B1 · 中級 チャプター 16

「もしも」をアップグレード！未来のプランを自由自在に伝える

5 トータルルール
59 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of conditional thinking by refining how you talk about future possibilities and constraints.

  • Formulate negative and complex conditional sentences.
  • Use 'unless' to simplify your negative conditions.
  • Integrate continuous actions and future intentions into your plans.
Speak with precision, plan with confidence.

学べること

「もし〜なら」という基本の形から一歩進んで、より具体的で自然な未来の話をしてみませんか？この章では、未来の条件を細かくコントロールするテクニックを学びます。 まずは否定の条件。if not だけでなく、よりネイティブらしい unless（〜でない限り）を使いこなすことで、表現がぐっと洗練されます。さらに、複数の条件を and や or でつなぐ方法や、現在進行中のアクションに基づいた未来の予測、そして自分の強い意志を表す be going to との組み合わせもマスターします。 例えば、仕事で「プロジェクトが順調で、かつ予算が合えば…」と提案したり、友人と「雨が降らない限り、外で遊ぼう！」と約束したり。そんな日常のリアルな場面で、誤解なく正確に自分の考えを伝えられるようになります。この章を終える頃には、単なる仮定の話ではなく、具体的で説得力のある「未来のプラン」を自信を持って語れるようになりますよ。さあ、一緒に表現の幅を広げていきましょう！

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: create complex conditional sentences using 'unless' and multiple variables.

チャプターガイド

Overview

This chapter is your next step to truly mastering how to talk about possibilities and plans in English. As a B1 English grammar learner, you're already comfortable with the basics, but now we'll help you refine your future conditions, making your expressions more precise and natural. This isn't just about passing a test; it's about confidently making plans, discussing eventualities, and understanding consequences in everyday conversations, from organizing a trip to setting project deadlines.
We'll explore powerful tools like using 'unless' to specify a single blocking condition, combining multiple conditions with 'and' or 'or', and expressing negative outcomes clearly with 'if you don't...' statements. You'll also learn to integrate the present continuous in 'if' clauses for ongoing situations and 'be going to' for strong, pre-planned intentions, transforming your English into a more dynamic and nuanced communication tool. Get ready to express your future scenarios with confidence and clarity!

How This Grammar Works

The foundation for all these new patterns is the First Conditional, which links a present condition to a future result. We're now building on that to give you more ways to express nuanced conditions.
When you want to describe a negative condition, instead of always saying "If you don't...", you can often use 'unless'. This makes your sentence more concise and emphasizes that only one condition will prevent something. For example, "Unless it rains, we'll go for a walk means If it doesn't rain, we'll go for a walk." It highlights the rain as the single factor preventing the walk.
To express more complex conditions, you can link them with 'and' or 'or'. With 'and', both conditions must be met:
If you finish your homework and clean your room, you can watch TV.
With 'or', either condition is enough: "If you call me or send a text, I'll know you're safe." Remember to keep the verbs in the present simple for these conditions.
Sometimes, your condition isn't a simple action but an ongoing situation or a current plan. This is where the present continuous comes in. "If you're studying for the exam, you'll pass easily" connects an ongoing effort to a future outcome.
Similarly, when talking about strong, pre-planned intentions in the result, use 'be going to'. "If we finish early, we're going to celebrate at the new restaurant." This shows a firm plan already in place once the condition is met. These variations allow you to articulate a much richer tapestry of future possibilities.

Common Mistakes

Here are some common pitfalls and how to avoid them:
  1. 1✗ If you won't study, you'll fail the test.
✓ If you don't study, you'll fail the test.
*Explanation:* In First Conditional 'if' clauses, we always use a present tense (simple, continuous, or perfect), not future tenses.
  1. 1✗ Unless it will stop raining, we'll stay inside.
✓ Unless it stops raining, we'll stay inside.
*Explanation:* Similar to 'if', the verb after 'unless' should be in the present tense, even though it refers to a future event.
  1. 1✗ If I pass the exam, I going to buy a new laptop.
✓ If I pass the exam, I'm going to buy a new laptop.
*Explanation:* Remember the full form 'be going to' (am/is/are + going to + verb) for strong intentions. Don't drop the 'be' verb.

Real Conversations

A

A

I'm really tired tonight. Unless I get some rest soon, I won't be able to focus on the presentation tomorrow.
B

B

That's a good point. If you go to bed early and don't check your phone, you'll definitely feel much better in the morning.
A

A

What are your plans for the weekend, Maria?
B

B

If the weather is good and sunny, we're going to hike up to the waterfall. But if it's raining or too cold, we'll just visit the new art museum instead.
A

A

Hey Mark, if you're still working on that client proposal, let me know if you need any help with the research.
B

B

Thanks, Sarah! I appreciate that. If I get stuck on the budget projections, I'll definitely give you a call.

Quick FAQ

Q

Can I use will after 'unless'?

No, just like with 'if', always use a present tense (e.g., 'unless it rains', not 'unless it will rain'). The future meaning is implied by the structure.

Q

What's the main difference between "If you don't..." and 'unless'?

They are often interchangeable, but 'unless' puts more emphasis on the condition as the *only* thing that would prevent the outcome. "Unless you pay, I won't give it to you" highlights paying as the sole solution.

Q

When should I use 'be going to' in a First Conditional?

Use 'be going to' in the *result clause* (the second part of the conditional) when the future action is a strong, pre-planned intention or a decision already made, *once the condition is met*. For example, "If I get the promotion, I'm going to buy a new car."

Q

Is "If you're going" okay in an 'if' clause?

Yes, 'If you're going' (present continuous) is perfect if you mean an ongoing action or a temporary plan that is the condition. For example, "If you're going to the store, could you pick up some milk?"

Cultural Context

Native English speakers use these conditional structures constantly in daily conversation. The choice between 'if you don't' and 'unless' often depends on emphasis and flow; 'unless' can sound slightly more formal but is common in all registers. Using 'and/or' in conditions adds clarity to complex plans, and the present continuous or 'be going to' in conditions feels very natural for current situations or firm intentions.
There are no significant regional differences in the fundamental application of these rules.

重要な例文 (8)

1

If you don't understand, just ask me questions.

分からないことがあったら、質問してね。

第一条件文：否定の条件 (もし～しないなら...)
2

If she doesn't arrive by 8 PM, we'll have to start dinner without her.

もし彼女が午後8時までに着かなかったら、彼女なしで夕食を始めないといけないね。

第一条件文：否定の条件 (もし～しないなら...)
3

Unless you hurry, you'll miss the bus.

急がないとバスに乗り遅れますよ。

第一条件: Unless = If Not
4

I won't buy that game unless it goes on sale.

セールにならない限り、そのゲームは買いません。

第一条件: Unless = If Not
5

If you study hard AND practice regularly, you will pass the exam easily.

もし一生懸命勉強して、定期的に練習すれば、簡単に試験に合格するでしょう。

第一条件文: 複数条件 (AND/OR)
6

If it rains OR the weather gets too cold, we will move our picnic indoors.

もし雨が降るか、または天候が寒くなりすぎるなら、ピクニックを屋内に移します。

第一条件文: 複数条件 (AND/OR)
7

If you're still working on that report, I'll order us some dinner.

もしあなたがまだそのレポートに取り組んでいるなら、夕食を注文しますね。

第一条件文: もし〜しているなら... (現在進行形)
8

If she's leaving for the airport now, she'll catch the early flight.

もし彼女が今空港に向かっているなら、早い便に間に合うでしょう。

第一条件文: もし〜しているなら... (現在進行形)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

「if」の節に「will」は使わないで！

「if」の節（条件の部分）では、必ず現在形（否定形は don't/doesn't）を使うんだ。「will」は結果の節のためだけにある特別な言葉だよ。これが仮定法第一条件文のゴールデンルール！ "If she doesn't call, I'll worry."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件文：否定の条件 (もし～しないなら...)
💡

「If Not」って考えてみて

「Unless」の使い方が分からなくなったら、心の中で「if not」に置き換えてみましょう。それでも意味が通じるなら、たぶん合っていますよ！理解を確認する素晴らしい裏技です。"Unless it's raining, we'll go for a walk."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件: Unless = If Not
💡

「AND」と「OR」をイメージする

「AND」は部屋を明るくするために「両方の電気が点いている必要がある」ようなイメージです。つまり、両方の条件が揃わないとダメ。一方、「OR」は「どちらかの電気が点いていれば部屋は明るくなる」ようなイメージで、どちらか一つでも条件が満たされればOKです。このイメージで「AND」と「OR」の使い分けを理解しましょう！「If it's sunny AND I'm free, I'll go out.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件文: 複数条件 (AND/OR)
💡

『ing』の節を見つけよう

もし'if'の節に-ingで終わる動詞と'am/is/are'があったら、この文法構造を使っている可能性が高いです。今進行中の行動や決まった予定を示しますよ。「If she's reading, she won't hear you.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件文: もし〜しているなら... (現在進行形)

重要な語彙 (5)

unless except if scenario a possible situation intention a plan or aim condition a requirement for something to happen ongoing continuing

Real-World Preview

calendar

Meeting Planning

Review Summary

  • If + present simple (negative), will + verb
  • Unless + present simple, will + verb
  • If + A (and/or) B, will + verb
  • If + present continuous, will + verb
  • If + be going to, will + verb

よくある間違い

'Unless' already means 'if not'. Using 'don't' creates a double negative.

Wrong: Unless you don't come, we will start.
正解: Unless you come, we will start.

We don't use 'will' in the 'if' clause; only in the result clause.

Wrong: If it will rain, I will stay home.
正解: If it rains, I will stay home.

Ensure your 'going to' structure includes the main verb or follows a clear plan.

Wrong: If you are going to, I will too.
正解: If you are going to go, I will too.

Next Steps

You have done an amazing job navigating these complex structures. Keep practicing, and these patterns will soon feel like second nature!

Write a 5-sentence plan for your next vacation using all rules.

Continue to: Expressing Degrees of Certainty

クイック練習 (10)

正しい文を選びましょう。

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: You'll fail the exam unless you study.
「Unless」の後に肯定動詞（「study」）が続きます。なぜなら「unless」はすでに「if not」を意味しているからです。「If you study」は異なる意味を持ちます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件: Unless = If Not

正しい文を選びましょう

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: If it rains and it is cold, I will stay inside.
「if」節の両方の条件は現在形を使う必要があります（'rains' と 'is cold'）。「It will be cold」は「if」節では間違いです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件文: 複数条件 (AND/OR)

文の間違いを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

If it will be sunny tomorrow, we are going to the beach.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: If it is sunny tomorrow, we are going to the beach.
「if」節は現在形（'is'）を必要とし、「will be」は使いません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件文: 意図と計画 (Be Going To)

文章を完成させるのに正しい形を選びましょう。

If she ___ for her exam right now, please don't disturb her.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: is studying
『right now（今）』という文脈は、進行中の行動を示しています。そのため、『if』節には現在進行形『is studying』が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件文: もし〜しているなら... (現在進行形)

文を完成させる正しい形を選びましょう。

She won't get the promotion ___ she improves her presentation skills.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: unless
ここで「unless」は「if not」を意味します。昇進を得るための条件を設定しています。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件: Unless = If Not

文を完成させる正しい形を選んでね。

If he ___ (not study), he'll fail the exam.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: doesn't study
「he」の場合、現在形否定では「doesn't」を使うよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件文：否定の条件 (もし～しないなら...)

文を完成させる正しい形を選んでください。

If I ___ (pass) my exam, I'm going to celebrate all night.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: pass
First Conditionalの「if」節では、常に現在形を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件文: 意図と計画 (Be Going To)

文中の間違いを見つけて直してね。

Find and fix the mistake:

If you won't bring an umbrella, you'll get wet.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: If you don't bring an umbrella, you'll get wet.
「if」の節では「won't」ではなく、現在形否定の「don't bring」を使うんだ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件文：否定の条件 (もし～しないなら...)

First Conditionalと「be going to」を正しく使っている文を選んでください。

正しい文を選んでください:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: If she gets the promotion, she's going to buy a new car.
「if」節は現在形（'gets'）を使い、主節は意図を表すために「be going to」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件文: 意図と計画 (Be Going To)

正しい形を選びましょう

If she ___ (finish) her presentation AND ___ (get) approval, she ___ (go) home early.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: finishes, gets, will go
「if」節では両方の条件（'finishes' と 'gets'）に現在形が必要で、結果節では「will + 動詞の原形」（'will go'）を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第一条件文: 複数条件 (AND/OR)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

将来起こりうる「現実的な可能性」について話す時に使う文法構造だよ。特に、その「条件」自体が否定的な場合に使うんだ。ある行動や出来事が「起こらなかった場合」に何が起こるかを表現するんだよ。
基本的な形は「If + 主語 + don't/doesn't + 動詞の原形（現在形）, 主語 + will + 動詞の原形」だよ。例えば、「もし私が勉強しなければ、落第するでしょう。」は "If I don't study, I'll fail." だね。
「Unless」の基本的な意味は「if not」、つまり「もし～でなければ」です。メインの節が起こるためには、避けなければならない否定的な条件を導入します。例えば、「I won't leave unless you come」は、「I won't leave if you don't come」という意味になりますね。
「Unless」の直後の動詞は、たとえ未来の条件を指していても、常に現在単純形になります。例えば、「Unless it rains, we will go」（「Unless it will rain」ではありません）という形です。
基本的な構造は「If + [条件1 (現在形)] AND/OR [条件2 (現在形)], [結果 (will + 動詞の原形)]」です。「if」節には条件が含まれ、主節には起こりうる未来の結果が述べられます。「If you study AND practice, you will pass.」
「AND」は、結果が起こるためには両方の条件が真でなければならない、という意味です。「OR」は、結果が起こるためには、少なくともどちらか一つの条件が真であればよい、という意味です。これらは文の意味を大きく変えます。「If it rains AND it's cold, we'll stay home.」対「If it rains OR it's cold, we'll stay home.」
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Planning for Real Future Possibilities
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