B2 Subjunctive 19 min read मध्यम

'Sem que' का उपयोग: 'के बिना' सबजंक्टिव के साथ

Always follow sem que with a conjugated verb in the subjunctive to express 'without' or 'unless'.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'sem que' followed by the subjunctive to express an action happening without another event occurring.

  • Always use the subjunctive mood after 'sem que'. Example: 'Ele saiu sem que eu visse.'
  • The subject of the main clause and the subordinate clause can be different.
  • If the subjects are the same, use 'sem' + infinitive instead. Example: 'Saí sem comer.'
Main Clause + [sem que] + Subjunctive Verb

Overview

### Overview
नमस्ते! आज हम Portuguese grammar के एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण और sophisticated पहलू पर चर्चा करेंगे: sem que का इस्तेमाल। B2 लेवल पर, आपको केवल भाषा बोलना नहीं, बल्कि उसे बारीकी से समझना है। sem que का मतलब होता है 'बिना इस बात के कि' या 'जब तक कि न'। यह एक ऐसा structure है जो Subjunctive mood को trigger करता है।
हिंदी व्याकरण में हमारे पास 'बिना' (without) के लिए बहुत सरल तरीके हैं, जैसे 'खाए बिना' या 'देखे बिना'। लेकिन Portuguese में, जब हम यह कहना चाहते हैं कि कोई काम किसी दूसरे व्यक्ति की जानकारी या सहमति के बिना हुआ, तो वहाँ sem que का प्रयोग अनिवार्य हो जाता है। यह 'Subjunctive' का एक क्लासिक उदाहरण है। Subjunctive का मतलब है 'गैर-वास्तविक' या 'जो अभी तक हुआ नहीं है'। हिंदी में हमारे पास 'Subjunctive' जैसा कोई अलग 'Mood' नहीं है, हम इसे 'चाहिए', 'शायद', या 'काश' जैसे शब्दों के ज़रिए व्यक्त करते हैं। इसीलिए, हिंदी भाषी छात्रों को यह समझने में दिक्कत होती है कि यहाँ verb की form क्यों बदल रही है। बस ऐसे सोचो: जब भी आप sem que का इस्तेमाल करते हो, आप एक ऐसी स्थिति की बात कर रहे हो जो 'अनिश्चित' है। यह structure आपकी भाषा को एक professional और academic touch देता है। जैसे आप ऑफिस में या किसी formal मीटिंग में बात कर रहे हों, वैसे ही इसका उपयोग होता है।
### How This Grammar Works
Portuguese में sem और sem que के बीच का अंतर समझना बहुत ज़रूरी है।
  1. 1sem + Infinitive: जब subject एक ही हो। जैसे: Eu saí sem comer (मैं खाए बिना निकल गया)। यहाँ 'मैं' ही निकला और 'मैं' ने ही खाना नहीं खाया। हिंदी में हम इसे 'क्रिया + बिना' (जैसे 'सोए बिना') कहते हैं।
  1. 1sem que + Subjunctive: यहाँ असली खेल शुरू होता है। जब subject अलग हो, तो sem que के बाद आने वाली verb 'Subjunctive' में चली जाती है।
हिंदी में हम कहते हैं: 'उसने मुझे बताए बिना गाड़ी बेच दी'। Portuguese में: Ele vendeu o carro sem que eu soubesse। ध्यान दें, हिंदी में 'बताए' (Infinitive-like) का प्रयोग हुआ, लेकिन Portuguese में soubesse (Imperfect Subjunctive) का। क्यों? क्योंकि sem que एक 'Subjunctive Trigger' है। यह एक ऐसा connector है जो कहता है कि 'जो क्रिया इसके बाद आएगी, वह एक reality नहीं, बल्कि एक hypothetical स्थिति है'।
अगर आप इसे हिंदी के 'नकारात्मक' वाक्यों से जोड़ें, तो यह 'जब तक... न' (Unless) जैसा काम करता है। जैसे: 'जब तक तुम नहीं आओगे, मैं नहीं जाऊंगा'। Portuguese में: Não vou sem que você venha। यहाँ venha (Present Subjunctive) है। हिंदी में हम 'आओगे' (Future) बोलते हैं, लेकिन Portuguese में Subjunctive का उपयोग होता है क्योंकि यह अभी हुआ नहीं है।
### Formation Pattern
इसका pattern बहुत simple है, बस Tense का ध्यान रखना है।
| Main Clause Tense | Conjunction | Subjunctive Tense | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | sem que | Present Subjunctive | Ele sai sem que eu veja |
| Future | sem que | Present Subjunctive | Não farei sem que saibas |
| Past (Pretérito) | sem que | Imperfect Subjunctive | Saí sem que ele visse |
| Imperfect | sem que | Imperfect Subjunctive | Eu falava sem que ele ouvisse |
उदाहरण के लिए:
  • Present: Ele trabalha sem que ninguém perceba (वह काम करता है बिना किसी के जाने)।
  • Past: Ele trabalhou sem que ninguém percebesse (उसने काम किया बिना किसी के जाने)।
यहाँ ध्यान दें: Present में perceba (Subjunctive) है, और Past में percebesse (Imperfect Subjunctive) है। यह 'Tense Harmony' है।
### When To Use It
इसका उपयोग तब करें जब आप किसी ऐसी घटना का वर्णन कर रहे हों जो किसी दूसरे व्यक्ति की 'अजानकारी' या 'असहयोग' में हुई।
  1. 1अनजाने में हुई घटनाएँ: जब आप कहना चाहते हैं कि कोई काम हुआ, लेकिन किसी को पता नहीं चला। जैसे: A porta abriu sem que ninguém tocasse (दरवाजा खुल गया बिना किसी के छुए)।
  1. 1शर्तें (Conditions): जब आप 'Unless' का भाव देना चाहते हैं। जैसे: Não há progresso sem que haja esforço (मेहनत के बिना कोई प्रगति नहीं है)। यहाँ haja (Subjunctive) का प्रयोग अनिवार्य है।
  1. 1औपचारिकता (Formality): यह structure बोलचाल की भाषा से ज़्यादा लेखन (writing) में इस्तेमाल होता है। अगर आप किसी को ईमेल लिख रहे हैं या कोई रिपोर्ट, तो sem que आपके वाक्य को बहुत ही 'polished' बनाता है।
### Common Mistakes
हिंदी भाषी छात्र अक्सर ये गलतियाँ करते हैं:
  1. 1Indicative का प्रयोग: छात्र अक्सर sem que के बाद Indicative verb लगा देते हैं (जैसे sem que ele sabe जो गलत है)। L1 interference: हिंदी में हम 'बिना' के बाद सीधी verb बोलते हैं, इसलिए हमें लगता है कि Portuguese में भी सीधी verb आएगी। याद रखें: sem que = Subjunctive mandatory!
  1. 1Subject confusion: जब subject एक ही होता है, तब भी जबरदस्ती sem que लगा देना। जैसे: Eu fui sem que eu visse - यह गलत है। अगर subject एक है, तो sem + Infinitive (sem ver) का ही प्रयोग करें।
  1. 1Tense mismatch: Past tense में भी Present Subjunctive लगा देना। जैसे: Eu saí sem que ele saiba (गलत)। अगर main verb past में है, तो subordinate verb भी Imperfect Subjunctive (soubesse) में होनी चाहिए।
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
| Hindi Structure | Portuguese Structure | Nuance |
|---|---|---|
| किए बिना | sem fazer | Same subject, simple. |
| बिना इसके कि वह करे | sem que ele faça | Different subject, subjunctive. |
| जब तक न | a menos que | Condition focus. |
a menos que और sem que में क्या अंतर है? a menos que (Unless) एक शर्त (condition) पर ज़ोर देता है, जबकि sem que (Without) एक क्रिया के 'अभाव' (absence) पर ज़ोर देता है।
### Quick FAQ
  1. 1क्या मैं sem que के साथ हमेशा Subjunctive का ही प्रयोग करूँ?
जी हाँ, 100%। sem que हमेशा Subjunctive को trigger करता है।
  1. 1क्या sem que के बाद कभी Indicative आ सकता है?
नहीं, कभी नहीं। यह व्याकरण के नियम के खिलाफ है।
  1. 1क्या मैं बोलचाल में sem que के बजाय कुछ और बोल सकता हूँ?
हाँ, अगर subject एक है, तो sem + infinitive बोलें। अगर subject अलग है, तो आप sem que का ही प्रयोग करें, यह सबसे सही है।
  1. 1क्या यह बहुत formal है?
यह थोड़ा formal है, लेकिन B2 लेवल पर आपको ऐसे ही वाक्यों की आदत डालनी होगी ताकि आप native speakers की तरह बात कर सकें।

Subjunctive Verb Formation after 'sem que'

Subject Present Subjunctive Imperfect Subjunctive
Eu
fale / veja
falasse / visse
Você/Ele
fale / veja
falasse / visse
Nós
falemos / vejamos
falássemos / víssemos
Eles
falem / vejam
falassem / vissem

Meanings

The phrase 'sem que' functions as a negative conjunction that triggers the subjunctive mood because it introduces a hypothetical or non-realized event.

1

Lack of occurrence

Indicates that an action occurs in the absence of another action.

“Ele falou sem que eu pedisse.”

“Eles foram embora sem que nós soubéssemos.”

2

Conditionality

Functions similarly to 'unless' in specific contexts.

“Não sairei sem que você me autorize.”

“Não vou sem que ele venha.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 'Sem que' का उपयोग: 'के बिना' सबजंक्टिव के साथ
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Main + sem que + Subjunctive
Ele saiu sem que eu visse.
Negative
Main + sem que + Subjunctive (negated)
Ele saiu sem que eu não visse (rare/clunky)
Same Subject
Main + sem + Infinitive
Eu saí sem ver.
Future
Main + sem que + Present Subj.
Não vou sem que ele peça.
Past
Main + sem que + Imperfect Subj.
Fui sem que ele pedisse.
Passive
Main + sem que + se + Subj.
Foi feito sem que se soubesse.

औपचारिकता का स्तर

औपचारिक
Ele retirou-se sem que eu me apercebesse.

Ele retirou-se sem que eu me apercebesse. (Leaving a room)

तटस्थ
Ele saiu sem que eu percebesse.

Ele saiu sem que eu percebesse. (Leaving a room)

अनौपचारिक
Ele vazou sem eu ver.

Ele vazou sem eu ver. (Leaving a room)

बोलचाल
Ele sumiu sem eu nem ver.

Ele sumiu sem eu nem ver. (Leaving a room)

The 'Sem que' Decision Tree

Sem que

Different Subjects

  • Subjunctive Required

Same Subject

  • Infinitive Required

स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण

1

Eu saí sem comer.

I left without eating.

2

Ele falou sem pensar.

He spoke without thinking.

3

Ela foi sem avisar.

She went without warning.

4

Eles saíram sem pagar.

They left without paying.

1

Ele saiu sem que eu visse.

He left without me seeing it.

2

Ela entrou sem que ninguém notasse.

She entered without anyone noticing.

3

Eles foram sem que nós soubéssemos.

They went without us knowing.

4

Eu fiz sem que ele pedisse.

I did it without him asking.

1

Não sairei sem que você venha.

I won't leave unless you come.

2

O projeto terminou sem que houvesse erros.

The project finished without there being errors.

3

Nada muda sem que você tente.

Nothing changes without you trying.

4

Eles decidiram sem que houvesse consenso.

They decided without there being consensus.

1

Ela conseguiu o visto sem que precisasse de ajuda.

She got the visa without needing help.

2

O avião pousou sem que os passageiros percebessem.

The plane landed without the passengers noticing.

3

Não tomarei decisões sem que a diretoria aprove.

I won't make decisions without the board approving.

4

Eles se casaram sem que os pais soubessem.

They got married without their parents knowing.

1

A mudança ocorreu sem que se pudesse prever as consequências.

The change occurred without one being able to foresee the consequences.

2

Ele agiu sem que houvesse qualquer hesitação.

He acted without there being any hesitation.

3

O sistema falhou sem que o técnico tivesse sido notificado.

The system failed without the technician having been notified.

4

Eles partiram sem que se despedissem de ninguém.

They left without saying goodbye to anyone.

1

O decreto foi assinado sem que se houvesse consultado o conselho.

The decree was signed without the council having been consulted.

2

Ela viveu décadas sem que jamais se sentisse em casa.

She lived for decades without ever feeling at home.

3

O crime foi cometido sem que restasse qualquer vestígio.

The crime was committed without any trace remaining.

4

Eles venceram sem que se esperasse tal resultado.

They won without such a result being expected.

आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले

Using 'Sem que': Without/Unless with Subjunctive बनाम Sem que vs. Sem

Learners use 'sem que' when the subject is the same.

Using 'Sem que': Without/Unless with Subjunctive बनाम Sem que vs. A menos que

Both trigger the subjunctive but have different meanings.

Using 'Sem que': Without/Unless with Subjunctive बनाम Subjunctive vs. Indicative

Learners use indicative after 'sem que'.

सामान्य गलतियाँ

Eu saí sem que eu vi.

Eu saí sem ver.

Same subject requires infinitive.

Ele falou sem que eu entendi.

Ele falou sem que eu entendesse.

Must use subjunctive.

Vou sem que você vai.

Vou sem que você vá.

Present subjunctive needed.

Fiz sem que ele sabe.

Fiz sem que ele soubesse.

Imperfect subjunctive needed.

Eles entraram sem que nós vimos.

Eles entraram sem que nós víssemos.

Imperfect subjunctive required.

Não saia sem que eu digo.

Não saia sem que eu diga.

Present subjunctive required.

Ele fez sem que eu peço.

Ele fez sem que eu pedisse.

Tense mismatch.

O projeto acabou sem que houve erros.

O projeto acabou sem que houvesse erros.

Subjunctive required.

Ela decidiu sem que eu souber.

Ela decidiu sem que eu soubesse.

Imperfect subjunctive.

Não farei nada sem que você me ajuda.

Não farei nada sem que você me ajude.

Subjunctive.

Foi feito sem que se tinha previsto.

Foi feito sem que se tivesse previsto.

Pluperfect subjunctive required.

Ele partiu sem que se despediu.

Ele partiu sem que se despedisse.

Subjunctive.

वाक्य संरचनाएँ

Eu fiz ___ sem que ___.

Não vou ___ sem que ___.

O evento ocorreu sem que ___.

Ela saiu sem que ___.

Real World Usage

Professional Email common

O projeto foi concluído sem que houvesse atrasos.

Texting very common

Saí sem que ele visse.

Job Interview common

Resolvi o problema sem que fosse necessária ajuda.

Travel common

Entramos no país sem que nos pedissem o visto.

Food Delivery App occasional

O pedido chegou sem que houvesse itens faltando.

Social Media common

Postei a foto sem que ninguém soubesse.

💡

Subject Check

Always check if the subject is the same. If yes, use the infinitive to sound more natural.
⚠️

Indicative Trap

Don't fall for the trap of using the indicative. 'Sem que' is a strong subjunctive trigger.
🎯

Tense Alignment

Match the subjunctive tense to the main verb's timeframe.
💬

Regional Variation

In casual Brazilian speech, people might use the indicative, but stick to the subjunctive for writing.

Smart Tips

Check the subject. If it's the same, use the infinitive.

Eu saí sem que eu visse. Eu saí sem ver.

Use 'sem que' to add precision to your reports.

O projeto acabou e não teve erros. O projeto acabou sem que houvesse erros.

Always use the imperfect subjunctive after 'sem que'.

Ele fez sem que eu vi. Ele fez sem que eu visse.

Use the present subjunctive after 'sem que'.

Não vou sem que ele vai. Não vou sem que ele vá.

उच्चारण

/-sɛ/

Subjunctive endings

The '-sse' ending in imperfect subjunctive is pronounced with a soft 's' sound.

Falling intonation

Ele saiu sem que eu visse ↘

Indicates a completed statement.

याद करें

स्मृति सहायक

Sem que needs the Subjunctive, like a key needs a lock.

दृश्य संबंध

Imagine a 'Sem que' gate. To pass through, your verb must change its clothes into the 'Subjunctive' outfit.

Rhyme

Com 'sem que' a regra é clara, o subjuntivo nunca para.

Story

Maria went to the party. She wanted to leave without her friends noticing. She whispered, 'Vou sair sem que eles vejam.' She succeeded because she used the subjunctive.

Word Web

sem quesubjuntivoinfinitivenegativaconjunçãoverbo

चैलेंज

Write 3 sentences about your day using 'sem que' + subjunctive.

सांस्कृतिक नोट्स

In informal Brazilian Portuguese, people often skip the subjunctive and use the indicative, but in writing, the subjunctive is strictly required.

European Portuguese speakers are more consistent with the subjunctive in speech.

In academic writing, 'sem que' is a standard way to express negative conditions.

Derived from the Latin 'sine' (without) and 'quod' (that).

बातचीत की शुरुआत

Você já saiu de uma festa sem que ninguém percebesse?

É possível aprender português sem que se estude todos os dias?

Você consegue trabalhar sem que haja barulho?

O que você faria se tivesse que viajar sem que seus pais soubessem?

डायरी विषय

Describe a surprise you received.
Write about a time you left a situation early.
Discuss the importance of focus in work.
Explain a difficult decision you made.

सामान्य गलतियाँ

Incorrect

सही


Incorrect

सही


Incorrect

सही


Incorrect

सही

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct verb form.

Ele saiu sem que eu (ver) ____.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: visse
Imperfect subjunctive is required.
Choose the correct sentence. बहुविकल्पी

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu saí sem ver.
Same subject requires infinitive.
Correct the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ela fez o bolo sem que ninguém pede.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: pedisse
Imperfect subjunctive required.
Transform the sentence using 'sem que'. Sentence Transformation

Ele saiu e eu não vi. (Use 'sem que')

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele saiu sem que eu visse.
Subjunctive required.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

'Sem que' always triggers the subjunctive.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: True
Yes, it is a standard subjunctive trigger.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Ele foi embora? B: Sim, ele foi sem que ____.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: eu visse
Subjunctive required.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Order: (sem que / eu / saiba / ele / fez)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele fez sem que eu saiba.
Correct word order.
Conjugate 'falar' in imperfect subjunctive. Conjugation Drill

Nós (falar) ____.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: falássemos
Correct imperfect subjunctive form.

Score: /8

अभ्यास प्रश्न

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct verb form.

Ele saiu sem que eu (ver) ____.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: visse
Imperfect subjunctive is required.
Choose the correct sentence. बहुविकल्पी

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu saí sem ver.
Same subject requires infinitive.
Correct the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ela fez o bolo sem que ninguém pede.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: pedisse
Imperfect subjunctive required.
Transform the sentence using 'sem que'. Sentence Transformation

Ele saiu e eu não vi. (Use 'sem que')

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele saiu sem que eu visse.
Subjunctive required.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

'Sem que' always triggers the subjunctive.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: True
Yes, it is a standard subjunctive trigger.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Ele foi embora? B: Sim, ele foi sem que ____.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: eu visse
Subjunctive required.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Order: (sem que / eu / saiba / ele / fez)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele fez sem que eu saiba.
Correct word order.
Conjugate 'falar' in imperfect subjunctive. Conjugation Drill

Nós (falar) ____.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: falássemos
Correct imperfect subjunctive form.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Fill in the blank with 'fazer'. खाली जगह भरो

Vou terminar o trabalho sem que você ___ nada.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: faça
Correct the verb tense. Error Correction

Eles viajaram sem que os pais deixam.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eles viajaram sem que os pais deixassem.
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Reorder

perceba / postar / sem / Não / que / ninguém / fotos / .

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Não postar fotos sem que ninguém perceba.
Translate to Portuguese. अनुवाद

He works without them paying him.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele trabalha sem que eles paguem ele.
Identify the correct usage. बहुविकल्पी

Which one sounds like a real social media situation?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Bloqueei ele sem que ele soubesse.
Match the main clause with the correct ending. Match Pairs

Match the starts and ends:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu saí... | ...sem que você visse.
Fill in the blank with 'haver'. खाली जगह भरो

Nada muda sem que ___ esforço.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: haja
Fix the mistake. Error Correction

Ela comprou o vestido sem que o marido permitir.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela comprou o vestido sem que o marido permitisse.
Select the formal version. बहुविकल्पी

Which sentence is best for a job application?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Não posso começar sem que assinem os papéis.
Reorder for a tech scenario. Sentence Reorder

sem / Baixei / que / o / app / pedisse / senha / .

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Baixei o app sem que pedisse senha.

Score: /10

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (8)

It introduces a negative or hypothetical event, which is a classic trigger for the subjunctive mood in Portuguese.

Grammatically, no. While some native speakers do it in very casual speech, it is considered incorrect in standard Portuguese.

If the subject is the same, you must use 'sem' + infinitive. For example, 'Eu saí sem ver' instead of 'Eu saí sem que eu visse'.

It is neutral to formal. It is used in daily life but is also perfectly appropriate for professional writing.

Yes, but you must match the subjunctive tense to the main verb's tense (present/future with present subjunctive, past with imperfect subjunctive).

The grammatical rule is the same, but speakers in Portugal tend to be more consistent with the subjunctive in casual speech.

Use the present subjunctive for present/future main verbs and the imperfect subjunctive for past main verbs.

Yes, 'a menos que' (unless) and 'para que' (so that) also trigger the subjunctive.

Scaffolded Practice

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Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

sin que + subjuntivo

None, they are nearly identical.

French high

sans que + subjonctif

French requires the 'ne explétif' in some formal contexts.

German low

ohne dass + indicative

German does not use a mood shift here.

Japanese moderate

~ないで (naide)

Japanese does not have a subjunctive mood equivalent.

Arabic moderate

بدون أن (bidun an) + subjunctive

Arabic subjunctive is marked by specific vowel endings.

Chinese low

在没有...的情况下 (zài méiyǒu... de qíngkuàng xià)

Chinese has no verb conjugation or mood system.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Related Grammar Rules

C2

पुर्तगाली इच्छाएं और पछतावे: स्वतंत्र संभाव्य (Subjuntivo Independente)

### Overview नमस्ते! आज हम पुर्तगाली भाषा के एक बहुत ही सुंदर और 'एडवांस्ड' व्याकरण विषय पर चर्चा करेंगे: `Subjuntivo I...

B1

यदि मेरे पास समय हो: 'Ter' का भविष्य संभाव्य (tiver)

### Overview नमस्ते! आज हम पुर्तगाली भाषा के एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण और दिलचस्प व्याकरण विषय पर चर्चा करेंगे: 'Future Sub...

C1

पुर्तगाली समय सीमा: 'Até Que' (जब तक...) का उपयोग करना

### Overview नमस्ते! आज हम पुर्तगाली भाषा के एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण और बारीकी वाले व्याकरण विषय पर बात करेंगे: `até que`...

B2

अपूर्ण संभावनार्थक (Imperfect Subjunctive - "अगर मैं होता" काल)

### Overview नमस्ते! आज हम Portuguese व्याकरण के एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण और दिलचस्प विषय पर बात करेंगे: **Imperfect Subju...

B2

Perfect Subjunctive: अतीत पर संदेह (Tenha feito)

Overview क्या आपने कभी कोई जोखिम भरा मैसेज भेजा है और तुरंत सोचा है, "मुझे उम्मीद है कि उसने इसे अभी तक **नहीं पढ़ा** हो...

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