Nobody could gauge the depth of that abyss.

심연 (abyss) and 가늠하다 (to gauge/estimate).

4

아무도 역사의 심판을 피할 수는 없을 것이다.

No one will be able to escape the judgment of history.

역사의 심판 (judgment of history).

5

아무도 인간의 욕망을 온전히 통제할 수 없다.

No one can completely control human desire.

통제하다 (to control).

6

아무도 타인의 고통을 완벽하게 공유할 수는 없다.

No one can perfectly share the pain of another.

타인 (others/another person).

7

아무도 그 권력의 횡포에 맞서지 못했다.

No one could stand up against the tyranny of that power.

횡포 (tyranny/oppression) and 맞서다 (to stand against).

8

아무도 우주의 섭리를 거스를 수 없다.

No one can defy the providence of the universe.

우주의 섭리 (providence of the universe).

ترکیب‌های رایج

아무도 없다
아무도 모른다
아무도 안 왔다
아무도 믿지 않다
아무도 도와주지 않다
아무도 모르게
아무도 예상하지 못하다
아무도 찾지 않는
아무도 없는 곳
아무도 대답하지 않다

عبارات رایج

아무도 없나요?

— Is anybody there? (Used when entering an empty-looking house or shop).

저기요, 아무도 없나요?

아무도 모르는 일

— Something that nobody knows; a total secret.

그것은 아무도 모르는 일이에요.

아무도 안 보는 사이에

— While nobody is looking; on the sly.

아무도 안 보는 사이에 과자를 먹었어요.

아무도 못 말려

— Nobody can stop (him/her); used for someone very stubborn or energetic.

그의 고집은 아무도 못 말려요.

아무도 부럽지 않다

— To not be envious of anyone; to be perfectly happy.

나는 지금 아무도 부럽지 않아.

아무도 대신할 수 없는

— Irreplaceable; no one can take their place.

당신은 아무도 대신할 수 없는 사람이에요.

아무도 원치 않는

— Unwanted; something that nobody desires.

그것은 아무도 원치 않는 결과였다.

아무도 가보지 않은 길

— A road nobody has traveled; a pioneering path.

우리는 아무도 가보지 않은 길을 가고 있다.

아무도 신경 쓰지 않다

— Nobody cares; nobody pays attention.

그 일은 아무도 신경 쓰지 않아요.

아무도 건드리지 마라

— Nobody touch (it/him); a command to leave something alone.

이 물건은 아무도 건드리지 마세요.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"아무도 모르게 귀신도 모르게"

— So secretly that even a ghost wouldn't know. Emphasizes extreme secrecy.

그는 아무도 모르게 귀신도 모르게 돈을 모았다.

Informal/Idiomatic
"아무도 못 말리는 짱구"

— A reference to the cartoon 'Crayon Shin-chan,' meaning someone who is uncontrollably mischievous.

너는 정말 아무도 못 말리는 짱구구나!

Colloquial
"아무도 거들떠보지 않다"

— To not even give someone/something a second glance; to be completely ignored.

그 낡은 집은 아무도 거들떠보지 않았다.

Neutral
"아무도 없는 빈집에 소 들어간다"

— Literally 'a cow enters an empty house'; refers to something happening easily or unexpectedly because there's no resistance.

경쟁자가 없어서 아무도 없는 빈집에 소 들어가듯 당선됐다.

Proverbial
"아무도 모르는 새에"

— Before anyone knew it; imperceptibly.

아무도 모르는 새에 가을이 왔다.

Literary
"아무도 범접할 수 없는"

— Inaccessible or untouchable; usually used for someone with immense skill or aura.

그녀는 아무도 범접할 수 없는 카리스마를 가졌다.

Formal
"아무도 흉내 낼 수 없는"

— Inimitable; something so unique that nobody can copy it.

그것은 아무도 흉내 낼 수 없는 그만의 스타일이다.

Neutral
"아무도 반기지 않는 손님"

— An unwelcome guest; someone whose presence is not desired.

그는 아무도 반기지 않는 손님처럼 나타났다.

Neutral
"아무도 가르쳐 주지 않는"

— Something that nobody teaches; usually refers to life lessons or secrets.

이것은 학교에서 아무도 가르쳐 주지 않는 지혜다.

Neutral
"아무도 알아주지 않다"

— To not be recognized or appreciated by anyone.

내 노력을 아무도 알아주지 않아서 속상하다.

Neutral

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

아무 (anyone/anybody - basic form)

صفت‌ها

아무런 (any kind of - used before nouns in negative sentences)

مرتبط

아무것도 (nothing)
아무데도 (nowhere)
아무나 (anybody - positive)
아무 때나 (anytime)
아무쪼록 (if possible/by all means)
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روش یادسپاری

Think of 'A-MU' as 'A MUte' person. If everyone is a mute, '아무도' (Amudo) can say anything because 'Nobody' is talking.

تداعی تصویری

Visualize an empty room with a big zero '0' in the middle. The zero is wearing a hat that says '아무도'.

شبکه واژگان

아무 (Any) 도 (Even) 사람 (Person) 없다 (Not exist) 안 (Not) 비밀 (Secret) 혼자 (Alone) 공간 (Space)

چالش

Try to count how many times you see '아무도' in a K-Drama episode. Usually, it's used when a character is feeling lonely or keeping a secret.

ریشه کلمه

The word is a combination of the native Korean root '아무' (amu), which historically referred to 'some' or 'any,' and the particle '도' (do), meaning 'even' or 'also.'

معنای اصلی: Literally 'even any,' which in a negative context logically results in 'not even any' or 'none.'

Koreanic (Native Korean origin).

بافت فرهنگی

English speakers often forget the negative verb. In English, 'Nobody knows' is okay. In Korean, you must say 'Nobody doesn't know.'

The song 'Nobody' by Wonder Girls (though they use the English word, the Korean equivalent '아무도' is what they mean in the lyrics). The movie '아무도 모른다' (Nobody Knows), a famous Japanes
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nobody English
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