A2 · Elementar Capítulo 3

Counting Everything

7 Regras totais
72 exemplos
5 min

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the Japanese logic of counting objects by their shape and size.

  • Distinguish between counting shapes like 'long' vs 'flat'.
  • Select the correct counter for animals based on size.
  • Quantify daily activities and drinks with precision.
Count everything with confidence and native-like precision!

O que você vai aprender

Hey smart learner! You've already made amazing progress with the Japanese basics, and now it's time to take another huge leap towards speaking like a native! Did you know that in Japanese, counting isn't just saying one, two, three? It actually depends on *what* you're counting! In this exciting chapter, you'll master how to count long, slender things like pencils using ~hon (本), flat objects like sheets of paper with ~mai (枚), and even differentiate between small animals (~匹, hiki) and large beasts (~頭, tou). We'll also dive into counting machines and gadgets with ~dai (台) and books with ~satsu (冊). Imagine confidently ordering exactly two cups of tea at a cafe using ~hai (杯), or telling your friend how many times (~回, kai) you practice Japanese each week. These counters might seem a little unusual at first, but I promise that once you master them, your conversations will become much more natural and precise. By the end of this chapter, you'll never make a counting mistake again and will be able to accurately quantify anything and everything, just like a true Japanese speaker. Ready for this fun challenge? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to order specific quantities of drinks and food at a restaurant using ~hai and ~mai.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to describe the number of pets or zoo animals using ~hiki and ~tou.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to quantify technical possessions like phones and cars using ~dai.

Guia do capítulo

Overview

Hey smart learner! You've already made amazing progress with the Japanese basics, and now it's time to take another huge leap towards speaking like a native! Did you know that in Japanese, counting isn't just saying one, two, three?
It actually depends on *what* you're counting! This Japanese grammar A2 chapter introduces you to the fascinating world of Japanese counters, a crucial element for natural and precise communication.
Mastering these counters is a hallmark of moving beyond beginner Japanese. Instead of just knowing numbers, you'll learn to quantify objects like a native speaker. We'll explore how to count long, slender things with ~hon (本), flat objects with ~mai (枚), differentiate between small animals using ~hiki (匹) and large ones with ~tou (頭), and count machines with ~dai (台) and books with ~satsu (冊).
You'll also learn to order drinks using ~hai (杯) and express frequency with ~kai (回). This skill is vital for achieving fluency at the A2 level and beyond.

How This Grammar Works

In Japanese grammar, counters are suffixes attached to numbers to specify the type of object being counted. The general structure is [number] + [counter]. This system adds precision and context to your speech. Let's dive into the core Japanese counters you'll master in this chapter:
For long, cylindrical objects like pens, bottles, or trees, we use ~hon (本). For example, ペン 一本 (pen ippon - one pen) or ビール 二本 (biiru nihon - two beers). Notice how ichi (one) changes to ip before hon.
Flat, thin items such as paper, plates, shirts, or tickets are counted with ~mai (枚). So, you'd say 紙 一枚 (kami ichimai - one sheet of paper) or シャツ 三枚 (shatsu sanmai - three shirts).
When counting animals, size matters! For small animals like dogs, cats, fish, or insects, use ~hiki (匹). For instance, 犬 一匹 (inu ippiki - one dog). For large animals such as cows, horses, or elephants, you'll use ~tou (頭): 象 一頭 (zou ittou - one elephant).
Machines and vehicles, including cars, computers, TVs, and bicycles, are counted with ~dai (台). So, 車 一台 (kuruma ichidai - one car) and パソコン 二台 (pasokon nidai - two computers).
Books and magazines use the counter ~satsu (冊). You'd say 本 一冊 (hon issatsu - one book) or 雑誌 三冊 (zasshi sansatsu - three magazines).
For cups, glasses, or bowls of liquid (like drinks or soup), and sometimes even squid or octopus, we use ~hai (杯). Examples include コーヒー 一杯 (koohii ippai - one cup of coffee) and ビール 二杯 (biiru nihai - two glasses of beer). Pay attention to pronunciation changes like ippai, nihai, and sanbai.
Finally, to count frequency or occurrences, use ~kai (回). This means times, as in 一回 (ikkai - once) or 三回 (sankai - three times). Mastering these specific Japanese counters will significantly enhance your A2 Japanese proficiency.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: ペン二つ (Pen futatsu)
Correct: ペン 二本 (Pen nihon)
*Explanation:* While ~tsu (一つ, 二つ) is a generic counter, using the specific counter ~hon for long, cylindrical objects like pens is much more natural and correct. Always try to use the most appropriate counter.
  1. 1Wrong: 象一匹 (Zou ippiki)
Correct:一頭 (Zou ittou)
*Explanation:* The counter for animals depends on their size. ~hiki is for small animals, while ~tou is reserved for larger beasts like elephants, cows, and horses.
  1. 1Wrong: コーヒー三杯 (Koohii sanhai)
Correct: コーヒー 三杯 (Koohii sanbai)
*Explanation:* Many Japanese counters, including ~hai, have irregular pronunciation changes depending on the number. For three cups, san + hai becomes sanbai, not sanhai. Practice these variations!

Real Conversations

A

A

コーヒー、二杯 お願いします。(Koohii, nihai onegaishimasu. - Two coffees, please.)
B

B

はい、二杯 ですね。(Hai, nihai desu ne. - Yes, two cups, right?)
A

A

あなたの家に車が何台ありますか。(Anata no ie ni kuruma ga nandai arimasu ka? - How many cars do you have at your house?)
B

B

車は一台だけです。(Kuruma wa ichidai dake desu. - I only have one car.)
A

A

週に何回日本語を勉強しますか。(Shuu ni nankai Nihongo o benkyou shimasu ka? - How many times a week do you study Japanese?)
B

B

週に三回勉強します。(Shuu ni sankai benkyou shimasu. - I study three times a week.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the most common Japanese counter if I forget the specific one?

While it's always best to use specific counters, ~tsu (一つ, 二つ, 三つ, etc.) is a generic counter for many small, non-specific items up to ten. However, using the correct specific counter sounds much more natural and advanced.

Q

Do all Japanese numbers have special pronunciations with counters?

Many counters have specific pronunciation changes, especially for numbers 1, 3, 6, 8, and 10, and also for how many (nan). It's crucial to learn these alongside the counter itself for accurate Japanese grammar.

Q

Can I use the same counter for both living and non-living things?

Generally, no. Counters are highly specific. For instance, ~hiki is for small animals, while ~hon is for long, inanimate objects. Each counter has its own category of items, making Japanese counting unique.

Cultural Context

The intricate system of Japanese counters is more than just a grammatical rule; it reflects a cultural emphasis on precision and categorisation. Using the correct counter demonstrates not only your linguistic proficiency but also a deeper understanding of Japanese grammar and its nuances. While even native speakers might occasionally pause for a very obscure counter, mastering the common ones covered here is essential for respectful and natural communication.
This specificity is deeply ingrained, making your speech much more refined.

Exemplos-chave (8)

1

Ie ni terebi ga san-dai arimasu.

Temos três TVs em casa.

Contando Máquinas e Gadgets: O Contador ~台 (~dai)
2

Kuruma o ichi-dai karitai n desu ga.

Eu gostaria de alugar um carro.

Contando Máquinas e Gadgets: O Contador ~台 (~dai)
3

本を一冊買いました。

Eu comprei um livro.

Contando livros em japonês (~冊 satsu)
4

図書館で三冊借りた。

Peguei três (livros) emprestados na biblioteca.

Contando livros em japonês (~冊 satsu)
5

Biiru o ippai kudasai.

Um chope, por favor.

Contar copos e bebidas: ~杯 (hai)
6

Gohan o sanbai mo tabemashita!

Comi três tigelas inteiras de arroz!

Contar copos e bebidas: ~杯 (hai)
7

{一日|いちにち}に{一回|いっかい}サプリを{飲|の}みます。

Tomo suplementos uma vez por dia.

Contando frequência e ocorrências (~回)
8

このピザを{三回|さんかい}{注文|ちゅうもん}しました。

Eu pedi esta pizza três vezes.

Contando frequência e ocorrências (~回)

Dicas e truques (4)

⚠️

A Armadilha do Livro

Cuidado! Apesar do kanji de ~本 significar livro, ele NÃO conta livros. Para livros, use ~冊 (satsu): «本を二冊読みました。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contando objetos longos (~本 hon)
💡

Dobrou? Ainda conta!

Mesmo que uma camiseta esteja dobrada e pareça grossa, ela ainda é contada com «枚» porque é uma camada única: «シャツを三枚持っています。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contando objetos planos (~枚 mai)
🎯

A Regra do Cão de Serviço

Se você vir um cão-guia ou de resgate, use 'tou' em vez de 'hiki'. Soa muito mais profissional e respeitoso! «盲導犬が一頭います。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contando animais (hiki vs. tou)
🎯

A Regra da Mecânica

Se o objeto tem motor ou funciona com eletricidade, comece tentando o «~台». Mesmo se errar, as pessoas vão te entender porque a lógica faz sentido! «この電子レンジは五台目です。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contando Máquinas e Gadgets: O Contador ~台 (~dai)

Vocabulário-chave (7)

鉛筆(えんぴつ) pencil 切手(きって) stamp 猫(ねこ) cat 車(くるま) car 雑誌(ざっし) magazine お茶(おちゃ) tea 一回(いっかい) once

Real-World Preview

shopping-cart

At a Stationery Store

coffee

Ordering at a Cafe

Review Summary

  • Number + 本 (ほん/ぽん/ぼん)
  • Number + 杯 (はい/ぱい/ばい)

Erros comuns

Because the kanji for 'book' is 本, beginners often use the ~hon counter. However, books are bound and use ~satsu.

Wrong: 本(ほん)を三本(さんぼん)買(か)いました。
Correto: 本(ほん)を三冊(さんさつ)買(か)いました。

While ~tsu is a general counter, it sounds less natural for drinks in a formal cafe setting where ~hai is expected.

Wrong: コーヒーを二つ(ふたつ)ください。
Correto: コーヒーを二杯(にはい)ください。

Elephants are large animals and require ~tou instead of the small animal counter ~hiki.

Wrong: 象(ぞう)が一匹(いっぴき)います。
Correto: 象(ぞう)が一頭(いっとう)います。

Regras neste capítulo (7)

Next Steps

You've just conquered one of the most unique parts of the Japanese language. Keep practicing and soon these counters will feel like second nature!

Go through your room and name 5 objects with their correct counters.

Write a grocery list using counters for every item.

Prática rápida (10)

Encontre o erro no som do contador.

Find and fix the mistake:

水、六杯 (rokuhai) ください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 水、六杯 (roppai) ください。
6 copos tem mudança para som de 'P'. 'Roku-hai' vira 'Roppai'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contar copos e bebidas: ~杯 (hai)

Encontre e corrija o erro na contagem irregular.

Find and fix the mistake:

昨日、おにぎりを{六回|ろくかい}食べました。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ろっかい
6 vezes é irregular: 'rokkai', não 'rokukai'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contando frequência e ocorrências (~回)

Qual frase diz corretamente 'duas vezes por mês'?

Escolha a frase gramaticalmente correta:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {月|つき}に{二回|にかい}テニスをします。
Use 'ni' após o período de tempo e 'kai' para o número de vezes.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contando frequência e ocorrências (~回)

Qual frase está correta para perguntar 'Quantos livros?'

Escolha a pergunta correta:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {本|ほん}が{何冊|なんさつ}ありますか?
'Nansatsu' é a palavra de pergunta correta para contar volumes. 'Nanbon' é para objetos longos e 'Nanmai' para objetos planos.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contando livros em japonês (~冊 satsu)

Preencha com o contador correto para 1 guarda-chuva.

{傘|かさ}を[ ]{持って|もって}います。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: いっぽん
1 objeto longo é lido como 'ippon' com o pequeno tsu e som de 'P'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contando objetos longos (~本 hon)

Encontre o erro

Find and fix the mistake:

Olhe esta frase: '自転車が一本あります。' (Jitensha ga ippon arimasu.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Troque 一本 (ippon) por 一台 (ichi-dai)
Embora o quadro da bike seja longo, ela é um veículo. Veículos sempre usam «~台» (dai).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contando Máquinas e Gadgets: O Contador ~台 (~dai)

Qual leitura está correta para '3 objetos longos'?

Escolha a leitura correta para {三本|さんぼん}:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: san-bon
Depois de 'san' (3) e 'nan' (quantos), o contador muda para o som de 'B'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contando objetos longos (~本 hon)

Preencha a lacuna com o contador correto

Eu tenho dois computadores. パソコンが ___ あります。 (Pasokon ga ___ arimasu.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 二台 (ni-dai)
Computadores são máquinas, por isso usamos o contador «~台» (dai). O «~本» é para objetos longos e o «~枚» para planos.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contando Máquinas e Gadgets: O Contador ~台 (~dai)

Qual frase conta corretamente três copos?

Selecione a frase correta:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ラーメンを三杯 (sanbai) 食べました。
Para 3 copos, o 'h' muda para som de 'b'. Então é 'sanbai', não 'sanhai'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contar copos e bebidas: ~杯 (hai)

Preencha a lacuna com a leitura correta para '1 vez'.

{一週間|いっしゅうかん}に___、パーティーをします。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: いっかい
1 vez é 'ikkai' com o 'tsu' pequeno, nunca 'ichikai'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Contando frequência e ocorrências (~回)

Score: /10

Perguntas comuns (6)

É para facilitar a fala! Dizer «一本» (ippon) é muito mais fluido do que tentar falar 'ichi-hon'.
Sim! Cenouras são longas e cilíndricas, então usamos «人参を三本買いました。»
O uso mais comum é para contar folhas de papel ou documentos. Por exemplo: «{三枚の紙|さんまいのかみ}» significa 'três folhas de papel'.
Sim, para itens como camisetas, blusas e jaquetas. Você diria «{シャツを二枚|しゃつをにまい}» para 'duas camisetas'.
As pessoas vão te entender, mas soa um pouco infantil. É como dizer 'três gatinhos' para falar de vacas enormes: «牛が三匹います。»
A maioria dos dinossauros é gigante, então 'tou' é a melhor escolha: «恐竜が二頭います。»