A2 · Élémentaire Chapitre 4

Talking About Time and Sequences

6 Règles totales
62 exemples
6 min

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the flow of time and sequence to tell engaging stories in Japanese.

  • Label your weekly schedule using the elements.
  • Anchor your daily activities with precise relative time markers.
  • Connect multiple events into fluid, chronological narratives.
Master time, master the story.

Ce que tu vas apprendre

Hey there, language explorer! Ready to take your Japanese conversations to the next level? You've already mastered expressing actions, and now it's time to put them in order. Think of this chapter as your personal time-travel guide! We'll start by making sure you know your weekdays cold – from fiery Tuesdays to watery Wednesdays – using the fun Yōbi system. Then, you'll grab hold of crucial 'floating' time markers like 'today,' 'yesterday,' and 'tomorrow' (kyō, kinō, asu) that effortlessly anchor your conversations in the present without needing any tricky particles. But here's where it gets really exciting: you'll learn how to perfectly sequence events. Want to say 'Before eating lunch, I studied'? We've got mae ni for that! Or perhaps, 'After watching the movie, I slept'? That's where ~ato de comes in. You'll quickly see how these simple structures let you link complex ideas. We'll then introduce Toki (when/time), a versatile connector that helps you specify if something happens *before/during* an action (with Dictionary Form) or *after* it (with Ta-form). And finally, you'll discover aida (~間), the perfect tool for describing actions that happen *while* or *during* an entire period, without interruption. Imagine setting up a meeting with a Japanese colleague, or recounting your amazing travel itinerary: 'First we visited the temple, then we ate sushi.' Or simply telling a friend about your day, 'While I was cooking, I listened to music.' These are the skills that make your stories clear and your plans precise! By the end of this chapter, you won't just know words; you'll be able to effortlessly narrate sequences of events, plan your schedule, and describe durations like a pro. Get ready to add some serious temporal fluency to your Japanese toolkit. Let's dive in!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use relative time markers and sequence connectors to describe a daily routine.

Guide du chapitre

Overview

Hey there, language explorer! Ready to take your Japanese conversations to the next level? You've already mastered expressing actions, and now it's time to put them in order.
This chapter is your personal time-travel guide, unlocking the secrets of Japanese grammar A2 for talking about when things happen and in what sequence. Mastering temporal expressions is crucial for clear communication, whether you're planning your week or recounting a story. You'll learn essential building blocks like the Yōbi system for days of the week, and floating time markers such as kyō (today), kinō (yesterday), and asu (tomorrow), which effortlessly anchor your conversations without needing tricky particles.
But here's where it gets really exciting: you'll learn how to perfectly sequence events. Want to say 'Before eating lunch, I studied'? We've got mae ni for that!
Or perhaps, 'After watching the movie, I slept'? That's where ~ato de comes in. You'll quickly see how these simple structures let you link complex ideas.
We'll then introduce Toki (when/time), a versatile connector that helps you specify if something happens *before/during* an action (with Dictionary Form) or *after* it (with Ta-form). And finally, you'll discover aida (~間), the perfect tool for describing actions that happen *while* or *during* an entire period, without interruption. By the end of this chapter, you won't just know words; you'll be able to effortlessly narrate sequences of events, plan your schedule, and describe durations like a pro.
Get ready to add some serious temporal fluency to your Japanese grammar toolkit.

How This Grammar Works

Let's dive into the core of A2 Japanese temporal expressions. First, you'll master the Days of the Week: The 7 Elements (Yōbi). Each day ends with ~yōbi (曜日) and starts with a kanji representing an element or celestial body: Getsuyōbi (月曜日 - Monday, Moon), Kayōbi (火曜日 - Tuesday, Fire), Suiyōbi (水曜日 - Wednesday, Water), Mokuyōbi (木曜日 - Thursday, Wood), Kinyōbi (金曜日 - Friday, Gold), Doyōbi (土曜日 - Saturday, Earth), and Nichiyōbi (日曜日 - Sunday, Sun).
For instance, Getsuyōbi ni shigoto ga arimasu (月曜日に仕事があります - I have work on Monday).
Next, we have Japanese Relative Time: Today, Yesterday, Tomorrow (今日, 昨日, 明日). Words like kyō (今日 - today), kinō (昨日 - yesterday), and asu (明日 - tomorrow) are special. They usually don't need the particle ni (に) when used as time markers, making them very convenient.
For example, Kyō, eiga o mimasu (今日、映画を見ます - Today, I will watch a movie).
To sequence actions, we use Before Doing X (Mae ni) and Japanese Sequence: After doing X (~ato de). To say before doing X, attach mae ni (前に) to the dictionary form of a verb: Bangohan o taberu mae ni shukudai o shimashita (晩ご飯を食べる前に宿題をしました - Before eating dinner, I did my homework). For after doing X, attach ~ato de (~後で) to the ta-form of a verb: Eiga o mita ato de, neru (映画を見た後で、寝る - After watching the movie, I'll sleep).
The versatile Using Toki (When/Time) to Connect Sentences allows you to specify the timing of an action. When describing an action that happens *before or during* another, use the dictionary form + toki (時). Nihon ni iku toki, kamera o kaimasu (日本に行く時、カメラを買います - When I go to Japan, I'll buy a camera).
When describing an action that happens *after* another, use the ta-form + toki: Kodomo no toki, yoku asobimashita (子供の時、よく遊びました - When I was a child, I played a lot).
Finally, for actions that occur *while* or *during* an entire period, use Japanese Grammar: Using ~間 (aida) for 'While' and 'During'. Attach aida (間) to the dictionary form of a verb or a noun (often with no). Watashi ga ryouri o suru aida, ongaku o kikimashita (私が料理をする間、音楽を聞きました - While I was cooking, I listened to music).

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: 今日デパートへ行きます。(Kyō ni depāto e ikimasu.)
Correct: 今日デパートへ行きます。(Kyō depāto e ikimasu.)
*Explanation:* Relative time words like kyō (today), kinō (yesterday), and asu (tomorrow) generally do not require the particle ni (に) when indicating
on/at this day.
  1. 1Wrong: 映画を見ます後で、寝ます。(Eiga o mimasu ato de, nemasu.)
Correct: 映画を見た後で、寝ます。(Eiga o mita ato de, nemasu.)
*Explanation:* When using ~ato de (~後で) to mean after doing X, the verb preceding it must be in its plain past (ta-form), not the polite present tense (masu-form).
  1. 1Wrong: 勉強する、テレビを見ました。(Benkyō suru aida, terebi o mimashita.)
Correct: 勉強している、テレビを見ました。(Benkyō shiteiru aida, terebi o mimashita.)
*Explanation:* While aida (間) can follow a dictionary form, if you want to emphasize an action *in progress* or *continuous* during that period, the ~teiru form is often more natural and accurate. The wrong example implies
during the period of studying,
while the correct one implies
while I was in the act of studying.

Real Conversations

A

A

今日の夜、何をする予定ですか? (Kyō no yoru, nani o suru yotei desu ka?) (What are your plans for tonight?)
B

B

仕事が終わった後で、友達とご飯を食べに行きます。 (Shigoto ga owatta ato de, tomodachi to gohan o tabe ni ikimasu.) (After work finishes, I'm going to eat with friends.)
A

A

日本にいる間、どこに行きたいですか? (Nihon ni iru aida, doko ni ikitai desu ka?) (While you're in Japan, where do you want to go?)
B

B

京都に行く前に、東京でショッピングがしたいです。 (Kyōto ni iku mae ni, Tōkyō de shoppingu ga shitai desu.) (Before going to Kyoto, I want to do some shopping in Tokyo.)
A

A

子供の時、どんな遊びが好きでしたか? (Kodomo no toki, donna asobi ga suki deshita ka?) (What kind of games did you like when you were a child?)
B

B

外で遊ぶのが好きでした。 (Soto de asobu no ga suki deshita.) (I liked playing outside.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I say before and after an action in Japanese?

For before doing X, use the dictionary form of the verb followed by mae ni (前に). For after doing X, use the ta-form of the verb followed by ~ato de (~後で).

Q

What's the difference between toki and aida in Japanese grammar?

Toki (時) means when or

at the time of
and can refer to a specific point or period. Aida (間) specifically means while or during and implies a continuous action or state throughout a period.

Q

Do I need particles with today or tomorrow in Japanese?

No, typically not. Words like kyō (今日 - today), kinō (昨日 - yesterday), and asu (明日 - tomorrow) usually act as adverbs and do not require particles like ni (に) when indicating when something happens.

Q

Can I use ~ato de with nouns?

Yes, you can! When using ~ato de (~後で) with a noun, you simply add no (の) between the noun and ato de. For example, shigoto no ato de (仕事の後で - after work).

Cultural Context

In Japanese communication, precision about time and sequence is highly valued, especially in professional settings or when making plans. Using these grammar patterns correctly demonstrates respect for others' schedules and ensures clarity. The Yōbi system is fundamental, and you'll hear it daily.
While directness is common, polite language often accompanies these time expressions, ensuring smooth social interactions. Mastering these temporal expressions will significantly enhance your ability to participate in daily conversations and plan effectively.

Exemples clés (6)

1

Nichiyōbi ni kaimono ni ikimasu.

Je vais faire les courses dimanche.

Jours de la semaine en japonais : Les 7 éléments (Yōbi)
2

Kinyōbi wa saikō desu!

Le vendredi, c'est le top !

Jours de la semaine en japonais : Les 7 éléments (Yōbi)
3

Neru mae ni, sumaho o juuden shimasu.

Avant de dormir, je charge mon smartphone.

Avant de faire X (Mae ni)
4

Eiga o miru mae ni, poppukoon o kaimashita.

Avant de regarder le film, j'ai acheté du pop-corn.

Avant de faire X (Mae ni)
5

Bangohan o tabeta ato de, geemu o shimashou.

Jouons aux jeux vidéo après avoir mangé le dîner.

Séquence Japonaise : « Après » avoir fait X (~ato de)
6

Shigoto no ato de, nomi ni ikanai?

Tu veux aller boire un verre après le boulot ?

Séquence Japonaise : « Après » avoir fait X (~ato de)

Conseils et astuces (4)

🎯

Abréviations du calendrier

Sur les calendriers japonais, les jours sont souvent réduits à un seul kanji entre parenthèses : «({月}), ({火}), ({水})».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Jours de la semaine en japonais : Les 7 éléments (Yōbi)
⚠️

Pas de particule 'Ni'

N'utilise pas 'ni' avec ces mots quand ils marquent le temps. C'est l'erreur classique ! Dis juste «{今日|きょう}、{行きます|いきます}».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Le temps relatif en japonais : aujourd'hui, hier, demain (今日, 昨日, 明日)
⚠️

Le piège du passé

N'utilise jamais la forme en -ta (passé) avant «前に». Même pour une histoire passée, on dit «食べる前に» et jamais «食べた前に».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Avant de faire X (Mae ni)
🎯

Le 'De' est facultatif

En discutant avec tes amis, tu peux simplement dire Gohan no ato sans le de. C'est plus naturel et rapide. «ご飯の後、コーヒーを飲む?»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Séquence Japonaise : « Après » avoir fait X (~ato de)

Vocabulaire clé (6)

月曜日(げつようび) Monday 今日(きょう) Today 食べる(たべる) to eat 映画(えいが) movie 時(とき) time/when 勉強(べんきょう) study

Real-World Preview

coffee

Making Weekend Plans

Review Summary

  • Day + 曜日(ようび)
  • 今日/昨日/明日
  • Verb (Dict) + 前(まえ)に
  • Verb (Ta) + 後(あと)で
  • Verb (Dict/Ta) + 時(とき)
  • Verb (Dict) + 間(あいだ)

Erreurs courantes

You must use the dictionary form (present) for 'before' clauses, not the past tense.

Wrong: 食(た)べた前(まえ)に
Correct: 食(た)べる前(まえ)に

You must use the Ta-form (past) for 'after' clauses because the action must be completed first.

Wrong: 食(た)べる後(あと)で
Correct: 食(た)べた後(あと)で

Time words like 'tomorrow' do not take the particle 'ni' because they are relative, not fixed points.

Wrong: 明日(あした)に映画(えいが)を見(み)ます
Correct: 明日(あした)映画(えいが)を見(み)ます

Règles dans ce chapitre (6)

Next Steps

You've conquered the clock! Keep practicing these sequences, and you'll be telling stories in Japanese in no time.

Write a 5-sentence diary entry about yesterday.

Pratique rapide (10)

Quelle phrase est grammaticalement correcte ?

Choisis la bonne façon de dire 'Après la réunion'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {会議|かいぎ}の{後で|あとで} (Kaigi no ato de)
Pour connecter un nom à 'ato de', tu dois obligatoirement utiliser la particule 'no'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Séquence Japonaise : « Après » avoir fait X (~ato de)

Trouve l'erreur dans cette phrase sur 'après-demain'.

Find and fix the mistake:

{明後日|あさって}に、{日本|にっぽん}に{行きます|いきます}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {明後日|あさって}、{日本|にっぽん}に{行きます|いきます}。
Il faut enlever la particule 'ni' après 'asatte'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Le temps relatif en japonais : aujourd'hui, hier, demain (今日, 昨日, 明日)

Complète la phrase avec le mot correct pour 'demain'.

___、{友達|ともだち}と{遊びます|あそびます}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {明日|あした}
Puisque 'asobimasu' est au futur/présent, 'demain' (ashita) est le meilleur choix.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Le temps relatif en japonais : aujourd'hui, hier, demain (今日, 昨日, 明日)

Trouve l'erreur dans cette phrase.

Find and fix the mistake:

{出かけた|でかけた}前に、シャワーを浴びました。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {出かけた|でかけた} doit être {出かける|でかける}
On n'utilise jamais le passé ({出かけた}) avant «前に». Il faut utiliser la forme neutre ({出かける}).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Avant de faire X (Mae ni)

Complète avec le jour manquant.

Aujourd'hui c'est lundi. Demain c'est ___ ({火曜日}).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kayōbi
Après lundi (Lune) vient mardi (Feu / Kayōbi).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Jours de la semaine en japonais : Les 7 éléments (Yōbi)

Trouve l'erreur dans cette phrase.

Find and fix the mistake:

{映画|えいが}を{見る|みる}{後で|あとで}、カフェに{行きましょう|いきましょう}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Changer {見る|みる} en {見た|みた}
On ne peut pas utiliser la forme dictionnaire 'miru' avec 'ato de'. Il faut la forme en -ta 'mita'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Séquence Japonaise : « Après » avoir fait X (~ato de)

Quelle phrase exprime que l'action a duré TOUT le temps ?

Choisis la bonne phrase :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {夏休|なつやす}みの{間|あいだ}、ずっと{旅行|りょこう}していました。
Les noms demandent 'no' avant 'aida'. 'Aida ni' impliquerait un moment précis, ce qui contredit 'zutto' (tout le temps).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Grammaire japonaise : Utiliser ~間 (aida) pour 'Pendant' et 'Tandis que'

Trouve et corrige l'erreur dans la phrase.

Find and fix the mistake:

{母|はは}가{買|か}い{物|もの}している{間|あいだ}、{弟|おとうと}が{泣|な}いた。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {母|はは}가{買|か}い{物|もの}している{間|あいだ}、{弟|おとうと}はずっと{泣|な}いていた。
Pour utiliser 'aida' (durée), la deuxième action doit aussi être un état continu, souvent exprimé avec '~te ita' et 'zutto'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Grammaire japonaise : Utiliser ~間 (aida) pour 'Pendant' et 'Tandis que'

Complète la phrase avec la forme correcte du mot entre parenthèses.

{日本|にほん}に (いる) ______ 、ずっと{東京|とうきょう}に{住|す}んでいました。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: いる間
Comme l'action de vivre à Tokyo a duré TOUTE la période au Japon, on utilise 'aida'. Les verbes restent à la forme dictionnaire.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Grammaire japonaise : Utiliser ~間 (aida) pour 'Pendant' et 'Tandis que'

Quelle phrase dit correctement 'J'ai mangé des ramen hier' ?

Choisis la phrase grammaticalement correcte :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {昨日|きのう}、ラーメンを{食べました|たべました}。
'Kinō' (hier) demande le passé 'tabemashita' et aucune particule 'ni'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Le temps relatif en japonais : aujourd'hui, hier, demain (今日, 昨日, 明日)

Score: /10

Questions fréquentes (6)

Si tu dis juste 'Getsu' ou 'Ka', on te comprendra, mais ça sonne très familier ou brusque, comme dans «{月|げつ}はダメ».
C'est la même origine qu'en anglais (Sunday) ! Les deux viennent de l'astrologie ancienne : «{日曜日|にちようび}».
Non, les mots de temps relatif n'ont pas besoin de 'ni'. Dis juste «{今日|きょう}、{行きます|いきます}».
'Ashita' est pour la vie de tous les jours. 'Asu' est plus formel, comme à la météo : «{明日|あす}の{天気|てんき}».
En japonais, c'est le verbe final qui indique le temps. Le verbe avant «前に» sert juste à nommer l'action, comme une étiquette : «食べる前に».
C'est rare. On ne dit pas 'Avant qu'il fasse chaud'. On utilisera plutôt ~uchi ni (pendant qu'il fait chaud). «前に» est pour les actions.