A2 · Elementar Capítulo 4

Talking About Time and Sequences

6 Regras totais
62 exemplos
6 min

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the flow of time and sequence to tell engaging stories in Japanese.

  • Label your weekly schedule using the elements.
  • Anchor your daily activities with precise relative time markers.
  • Connect multiple events into fluid, chronological narratives.
Master time, master the story.

O que você vai aprender

Hey there, language explorer! Ready to take your Japanese conversations to the next level? You've already mastered expressing actions, and now it's time to put them in order. Think of this chapter as your personal time-travel guide! We'll start by making sure you know your weekdays cold – from fiery Tuesdays to watery Wednesdays – using the fun Yōbi system. Then, you'll grab hold of crucial 'floating' time markers like 'today,' 'yesterday,' and 'tomorrow' (kyō, kinō, asu) that effortlessly anchor your conversations in the present without needing any tricky particles. But here's where it gets really exciting: you'll learn how to perfectly sequence events. Want to say 'Before eating lunch, I studied'? We've got mae ni for that! Or perhaps, 'After watching the movie, I slept'? That's where ~ato de comes in. You'll quickly see how these simple structures let you link complex ideas. We'll then introduce Toki (when/time), a versatile connector that helps you specify if something happens *before/during* an action (with Dictionary Form) or *after* it (with Ta-form). And finally, you'll discover aida (~間), the perfect tool for describing actions that happen *while* or *during* an entire period, without interruption. Imagine setting up a meeting with a Japanese colleague, or recounting your amazing travel itinerary: 'First we visited the temple, then we ate sushi.' Or simply telling a friend about your day, 'While I was cooking, I listened to music.' These are the skills that make your stories clear and your plans precise! By the end of this chapter, you won't just know words; you'll be able to effortlessly narrate sequences of events, plan your schedule, and describe durations like a pro. Get ready to add some serious temporal fluency to your Japanese toolkit. Let's dive in!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use relative time markers and sequence connectors to describe a daily routine.

Guia do capítulo

Overview

Hey there, language explorer! Ready to take your Japanese conversations to the next level? You've already mastered expressing actions, and now it's time to put them in order.
This chapter is your personal time-travel guide, unlocking the secrets of Japanese grammar A2 for talking about when things happen and in what sequence. Mastering temporal expressions is crucial for clear communication, whether you're planning your week or recounting a story. You'll learn essential building blocks like the Yōbi system for days of the week, and floating time markers such as kyō (today), kinō (yesterday), and asu (tomorrow), which effortlessly anchor your conversations without needing tricky particles.
But here's where it gets really exciting: you'll learn how to perfectly sequence events. Want to say 'Before eating lunch, I studied'? We've got mae ni for that!
Or perhaps, 'After watching the movie, I slept'? That's where ~ato de comes in. You'll quickly see how these simple structures let you link complex ideas.
We'll then introduce Toki (when/time), a versatile connector that helps you specify if something happens *before/during* an action (with Dictionary Form) or *after* it (with Ta-form). And finally, you'll discover aida (~間), the perfect tool for describing actions that happen *while* or *during* an entire period, without interruption. By the end of this chapter, you won't just know words; you'll be able to effortlessly narrate sequences of events, plan your schedule, and describe durations like a pro.
Get ready to add some serious temporal fluency to your Japanese grammar toolkit.

How This Grammar Works

Let's dive into the core of A2 Japanese temporal expressions. First, you'll master the Days of the Week: The 7 Elements (Yōbi). Each day ends with ~yōbi (曜日) and starts with a kanji representing an element or celestial body: Getsuyōbi (月曜日 - Monday, Moon), Kayōbi (火曜日 - Tuesday, Fire), Suiyōbi (水曜日 - Wednesday, Water), Mokuyōbi (木曜日 - Thursday, Wood), Kinyōbi (金曜日 - Friday, Gold), Doyōbi (土曜日 - Saturday, Earth), and Nichiyōbi (日曜日 - Sunday, Sun).
For instance, Getsuyōbi ni shigoto ga arimasu (月曜日に仕事があります - I have work on Monday).
Next, we have Japanese Relative Time: Today, Yesterday, Tomorrow (今日, 昨日, 明日). Words like kyō (今日 - today), kinō (昨日 - yesterday), and asu (明日 - tomorrow) are special. They usually don't need the particle ni (に) when used as time markers, making them very convenient.
For example, Kyō, eiga o mimasu (今日、映画を見ます - Today, I will watch a movie).
To sequence actions, we use Before Doing X (Mae ni) and Japanese Sequence: After doing X (~ato de). To say before doing X, attach mae ni (前に) to the dictionary form of a verb: Bangohan o taberu mae ni shukudai o shimashita (晩ご飯を食べる前に宿題をしました - Before eating dinner, I did my homework). For after doing X, attach ~ato de (~後で) to the ta-form of a verb: Eiga o mita ato de, neru (映画を見た後で、寝る - After watching the movie, I'll sleep).
The versatile Using Toki (When/Time) to Connect Sentences allows you to specify the timing of an action. When describing an action that happens *before or during* another, use the dictionary form + toki (時). Nihon ni iku toki, kamera o kaimasu (日本に行く時、カメラを買います - When I go to Japan, I'll buy a camera).
When describing an action that happens *after* another, use the ta-form + toki: Kodomo no toki, yoku asobimashita (子供の時、よく遊びました - When I was a child, I played a lot).
Finally, for actions that occur *while* or *during* an entire period, use Japanese Grammar: Using ~間 (aida) for 'While' and 'During'. Attach aida (間) to the dictionary form of a verb or a noun (often with no). Watashi ga ryouri o suru aida, ongaku o kikimashita (私が料理をする間、音楽を聞きました - While I was cooking, I listened to music).

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: 今日デパートへ行きます。(Kyō ni depāto e ikimasu.)
Correct: 今日デパートへ行きます。(Kyō depāto e ikimasu.)
*Explanation:* Relative time words like kyō (today), kinō (yesterday), and asu (tomorrow) generally do not require the particle ni (に) when indicating
on/at this day.
  1. 1Wrong: 映画を見ます後で、寝ます。(Eiga o mimasu ato de, nemasu.)
Correct: 映画を見た後で、寝ます。(Eiga o mita ato de, nemasu.)
*Explanation:* When using ~ato de (~後で) to mean after doing X, the verb preceding it must be in its plain past (ta-form), not the polite present tense (masu-form).
  1. 1Wrong: 勉強する、テレビを見ました。(Benkyō suru aida, terebi o mimashita.)
Correct: 勉強している、テレビを見ました。(Benkyō shiteiru aida, terebi o mimashita.)
*Explanation:* While aida (間) can follow a dictionary form, if you want to emphasize an action *in progress* or *continuous* during that period, the ~teiru form is often more natural and accurate. The wrong example implies
during the period of studying,
while the correct one implies
while I was in the act of studying.

Real Conversations

A

A

今日の夜、何をする予定ですか? (Kyō no yoru, nani o suru yotei desu ka?) (What are your plans for tonight?)
B

B

仕事が終わった後で、友達とご飯を食べに行きます。 (Shigoto ga owatta ato de, tomodachi to gohan o tabe ni ikimasu.) (After work finishes, I'm going to eat with friends.)
A

A

日本にいる間、どこに行きたいですか? (Nihon ni iru aida, doko ni ikitai desu ka?) (While you're in Japan, where do you want to go?)
B

B

京都に行く前に、東京でショッピングがしたいです。 (Kyōto ni iku mae ni, Tōkyō de shoppingu ga shitai desu.) (Before going to Kyoto, I want to do some shopping in Tokyo.)
A

A

子供の時、どんな遊びが好きでしたか? (Kodomo no toki, donna asobi ga suki deshita ka?) (What kind of games did you like when you were a child?)
B

B

外で遊ぶのが好きでした。 (Soto de asobu no ga suki deshita.) (I liked playing outside.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I say before and after an action in Japanese?

For before doing X, use the dictionary form of the verb followed by mae ni (前に). For after doing X, use the ta-form of the verb followed by ~ato de (~後で).

Q

What's the difference between toki and aida in Japanese grammar?

Toki (時) means when or

at the time of
and can refer to a specific point or period. Aida (間) specifically means while or during and implies a continuous action or state throughout a period.

Q

Do I need particles with today or tomorrow in Japanese?

No, typically not. Words like kyō (今日 - today), kinō (昨日 - yesterday), and asu (明日 - tomorrow) usually act as adverbs and do not require particles like ni (に) when indicating when something happens.

Q

Can I use ~ato de with nouns?

Yes, you can! When using ~ato de (~後で) with a noun, you simply add no (の) between the noun and ato de. For example, shigoto no ato de (仕事の後で - after work).

Cultural Context

In Japanese communication, precision about time and sequence is highly valued, especially in professional settings or when making plans. Using these grammar patterns correctly demonstrates respect for others' schedules and ensures clarity. The Yōbi system is fundamental, and you'll hear it daily.
While directness is common, polite language often accompanies these time expressions, ensuring smooth social interactions. Mastering these temporal expressions will significantly enhance your ability to participate in daily conversations and plan effectively.

Exemplos-chave (8)

1

Nichiyōbi ni kaimono ni ikimasu.

Eu vou às compras no domingo.

Dias da semana em japonês: Os 7 elementos (Yōbi)
2

Kinyōbi wa saikō desu!

Sexta-feira é o máximo!

Dias da semana em japonês: Os 7 elementos (Yōbi)
3

Neru mae ni, sumaho o juuden shimasu.

Eu carrego meu celular antes de dormir.

Antes de fazer X (Mae ni)
4

Eiga o miru mae ni, poppukoon o kaimashita.

Comprei pipoca antes de ver o filme.

Antes de fazer X (Mae ni)
5

Bangohan o tabeta ato de, geemu o shimashou.

Vamos jogar videogame depois de jantar.

Sequência em Japonês: "Depois" de fazer X (~ato de)
6

Shigoto no ato de, nomi ni ikanai?

Bora beber algo depois do trabalho?

Sequência em Japonês: "Depois" de fazer X (~ato de)
7

Hima na toki, Nettofurikkusu o mimasu.

Quando tenho tempo livre, assisto Netflix.

Usando Toki (Quando/Tempo) para Conectar Frases
8

Ie o deru toki, kagi o sagashimashita.

Quando estava saindo de casa, procurei as chaves.

Usando Toki (Quando/Tempo) para Conectar Frases

Dicas e truques (4)

🎯

Abreviaturas no Calendário

Nos calendários japoneses, os dias costumam aparecer apenas como um caractere entre parênteses: «({月}), ({火}), ({水}).»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Dias da semana em japonês: Os 7 elementos (Yōbi)
⚠️

Nada de Partícula 'Ni'

Não use 'ni' com essas palavras quando elas marcam o tempo. É um erro super comum: «{今日|きょう}、{学校|がっこう}に{行きます|いきます}».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Tempo relativo em japonês: hoje, ontem, amanhã (今日, 昨日, 明日)
⚠️

A Armadilha do Passado

Nunca use o verbo no passado antes de mae ni. Soa estranho como dizer 'antes de comi'. Use sempre o presente: «食べる前に».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Antes de fazer X (Mae ni)
🎯

O 'De' é opcional

Em papos informais com amigos, você pode dizer apenas Gohan no ato (Depois da refeição) sem o 'de'. Fica mais rápido e natural! «ご飯の後、何をしますか?»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Sequência em Japonês: "Depois" de fazer X (~ato de)

Vocabulário-chave (6)

月曜日(げつようび) Monday 今日(きょう) Today 食べる(たべる) to eat 映画(えいが) movie 時(とき) time/when 勉強(べんきょう) study

Real-World Preview

coffee

Making Weekend Plans

Review Summary

  • Day + 曜日(ようび)
  • 今日/昨日/明日
  • Verb (Dict) + 前(まえ)に
  • Verb (Ta) + 後(あと)で
  • Verb (Dict/Ta) + 時(とき)
  • Verb (Dict) + 間(あいだ)

Erros comuns

You must use the dictionary form (present) for 'before' clauses, not the past tense.

Wrong: 食(た)べた前(まえ)に
Correto: 食(た)べる前(まえ)に

You must use the Ta-form (past) for 'after' clauses because the action must be completed first.

Wrong: 食(た)べる後(あと)で
Correto: 食(た)べた後(あと)で

Time words like 'tomorrow' do not take the particle 'ni' because they are relative, not fixed points.

Wrong: 明日(あした)に映画(えいが)を見(み)ます
Correto: 明日(あした)映画(えいが)を見(み)ます

Regras neste capítulo (6)

Next Steps

You've conquered the clock! Keep practicing these sequences, and you'll be telling stories in Japanese in no time.

Write a 5-sentence diary entry about yesterday.

Prática rápida (10)

Encontre o erro no Kanji.

Find and fix the mistake:

Terça-feira é {木曜日}.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Terça-feira é {火曜日}.
{木曜日} é quinta-feira (Madeira). Terça-feira é Fogo ({火曜日}).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Dias da semana em japonês: Os 7 elementos (Yōbi)

Qual frase significa 'Eu comprei a passagem ANTES de entrar no ônibus'?

Escolha a sequência correta:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {バス|ばす}に{乗る|のる}{時|とき}、{切符|きっぷ} को {買いました|かいました}。
Usar a forma de dicionário ({乗る|のる}) indica que a ação de comprar aconteceu antes ou durante o embarque.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Usando Toki (Quando/Tempo) para Conectar Frases

Encontre o erro na frase sobre 'depois de amanhã'.

Find and fix the mistake:

{明後日|あさって}に、{日本|にっぽん}に{行きます|いきます}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {明後日|あさって}、{日本|にっぽん}に{行きます|いきます}。
Você deve remover a partícula 'ni' após 'asatte'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Tempo relativo em japonês: hoje, ontem, amanhã (今日, 昨日, 明日)

Encontre e corrija o erro na frase.

Find and fix the mistake:

{母|はは}が{買|か}い{物|mono}している{間|あいだ}、{弟|おとうと}が{泣|な}いた。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {母|はは}が{買|か}い{物|mono}している{間|あいだ}、{弟|おとうto}はずっと{泣|な}いていた。
Para usar 'aida' (duração), a segunda ação também deve ser um estado contínuo, geralmente com '~te ita'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Gramática Japonesa: Usar ~間 (aida) para 'Enquanto' e 'Durante'

Encontre o erro nesta frase.

Find and fix the mistake:

{暇|ひま}だ{時|とき}、ゲームをします。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {暇|ひま}な{時|とき}、ゲームをします。
{暇|ひま} (hima) é um adjetivo-na. Ao conectar adjetivos-na a substantivos como {時|とき}, você precisa manter o {な}.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Usando Toki (Quando/Tempo) para Conectar Frases

Preencha a lacuna com a forma correta da palavra entre parênteses.

{日本|にほん}に (いる) ______ 、ずっと{東京|とうきょう}に{住|す}んでいました。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: いる間
Como a ação de morar em Tóquio durou o tempo *inteiro* da estadia no Japão, usamos 'aida'. Verbos usam a forma de dicionário.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Gramática Japonesa: Usar ~間 (aida) para 'Enquanto' e 'Durante'

Complete a frase com a partícula correta.

{高校生|こうこうせい} ___ {時|とき}、テニスをしていました。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
Como 'koukousei' (estudante de ensino médio) é um substantivo, você deve conectá-lo ao 'toki' com a partícula 'no'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Usando Toki (Quando/Tempo) para Conectar Frases

Qual frase expressa corretamente que a ação durou o tempo TODO?

Selecione a frase correta:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {夏休|なつやす}みの{間|あいad}、ずっと{旅行|りょこう}していました。
Substantivos precisam de 'no' antes de 'aida'. 'Aida ni' indicaria um momento só, o que contradiz o 'zutto'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Gramática Japonesa: Usar ~間 (aida) para 'Enquanto' e 'Durante'

Qual frase diz corretamente 'Eu comi lámen ontem'?

Escolha a frase gramaticalmente correta:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {昨日|きのう}、ラーメンを{食べました|たべました}。
'Kinō' (ontem) exige o passado 'tabemashita' e não usa a partícula 'ni'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Tempo relativo em japonês: hoje, ontem, amanhã (今日, 昨日, 明日)

Escolha o uso correto da partícula.

Eu estudo ___ domingo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nichiyōbi ni
Usamos a partícula 'ni' para marcar pontos específicos no tempo, como os dias da semana.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Dias da semana em japonês: Os 7 elementos (Yōbi)

Score: /10

Perguntas comuns (6)

Se você disser apenas 'Getsu' ou 'Ka', as pessoas vão entender, mas soa muito informal ou seco, como em:
月曜日は忙しい (Getsuyōbi wa isogashii).
Tem a mesma origem do português e inglês! O primeiro dia é nomeado após o Sol:
日曜日は太陽の日です (Nichiyōbi wa taiyō no hi desu).
Não, palavras de tempo relativo como {今日|きょう} não precisam de 'ni'. Você pode dizer apenas «{今日|きょう}、{行きます|いきます}».
'Ashita' é para o dia a dia. 'Asu' é mais formal, usado em jornais ou discursos: «{明日|あす}の{天気|てんき}は{晴れ|はれ}です».
No japonês, o tempo da frase é definido pelo verbo final. O verbo antes de mae ni apenas nomeia a ação. Pense como: 'O momento de comer'. Exemplo: «食べる前に、手を洗いました。»
Raramente. Em vez de 'antes de ficar quente', usamos ~uchi ni (enquanto...). Exemplo: «熱いうちに食べて» (Coma enquanto está quente).