A2 · 초중급 챕터 3

Counting Everything

7 총 규칙
72 예문
5

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the Japanese logic of counting objects by their shape and size.

  • Distinguish between counting shapes like 'long' vs 'flat'.
  • Select the correct counter for animals based on size.
  • Quantify daily activities and drinks with precision.
Count everything with confidence and native-like precision!

배울 내용

Hey smart learner! You've already made amazing progress with the Japanese basics, and now it's time to take another huge leap towards speaking like a native! Did you know that in Japanese, counting isn't just saying one, two, three? It actually depends on *what* you're counting! In this exciting chapter, you'll master how to count long, slender things like pencils using ~hon (本), flat objects like sheets of paper with ~mai (枚), and even differentiate between small animals (~匹, hiki) and large beasts (~頭, tou). We'll also dive into counting machines and gadgets with ~dai (台) and books with ~satsu (冊). Imagine confidently ordering exactly two cups of tea at a cafe using ~hai (杯), or telling your friend how many times (~回, kai) you practice Japanese each week. These counters might seem a little unusual at first, but I promise that once you master them, your conversations will become much more natural and precise. By the end of this chapter, you'll never make a counting mistake again and will be able to accurately quantify anything and everything, just like a true Japanese speaker. Ready for this fun challenge? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to order specific quantities of drinks and food at a restaurant using ~hai and ~mai.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to describe the number of pets or zoo animals using ~hiki and ~tou.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to quantify technical possessions like phones and cars using ~dai.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Hey smart learner! You've already made amazing progress with the Japanese basics, and now it's time to take another huge leap towards speaking like a native! Did you know that in Japanese, counting isn't just saying one, two, three?
It actually depends on *what* you're counting! This Japanese grammar A2 chapter introduces you to the fascinating world of Japanese counters, a crucial element for natural and precise communication.
Mastering these counters is a hallmark of moving beyond beginner Japanese. Instead of just knowing numbers, you'll learn to quantify objects like a native speaker. We'll explore how to count long, slender things with ~hon (本), flat objects with ~mai (枚), differentiate between small animals using ~hiki (匹) and large ones with ~tou (頭), and count machines with ~dai (台) and books with ~satsu (冊).
You'll also learn to order drinks using ~hai (杯) and express frequency with ~kai (回). This skill is vital for achieving fluency at the A2 level and beyond.

How This Grammar Works

In Japanese grammar, counters are suffixes attached to numbers to specify the type of object being counted. The general structure is [number] + [counter]. This system adds precision and context to your speech. Let's dive into the core Japanese counters you'll master in this chapter:
For long, cylindrical objects like pens, bottles, or trees, we use ~hon (本). For example, ペン 一本 (pen ippon - one pen) or ビール 二本 (biiru nihon - two beers). Notice how ichi (one) changes to ip before hon.
Flat, thin items such as paper, plates, shirts, or tickets are counted with ~mai (枚). So, you'd say 紙 一枚 (kami ichimai - one sheet of paper) or シャツ 三枚 (shatsu sanmai - three shirts).
When counting animals, size matters! For small animals like dogs, cats, fish, or insects, use ~hiki (匹). For instance, 犬 一匹 (inu ippiki - one dog). For large animals such as cows, horses, or elephants, you'll use ~tou (頭): 象 一頭 (zou ittou - one elephant).
Machines and vehicles, including cars, computers, TVs, and bicycles, are counted with ~dai (台). So, 車 一台 (kuruma ichidai - one car) and パソコン 二台 (pasokon nidai - two computers).
Books and magazines use the counter ~satsu (冊). You'd say 本 一冊 (hon issatsu - one book) or 雑誌 三冊 (zasshi sansatsu - three magazines).
For cups, glasses, or bowls of liquid (like drinks or soup), and sometimes even squid or octopus, we use ~hai (杯). Examples include コーヒー 一杯 (koohii ippai - one cup of coffee) and ビール 二杯 (biiru nihai - two glasses of beer). Pay attention to pronunciation changes like ippai, nihai, and sanbai.
Finally, to count frequency or occurrences, use ~kai (回). This means times, as in 一回 (ikkai - once) or 三回 (sankai - three times). Mastering these specific Japanese counters will significantly enhance your A2 Japanese proficiency.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: ペン二つ (Pen futatsu)
Correct: ペン 二本 (Pen nihon)
*Explanation:* While ~tsu (一つ, 二つ) is a generic counter, using the specific counter ~hon for long, cylindrical objects like pens is much more natural and correct. Always try to use the most appropriate counter.
  1. 1Wrong: 象一匹 (Zou ippiki)
Correct:一頭 (Zou ittou)
*Explanation:* The counter for animals depends on their size. ~hiki is for small animals, while ~tou is reserved for larger beasts like elephants, cows, and horses.
  1. 1Wrong: コーヒー三杯 (Koohii sanhai)
Correct: コーヒー 三杯 (Koohii sanbai)
*Explanation:* Many Japanese counters, including ~hai, have irregular pronunciation changes depending on the number. For three cups, san + hai becomes sanbai, not sanhai. Practice these variations!

Real Conversations

A

A

コーヒー、二杯 お願いします。(Koohii, nihai onegaishimasu. - Two coffees, please.)
B

B

はい、二杯 ですね。(Hai, nihai desu ne. - Yes, two cups, right?)
A

A

あなたの家に車が何台ありますか。(Anata no ie ni kuruma ga nandai arimasu ka? - How many cars do you have at your house?)
B

B

車は一台だけです。(Kuruma wa ichidai dake desu. - I only have one car.)
A

A

週に何回日本語を勉強しますか。(Shuu ni nankai Nihongo o benkyou shimasu ka? - How many times a week do you study Japanese?)
B

B

週に三回勉強します。(Shuu ni sankai benkyou shimasu. - I study three times a week.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the most common Japanese counter if I forget the specific one?

While it's always best to use specific counters, ~tsu (一つ, 二つ, 三つ, etc.) is a generic counter for many small, non-specific items up to ten. However, using the correct specific counter sounds much more natural and advanced.

Q

Do all Japanese numbers have special pronunciations with counters?

Many counters have specific pronunciation changes, especially for numbers 1, 3, 6, 8, and 10, and also for how many (nan). It's crucial to learn these alongside the counter itself for accurate Japanese grammar.

Q

Can I use the same counter for both living and non-living things?

Generally, no. Counters are highly specific. For instance, ~hiki is for small animals, while ~hon is for long, inanimate objects. Each counter has its own category of items, making Japanese counting unique.

Cultural Context

The intricate system of Japanese counters is more than just a grammatical rule; it reflects a cultural emphasis on precision and categorisation. Using the correct counter demonstrates not only your linguistic proficiency but also a deeper understanding of Japanese grammar and its nuances. While even native speakers might occasionally pause for a very obscure counter, mastering the common ones covered here is essential for respectful and natural communication.
This specificity is deeply ingrained, making your speech much more refined.

주요 예문 (6)

1

Ie ni terebi ga san-dai arimasu.

집에 TV가 세 대 있습니다.

기계와 도구 세기: 조수사 ~台 (~dai)
2

Kuruma o ichi-dai karitai n desu ga.

차를 한 대 빌리고 싶습니다만.

기계와 도구 세기: 조수사 ~台 (~dai)
3

本を一冊買いました。

책을 한 권 샀습니다.

일본어로 책 세기 (~冊 satsu)
4

図書館で三冊借りた。

도서관에서 세 권 빌렸어.

일본어로 책 세기 (~冊 satsu)
5

{一日|いちにち}에 {一回|いっかい} 영양제를 {飲|の}みます。

하루에 한 번 영양제를 먹어요.

횟수와 빈도 세기 (~回)
6

이 피자를 {三回|さんかい} {注文|ちゅうもん}했습니다.

이 피자를 세 번 주문했어요.

횟수와 빈도 세기 (~回)

팁과 요령 (4)

⚠️

'책' 함정에 빠지지 마세요

한자 '本'은 책이라는 뜻이지만, 정작 책을 셀 때는 ~冊 (사츠)를 써요. «本を二冊買いました。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 가늘고 긴 물건 세기 (~本 hon)
💡

접혀 있어도 괜찮아요!

티셔츠가 접혀서 두꺼워 보여도 펼치면 얇은 한 층이죠? 그래서 일본어로는 «Tシャツを三枚持っています»처럼 '마이'로 센답니다.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 평평한 물건 세기 (~枚 mai)
🎯

안내견을 위한 특별한 예우

안내견이나 구조견처럼 특별한 일을 하는 강아지를 보면 'hiki' 대신 'tou'를 써보세요. 훨씬 전문적이고 존중하는 느낌을 준답니다! «盲導犬が一頭います。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 동물 세기 (hiki vs. tou)
🎯

기계라면 일단 ~台!

전기로 작동하거나 엔진이 달린 물건은 무조건 «~台»로 시작하세요. «컴퓨터가 한 대 있어요»는 «パソコンが一台あります»라고 하면 완벽해요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 기계와 도구 세기: 조수사 ~台 (~dai)

핵심 어휘 (7)

鉛筆(えんぴつ) pencil 切手(きって) stamp 猫(ねこ) cat 車(くるま) car 雑誌(ざっし) magazine お茶(おちゃ) tea 一回(いっかい) once

Real-World Preview

shopping-cart

At a Stationery Store

coffee

Ordering at a Cafe

Review Summary

  • Number + 本 (ほん/ぽん/ぼん)
  • Number + 杯 (はい/ぱい/ばい)

자주 하는 실수

Because the kanji for 'book' is 本, beginners often use the ~hon counter. However, books are bound and use ~satsu.

Wrong: 本(ほん)を三本(さんぼん)買(か)いました。
정답: 本(ほん)を三冊(さんさつ)買(か)いました。

While ~tsu is a general counter, it sounds less natural for drinks in a formal cafe setting where ~hai is expected.

Wrong: コーヒーを二つ(ふたつ)ください。
정답: コーヒーを二杯(にはい)ください。

Elephants are large animals and require ~tou instead of the small animal counter ~hiki.

Wrong: 象(ぞう)が一匹(いっぴき)います。
정답: 象(ぞう)が一頭(いっとう)います。

이 챕터의 규칙 (7)

Next Steps

You've just conquered one of the most unique parts of the Japanese language. Keep practicing and soon these counters will feel like second nature!

Go through your room and name 5 objects with their correct counters.

Write a grocery list using counters for every item.

빠른 연습 (10)

책 1권을 셀 때 알맞은 발음을 빈칸에 채우세요.

{本|ほん}을 ___ {買|か}었습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: いっさつ
숫자 1은 '사츠'와 만날 때 '잇사츠'로 발음이 변합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어로 책 세기 (~冊 satsu)

'종이 3장'을 뜻하는 알맞은 단위를 골라보세요.

{紙を|かみを} ___ {持っています|もっています}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 三枚
종이는 얇고 평평하니까 '산마이'를 쓰는 게 정답이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 평평한 물건 세기 (~枚 mai)

'책이 몇 권 있습니까?'라고 물을 때 올바른 문장은?

다음 중 하나를 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {本|ほん}이 {何冊||なんさつ} 있습니까?
'난사츠'가 책의 권수를 묻는 올바른 의문사입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어로 책 세기 (~冊 satsu)

'한 잔'에 알맞은 읽기를 빈칸에 채워보세요.

すみません、コーヒーを___ (1 cup) ください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ippai
1잔은 특별한 발음 변화가 있어요. 'ichi-hai'가 아니라 'ippai'({一杯|いっぱい})가 정답이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 컵과 음료 세기: ~杯 (hai)

불규칙 횟수 표현에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

어제 오니기리를 {六回|ろくかい} 먹었습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ろっかい
6번은 불규칙 발음인 '록카이'가 정답이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 횟수와 빈도 세기 (~回)

'한 번'의 올바른 읽는 법을 빈칸에 채워보세요.

{一週間|いっしゅうかん}에 ___, 파티를 합니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: いっかい
1번은 '이치카이'가 아니라 작은 'つ'가 들어간 '익카이'예요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 횟수와 빈도 세기 (~回)

틀린 부분을 찾아보세요.

이 문장에서 틀린 곳은 어디일까요? '自転車が一本あります。' (Jitensha ga ippon arimasu.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 一本 (ippon)을 一台 (ichi-dai)로 바꾼다
자전거 프레임이 길쭉하더라도 탈것이기 때문에 반드시 «~台»(dai)를 써야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 기계와 도구 세기: 조수사 ~台 (~dai)

'한 달에 두 번'을 올바르게 말한 문장은?

문법적으로 맞는 문장을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {月|つき}에 {二回|にかい} 테니스를 칩니다.
기간 뒤에는 조사 'ni'를 쓰고, 횟수에는 'kai'를 사용해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 횟수와 빈도 세기 (~回)

올바른 문장을 선택하세요.

자동차 세 대를 올바르게 센 문장은 무엇인가요?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 車가三台あります。(Kuruma ga san-dai arimasu.)
자동차는 탈것이자 기계이므로 «~台»(dai)가 유일하게 올바른 단위입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 기계와 도구 세기: 조수사 ~台 (~dai)

빈칸에 알맞은 단위를 채워보세요.

컴퓨터가 두 대 있습니다. パソコンが ___ あります。 (Pasokon ga ___ arimasu.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 二台 (ni-dai)
컴퓨터는 기계이므로 «~台»(dai)를 사용합니다. «~本»은 긴 물건, «~枚»는 얇은 물건에 써요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 기계와 도구 세기: 조수사 ~台 (~dai)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

발음을 더 편하게 하기 위해서예요! '이치혼'보다 '이っぽん'이 훨씬 말하기 쉽거든요. «一本 (いっぽん)»
네, 당근은 길쭉하고 원통형이라 '혼'으로 세는 게 자연스러워요. «にんじんを三本買います。»
가장 기본적으로는 종이나 서류를 셀 때 써요. 예를 들어 «三枚の紙(さんまいのかみ)»라고 하면 '종이 세 장'이라는 뜻이 됩니다.
네! 셔츠, 스웨터, 재킷처럼 얇은 옷은 다 가능해요. «シャツを二枚(しゃつをにまい)»처럼 '셔츠 두 장'이라고 말해보세요.
의미는 통하지만 조금 어린아이처럼 들릴 수 있어요. 커다란 소를 보고 '작은 고양이 세 마리'라고 말하는 느낌이거든요. «牛が三匹います。»라고 하면 어색해요.
대부분의 공룡은 거대하니까 'tou'가 가장 적절해요. 하지만 영화 속 작은 벨로키랍토르라면 'hiki'를 쓸 수도 있겠죠! «恐竜が二頭います。»