این صفحه به زبان شما
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A2 pronoun 12 دقیقه مطالعه

som

مثال‌ها som در ۳۰ ثانیه
توضیح som in your Level:
At the A1 level, the word som is introduced in its most basic forms. You will primarily see it used to mean 'as' or 'like' in simple comparisons, such as 'kall som is' (cold as ice) or when talking about professions, like 'Jag jobbar som lärare' (I work as a teacher). It is a short, easy-to-pronounce word that helps you link two simple concepts together. You might also start noticing it in basic descriptive sentences, connecting a person to a trait. At this stage, you don't need to worry about complex grammar rules; just recognize that som is a connector word that helps you add a little more detail to your sentences. It is an indeclinable word, which means you never have to change its spelling or ending to match the gender or plural form of the nouns around it. This makes it incredibly friendly for beginners. Just memorize a few common phrases and you will be well on your way to understanding its foundational role in Swedish.
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At the A2 level, som becomes a crucial grammatical tool as you learn to form relative clauses. This is where som translates to 'who', 'which', or 'that'. Instead of saying two separate sentences like 'I have a dog. The dog is brown', you learn to combine them: 'Jag har en hund som är brun'. This instantly makes your Swedish sound much more natural and connected. You will learn that som acts as the subject of the second part of the sentence, and in these cases, it cannot be omitted. You will also learn that som can describe both people and things, making it much simpler than English where you have to choose between 'who' and 'which'. A key grammar point introduced at this level is that som never changes form, regardless of whether you are talking about an en-word, an ett-word, or plural words. Mastering som at the A2 level is a significant step toward conversational fluency, allowing you to describe objects, clarify which person you are talking about, and provide essential details without breaking the flow of your speech.
At the B1 level, your understanding of som deepens significantly as you tackle more complex sentence structures. You will learn the distinction between som as a subject and som as an object within a relative clause. A major milestone is understanding that when som is the object (e.g., 'Boken som jag läser' - The book that I am reading), it can often be dropped in spoken Swedish, resulting in 'Boken jag läser'. You will also encounter the BIFF-rule (I Bisats kommer Inte Före Finit verb), which dictates that sentence adverbs like 'inte' (not) must be placed before the verb in a clause starting with som. For example: 'Mannen som inte gillar kaffe' (The man who does not like coffee). Furthermore, you will learn the strict rule regarding prepositions: unlike in some formal English structures, prepositions in Swedish must go at the end of the som-clause, never before it. You say 'Huset som jag bor i' (The house that I live in), never 'i som'. These nuances are critical for sounding like an independent, intermediate speaker.
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At the B2 level, som is used with high fluency and precision to construct elaborate and nuanced sentences. You will comfortably navigate long sentences with multiple clauses, using som to seamlessly link complex ideas. At this stage, you are fully aware of the stylistic choices between keeping or dropping an object som, and you understand how preposition placement affects the rhythm and flow of a sentence. You will also begin to understand when som is used in cleft sentences (utbrytning) to emphasize a specific part of a sentence, such as 'Det är jag som bestämmer' (It is I who decides). You will encounter som in a wide variety of idiomatic expressions and fixed phrases. Additionally, you will start contrasting som with formal alternatives like 'vilken', 'vilket', and 'vilka', understanding that while som is preferred in almost all spoken contexts and most written ones, recognizing the alternatives is essential for reading comprehension of higher-level texts, news articles, and literature.
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At the C1 level, som is an integral part of your advanced linguistic repertoire. You use it instinctively in highly complex, multi-layered sentence structures without hesitation. Your grasp of the BIFF-rule is automatic, and you effortlessly place sentence adverbs correctly within relative clauses, even when dealing with compound verbs or passive voice. You understand the subtle stylistic differences between using som and using participial phrases (e.g., 'den springande mannen' vs 'mannen som springer') and can choose the most appropriate structure based on the desired tone and rhythm of your text or speech. You are fully capable of reading and producing academic or professional texts where som interacts with advanced vocabulary and intricate grammatical constructions. You also recognize when 'som om' (as if) is used to introduce hypothetical situations requiring the subjunctive mood or past tense forms. Your use of som reflects a deep, near-native understanding of Swedish syntax and sentence flow.
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At the C2 level, your mastery of som is absolute and indistinguishable from a well-educated native speaker. You command all of its functions—as a relative pronoun, a conjunction, and a comparative particle—with flawless precision. You manipulate sentence structures involving som for rhetorical effect, emphasis, and stylistic elegance. In literature and highly formal discourse, you navigate the subtle interplay between som and formal relative pronouns like 'vilken/vilket/vilka', knowing exactly when to deploy them for maximum impact or when to rely on the elegant simplicity of som. You understand historical and dialectal variations in its usage and can parse the most convoluted, century-old texts where som might be used in archaic ways. Your intuitive grasp of Swedish syntax allows you to construct and deconstruct sentences where som binds together multiple subordinate clauses, maintaining perfect clarity and grammatical integrity throughout extensive, sophisticated arguments and narratives.
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مثال‌ها

som در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • Means who, which, or that.
  • Never changes its form.
  • Connects describing clauses.
  • Also means 'as' or 'like'.
The Swedish word som is fundamentally one of the most versatile and frequently used words in the entire Swedish language. Primarily serving as a relative pronoun, it functions similarly to the English words who, which, and that. It is the invisible glue that connects a main clause to a relative clause, allowing speakers to provide additional information about a noun without starting a completely new sentence. Understanding how to use som is an essential milestone for any learner aiming to achieve the A2 level and beyond, as it instantly elevates your sentence structure from basic to intermediate. When you want to describe a person, an object, or a concept that you have just mentioned, som is the tool you reach for. Unlike English, where you must choose between who for people and which for things, Swedish simplifies this entirely: som is used for absolutely everything. It does not matter if you are talking about a man, a woman, a dog, a car, an abstract idea, or a plural group of items; som remains completely unchanged. It is indeclinable, meaning it never changes form to match gender or number. This makes it incredibly user-friendly once you grasp the basic mechanics of its placement.
Universal Application
The word som applies universally to en-words, ett-words, singular nouns, and plural nouns without any modification whatsoever.

Mannen som står där borta är min farbror.

In addition to its role as a relative pronoun, som also functions as a conjunction or preposition meaning as or like. For example, when comparing two things, you might say stark som en björn (strong as a bear) or arbeta som lärare (work as a teacher). This dual functionality means you will encounter som in almost every conversation, text message, newspaper article, and television show you engage with.
Subject vs Object
Within the relative clause, som can act as either the subject performing the action or the object receiving the action. This distinction is crucial for advanced grammar rules later on.

Boken som jag läser är mycket spännande.

The beauty of som lies in its simplicity and ubiquity. By mastering its use, you unlock the ability to express complex thoughts fluently. When someone asks you which car is yours, you can proudly say Bilen som är röd (The car that is red).

Jag känner en kvinna som talar fem språk flytande.

Comparisons
When used in comparisons, som equates two entities, establishing a direct similarity or identical role, unlike words that denote mere resemblance.

Hon jobbar som läkare på sjukhuset.

Det är precis som jag trodde.

In summary, som is your best friend in Swedish grammar. It simplifies relative clauses, helps you make comparisons, and describes professions or roles effortlessly. It is a cornerstone of conversational and written Swedish that you will rely on daily.
Using som correctly in a sentence requires an understanding of Swedish clause structure, specifically the difference between main clauses (huvudsatser) and subordinate clauses (bisatser). A relative clause introduced by som is always a subordinate clause. This means it follows specific word order rules that differ slightly from main clauses. The most important rule to remember is the BIFF-rule (I Bisats kommer Inte Före Finit verb). This rule dictates that sentence adverbs, such as inte (not), alltid (always), or ofta (often), must be placed before the finite (conjugated) verb in a subordinate clause. Therefore, if you have a negative relative clause, the word inte comes immediately after som and before the verb.
The BIFF Rule
In relative clauses starting with som, negation and other sentence adverbs must precede the conjugated verb, unlike in main clauses where they follow the verb.

Jag har en hund som inte gillar att bada.

Another critical aspect of using som is identifying whether it acts as the subject or the object within its own clause. If som is the subject (the one performing the action in the relative clause), it is absolutely mandatory; you cannot drop it. However, if som is the object (the one receiving the action), you have the option to omit it, especially in everyday speech. For instance, in the sentence Boken som jag läser (The book that I am reading), som is the object because jag is the subject. You can simply say Boken jag läser.
Subject som
When som replaces the subject of the relative clause, it must be explicitly stated to maintain grammatical correctness and clarity.

Vi letar efter en lärare som kan undervisa i matematik.

Preposition placement is another area where som differs from English and other languages. In formal English, you might say the house in which I live. In Swedish, you cannot place a preposition directly before som. The preposition must be deferred to the end of the relative clause. You must say huset som jag bor i (the house that I live in).

Det är mannen som jag pratade med.

Preposition Stranding
Swedish strictly requires prepositions associated with the relative pronoun som to be placed at the end of the clause, never before the pronoun itself.

Filmen som vi tittade på var väldigt bra.

Gör precis som jag säger.

Mastering these structural rules ensures your Swedish sounds natural and flows perfectly in both spoken and written contexts.
You will hear the word som literally everywhere Swedish is spoken. Because it serves multiple fundamental grammatical functions, it is virtually impossible to construct a meaningful paragraph or hold a conversation longer than a few sentences without using it. In everyday casual conversation, som is heavily relied upon to add details to stories, describe people, and clarify which specific object is being discussed. For example, when shopping, you might tell a clerk, Jag letar efter en tröja som är varm (I am looking for a sweater that is warm). In professional environments, som is equally ubiquitous. Colleagues use it to assign tasks, define roles, and explain processes.
Daily Conversations
In casual speech, som is the standard way to string ideas together, often pronounced quickly and blending into the surrounding words.

Kan du ge mig pennan som ligger på bordet?

You will also frequently encounter som in Swedish media, literature, and news broadcasts. Journalists use it extensively to construct complex sentences that deliver detailed information efficiently. In literature, som is crucial for descriptive prose, allowing authors to paint vivid pictures of characters and settings. Furthermore, som is deeply embedded in countless Swedish idioms and fixed expressions.
Idiomatic Usage
Many traditional Swedish similes and proverbs rely on som to draw comparisons, making it a key component of cultural expression.

Han var envis som en åsna.

In academic and formal writing, som is indispensable. While formal texts might occasionally use alternative relative pronouns like vilken or vilket, som remains the dominant choice due to its natural flow and simplicity. In job interviews, you will use it to describe your experience: Jag har arbetat som projektledare (I have worked as a project manager).

De letar efter någon som har mycket erfarenhet.

Media and News
News anchors use som to link events and subjects seamlessly, keeping the broadcast concise and informative.

Polisen grep mannen som misstänks för brottet.

Det var den bästa konserten som jag någonsin har varit på.

Ultimately, som is the connective tissue of the Swedish language. Whether you are ordering coffee, negotiating a business deal, or reading a bedtime story, som will be there, guiding the structure of the sentences and making communication possible.
Despite its simplicity as an indeclinable word, learners frequently make mistakes when using som due to interference from their native languages. One of the most common errors is confusing som with att. Because English uses that both as a relative pronoun (The book that I read) and as a conjunction (I know that he is here), English speakers often mistakenly use att instead of som for relative clauses. Remember: if that can be replaced by which or who, you must use som in Swedish. If it introduces a statement of fact, use att.
Som vs Att
Never use att to describe a noun. Att is for introducing noun clauses, while som is strictly for relative clauses describing a preceding noun.

Jag vet att det är bilen som du vill ha.

Another frequent mistake involves preposition placement. Many languages, including formal English and German, place the preposition before the relative pronoun (e.g., the city in which I live). If you try to translate this directly to Swedish as staden i som jag bor, it is completely incorrect. Swedish strictly requires the preposition to be placed at the end of the relative clause: staden som jag bor i.
Misplaced Prepositions
Placing a preposition before som is a glaring grammatical error in Swedish. Always push the preposition to the end of the clause.

Detta är stolen som jag satt på.

Omitting som when it is the subject of the relative clause is another classic error. While you can drop som when it is the object (Boken jag läser), you absolutely cannot drop it when it is the subject. Saying Mannen står där är min bror instead of Mannen som står där är min bror is incorrect and sounds very unnatural to native speakers.

Vi behöver någon som förstår problemet.

Dropping the Subject
Never omit som if it is performing the action in the relative clause. It is mandatory for the sentence to make sense.

Är det du som har lagat maten?

Jag älskar mat som är stark.

Finally, learners sometimes try to use vem (who) as a relative pronoun. In English, we say The man who called. In Swedish, vem is strictly an interrogative pronoun (a question word). You cannot say Mannen vem ringde. You must use som: Mannen som ringde. Avoiding these common pitfalls will drastically improve the accuracy of your Swedish.
While som is the undisputed king of relative pronouns in everyday Swedish, there are a few alternatives and related words that you will encounter, especially in formal writing or specific contexts. The most common alternatives are vilken, vilket, and vilka. These translate to which or who, but unlike som, they must be declined to match the gender and number of the noun they refer to. Vilken is for en-words, vilket is for ett-words, and vilka is for plural nouns. These are rarely used in spoken Swedish because som is much easier and sounds more natural, but they are frequent in formal texts, legal documents, and academic papers.
Vilken / Vilket / Vilka
These formal relative pronouns decline based on gender and number. They can be preceded by prepositions, unlike som, making them useful in complex formal sentences.

Huset, i vilket han bodde, var mycket gammalt. (Formal equivalent of huset som han bodde i)

Another closely related word is vars, which means whose. Vars is the possessive form of the relative pronoun. When you want to say The man whose car is red, you use vars: Mannen vars bil är röd. Vars is indeclinable and works for both singular and plural, making it relatively easy to use once you understand its function.
Vars
Vars is used to indicate possession within a relative clause, directly translating to whose in English.

Kvinnan vars hund skällde bad om ursäkt. (Instead of using som)

Additionally, relative adverbs like där (where) and dit (where to) often function similarly to relative pronouns by introducing clauses that describe locations. For example, Staden där jag bor (The city where I live) is conceptually similar to Staden som jag bor i (The city that I live in). Both are perfectly correct, but där replaces the need for the preposition at the end.

Detta är platsen som vi pratade om.

Där vs Som
Där is used specifically for places and locations, while som can be used for anything, provided you include the correct preposition at the end of the clause.

Rummet som vi sover i är litet. (or Rummet där vi sover)

Välj den väg som känns bäst för dig.

Understanding these alternatives not only enriches your vocabulary but also helps you comprehend more complex, formal Swedish texts where som might be replaced by its more rigid, declinable cousins.
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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

Han är stark som en björn.

He is strong as a bear.

Used as a comparative conjunction.

2

Jag jobbar som lärare.

I work as a teacher.

Used to indicate a profession or role.

3

Gör som jag.

Do as I do.

Used for comparison.

4

Hon är precis som sin mamma.

She is just like her mother.

Used to show similarity.

5

Kall som is.

Cold as ice.

Common simile.

6

Jag vill ha en bil som är röd.

I want a car that is red.

Basic introduction of relative clause.

7

En hund som skäller.

A dog that barks.

Basic relative clause.

8

Ett hus som är stort.

A house that is big.

Basic relative clause describing a noun.

1

Mannen som står där är min pappa.

The man who is standing there is my dad.

'som' as the subject of the relative clause.

2

Boken som jag läser är bra.

The book that I am reading is good.

'som' as the object of the relative clause.

3

Jag har en vän som bor i Stockholm.

I have a friend who lives in Stockholm.

Connecting a main clause to describe a person.

4

Filmen som vi såg var rolig.

The movie that we saw was funny.

'som' as an object referring to a thing.

5

Det är katten som åt fisken.

It is the cat that ate the fish.

Subject relative pronoun.

6

Kvinnan som kör bilen är min chef.

The woman who is driving the car is my boss.

Describing a specific person performing an action.

7

Vi letar efter ett hus som har en trädgård.

We are looking for a house that has a garden.

Describing a desired object.

8

Är det du som har gjort det här?

Is it you who has done this?

Used in a cleft sentence for emphasis.

1

Jag känner en kille som inte gillar choklad.

I know a guy who doesn't like chocolate.

Applying the BIFF-rule: 'inte' comes before the verb 'gillar'.

2

Huset som jag bor i är väldigt gammalt.

The house that I live in is very old.

Preposition 'i' placed at the end of the relative clause.

3

Maten som vi åt igår var fantastisk.

The food that we ate yesterday was fantastic.

'som' as object, past tense context.

4

Det finns många människor som aldrig har sett snö.

There are many people who have never seen snow.

Adverb 'aldrig' placed before the auxiliary verb 'har'.

5

Stolen som du sitter på är trasig.

The chair that you are sitting on is broken.

Preposition 'på' at the end of the clause.

6

De köpte bilen som de hade tittat på länge.

They bought the car that they had looked at for a long time.

Complex tense in the relative clause with a preposition.

7

Han är den enda som kan hjälpa oss.

He is the only one who can help us.

Used after 'den enda' (the only one).

8

Jag förstår inte vad det är som händer.

I don't understand what it is that is happening.

Used in an indirect question cleft structure.

1

Det är just sådana detaljer som gör hela skillnaden.

It is exactly such details that make all the difference.

Emphatic cleft sentence structure.

2

Projektet, som påbörjades förra året, är nu avslutat.

The project, which was started last year, is now finished.

Non-restrictive relative clause enclosed in commas.

3

Hon betedde sig som om ingenting hade hänt.

She behaved as if nothing had happened.

'som om' introducing a hypothetical clause.

4

Alla som vill vara med måste anmäla sig i förväg.

Everyone who wants to participate must register in advance.

'som' modifying the indefinite pronoun 'alla'.

5

Det var ett beslut som han senare skulle komma att ångra.

It was a decision that he would later come to regret.

Complex verb phrase within the relative clause.

6

Den information som vi har fått är tyvärr bristfällig.

The information that we have received is unfortunately deficient.

Formal tone, modifying an abstract noun.

7

Kandidaten som vi intervjuade igår kändes mycket lovande.

The candidate that we interviewed yesterday felt very promising.

Object 'som' in a professional context.

8

Det är ett problem som inte låter sig lösas så enkelt.

It is a problem that does not let itself be solved so easily.

Passive construction within the relative clause.

1

Den teori som forskarna lade fram ifrågasattes omedelbart.

The theory that the researchers presented was immediately questioned.

Academic register, complex passive main clause.

2

Ett samhälle som inte tar hand om sina svaga är ett bräckligt samhälle.

A society that does not take care of its weak is a fragile society.

Abstract philosophical statement, BIFF-rule applied.

3

Han talade med en pondus som lämnade åhörarna mållösa.

He spoke with an authority that left the listeners speechless.

Advanced vocabulary combined with a relative clause.

4

Det är inte alltid den som skriker högst som har rätt.

It is not always the one who shouts the loudest who is right.

Double relative clauses for rhetorical effect.

5

De åtgärder som regeringen har vidtagit anses vara otillräckliga.

The measures that the government has taken are considered to be insufficient.

Formal political discourse.

6

Ett fenomen som länge har förbryllat vetenskapen har nu fått sin förklaring.

A phenomenon that has long puzzled science has now received its explanation.

Complex sentence with temporal adverbs in the relative clause.

7

Hon betraktade honom med en blick som rymde både sorg och vrede.

She looked at him with a gaze that contained both sorrow and anger.

Literary descriptive use of 'som'.

8

Det var en upplevelse som för all framtid skulle etsa sig fast i hans minne.

It was an experience that would forever etch itself into his memory.

Advanced phrasing and idiomatic expression within the clause.

1

Den diskurs som präglade debatten var minst sagt polariserande.

The discourse that characterized the debate was polarizing to say the least.

Highly formal, academic vocabulary.

2

I en värld som ständigt förändras krävs en oerhörd anpassningsförmåga.

In a world that is constantly changing, an immense adaptability is required.

Abstract, philosophical context.

3

Det är en distinktion som, ehuru subtil, bär på djupgående implikationer.

It is a distinction that, although subtle, carries profound implications.

Interrupted relative clause with archaic conjunction 'ehuru'.

4

Mannen, som till synes var oberörd av kritiken, fortsatte sitt anförande.

The man, who seemingly was unaffected by the criticism, continued his speech.

Non-restrictive relative clause with advanced adverbs.

5

Ett sådant förfarande strider mot de principer som vårt rättssamhälle vilar på.

Such a procedure violates the principles on which our rule of law rests.

Legal/formal register with deferred preposition.

6

Hon fann sig insnärjd i ett nätverk av lögner som hon själv hade varit med om att väva.

She found herself entangled in a network of lies that she herself had helped to weave.

Poetic, metaphorical language.

7

De strukturer som dikterar dessa mönster är ofta osynliga för blotta ögat.

The structures that dictate these patterns are often invisible to the naked eye.

Sociological/academic register.

8

Det var ett ögonblick av fullkomlig stillhet, som om tiden självt hade hållit andan.

It was a moment of absolute stillness, as if time itself had held its breath.

Literary use of 'som om' with personification.

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