B1 · 中級 チャプター 8

Describing States and Completed Actions

5 トータルルール
51 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of describing states, results, and unexpected outcomes to sound like a native speaker.

  • Describe the current status of people and objects.
  • Express actions done in advance for future convenience.
  • Convey feelings of relief or regret regarding completed actions.
Speak with precision, describe with emotion.

学べること

Hey friend! Ready to take your Korean speaking skills up a notch? Until now, you've been able to say what you're doing or what you have. Now it's time to dive deeper and express states and the results of actions just like a native speaker! In this chapter, you'll discover 5 golden rules that will help you convey your meaning much more naturally and precisely. For example, you'll learn the crucial difference between 'the door is opening' and 'the door is open.' With -아/어 있다 and -아/어/여 있다, you can describe the current state of something – like being 'seated' (having finished the act of sitting and now being in a seated position), not actively 'sitting down.' This is super important when you want to explain the status of an object or a person. Next, with -아/어 놓다, you'll learn how to talk about actions you've completed in advance, where the result still remains. Imagine how much more natural it sounds when you want to say, 'I prepared lunch and put it in the fridge' or 'I left the door open.' This pattern is perfect for showing foresight and preparation. And if you've finished an action and feel a certain way about it – whether relieved or regretful – -아/어/여 버리다 is made precisely for that. Like happily exclaiming, 'I finally finished this darn book!' or sadly lamenting, 'My money is all gone!' This rule adds emotional depth to your words. Finally, with -게 되다, you'll learn to discuss events that happened due to circumstances or external decisions, rather than your direct choice. For instance, 'I ended up living in Korea' (implying circumstances led to it, not just a personal decision) or 'I eventually succeeded.' Once you conquer this chapter, you'll be able to speak about various situations and the outcomes of actions with much greater ease and confidence. Your words won't just be dry expressions; they'll be full of meaning and emotion. Ready to speak Korean like a pro? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use complex verb endings to describe states of being and completed actions with emotional nuance.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey friend! Ready to take your Korean speaking skills up a notch? Until now, you've been able to say what you're doing or what you have.
But to truly sound natural and precise, like a native speaker, you need to master describing states and the results of actions. This chapter is your gateway to expressing yourself with greater depth and nuance, making your B1 Korean grammar much more sophisticated.
In this guide, you'll discover 5 golden rules that are absolutely essential for any intermediate Korean learner. These patterns allow you to differentiate between an ongoing action and the resulting state, express completion with emotional undertones, or discuss events that unfold due to circumstances rather than direct choice. Mastering these will significantly enhance your ability to communicate complex ideas and feelings in Korean grammar.
By the end of this chapter, you won't just be forming sentences; you'll be painting vivid pictures with your words, understanding how to convey subtle meanings just like native speakers do. Get ready to add precision, emotion, and foresight to your everyday conversations, solidifying your grasp of Korean grammar B1 level concepts.

How This Grammar Works

Let's dive into the core mechanics of these crucial Korean grammar patterns. Each one serves a unique purpose, allowing you to express nuances that simple verb conjugations can't.
First, we have -아/어 있다, which describes a *state* resulting from a completed action. This is different from the continuous action -고 있다. Think of it as
is [in a state of having been] verb-ed.
For example, if a door is already open, you say 문이 열려 있다 (The door is open), not 문이 열고 있다 (The door is opening – which implies an ongoing action by an agent).
The verb stem determines the ending: if it ends in ㅏ or ㅗ, add -아 있다 (e.g., 앉다 → 앉아 있다 - to be seated); otherwise, add -어 있다 (e.g., 닫다 → 닫혀 있다 - to be closed). For 하다 verbs, it becomes -여 있다 (often contracted to -해 있다), e.g., 놓다 → 놓여 있다 (to be placed).
Next, V-아/어 놓다 is used for actions completed in advance, where the result is intentionally kept or maintained. It shows foresight and preparation. For instance, if you prepared lunch earlier and it's now waiting, you'd say 점심을 만들어 놓았어요 (I made lunch [in advance/and kept it ready]).
This implies the action was done for a future purpose and its result remains. The conjugation follows the same rules as -아/어 있다.
Then, -아/어/여 버리다 adds a powerful emotional layer to completed actions. It can express a sense of finality, relief, or regret. If you've finally finished a difficult task, you might exclaim, 숙제를 다 해 버렸다!
(I finally finished all the homework!). Conversely, if you've spent all your money, you might lament, 돈을 다 써 버렸어요 (I spent all the money [and it's all gone, regrettably]). The choice of -아/어/여 depends on the verb stem's last vowel, just like -아/어 있다.
Finally, -게 되다 describes how things *turn out* due to circumstances, external decisions, or processes, rather than your direct, intentional choice. It often translates to
to end up doing,
to come to be,
or to get to. If you moved to Korea because of your job, you'd say 한국에 살게 되었어요 (I ended up living in Korea). This highlights that circumstances led to the situation.
It attaches directly to the verb stem: Verb stem + -게 되다. These Korean grammar B1 patterns are vital for expressing complex thoughts.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 문이 열고 있어요. (The door is opening.)
✓ Correct: 문이 열려 있어요. (The door is open.)
*Explanation:* -고 있다 indicates an ongoing action (e.g., someone is actively opening the door). -아/어 있다 describes the *state* resulting from a completed action (the door is already in an open position).
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 저녁을 만들었어요. (I made dinner.)
✓ Correct: 저녁을 만들어 놓았어요. (I made dinner [in advance, and it's ready/waiting].)
*Explanation:* While the first sentence is grammatically correct, -아/어 놓다 adds the crucial nuance that the action was performed for a specific purpose or to keep the result, implying preparedness or foresight.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 돈을 다 썼어요. (I spent all the money.)
✓ Correct: 돈을 다 써 버렸어요. (I spent all the money [it's all gone, perhaps with regret/finality].)
*Explanation:* The simple past tense 썼어요 states a fact. -아/어 버리다 adds an emotional layer – relief, regret, or a strong sense of completion/finality – that a simple past tense doesn't convey.

Real Conversations

A

A

저기 창문이 열려 있네요. (Oh, that window is open.)
B

B

아, 제가 아침에 열어 놓았어요. (Ah, I opened it [and left it open] this morning.)
A

A

시험 공부 다 해 버렸어요? (Did you finish all your exam studying [finally/completely]?)
B

B

네! 그런데 너무 힘들어서 잠을 못 자게 되었어요. (Yes! But it was so hard that I ended up not being able to sleep.)
A

A

회의 자료 준비 다 해 놓으셨어요? (Have you prepared all the meeting materials [in advance]?)
B

B

네, 테이블 위에 놓여 있어요. (Yes, they are placed on the table.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between -아/어 있다 and -고 있다 in B1 Korean grammar?

-아/어 있다 describes a *state* resulting from a completed action (e.g., is seated, is open), while -고 있다 describes an *ongoing action* (e.g., is sitting, is opening).

Q

Can -아/어 버리다 always imply regret?

Not always! While it often conveys regret or a negative outcome, it can also express relief or a sense of completion, like

I finally finished it!
The context determines the exact nuance.

Q

When should I use -게 되다 instead of just a simple verb?

Use -게 되다 when an action or situation occurs due to external circumstances, fate, or a decision made by others, rather than your own direct, intentional choice. It implies a 'coming to be' or 'ending up' in a certain state.

Q

Is -아/어 놓다 essential for intermediate Korean learners?

Absolutely! It's crucial for expressing foresight, preparation, and the maintenance of a result, making your Korean grammar sound much more natural and precise in everyday conversations.

Cultural Context

These Korean grammar patterns are deeply woven into everyday communication, reflecting a nuanced approach to describing actions and their consequences. They allow speakers to convey not just facts, but also their perspective, intention, or emotional state regarding an action's outcome. -게 되다, in particular, can sometimes be used to humbly or indirectly state personal circumstances, aligning with a common Korean communication style that values subtlety.
While there are regional dialects in Korea, these specific grammar points are standard across the country.

重要な例文 (6)

1

Kape-e saram-deuri manhi anja isseoyo.

カフェに人がたくさん座っています。

〜ている (状態の継続: -아/어 있다)
2

Je haendeupon-i kkeojyeo isseoyo.

私のスマホ、電源が切れています。

〜ている (状態の継続: -아/어 있다)
3

손님이 오기 전에 방을 청소해 놓았어요.

お客さんが来る前に部屋を掃除しておきました。

準備完了！～しておく (-아/어 놓다)
4

너무 더우니까 에어컨 좀 켜 놔.

すごく暑いから、エアコンをつけておいて。

準備完了！～しておく (-아/어 놓다)
5

넷플릭스 덕분에 한국 드라마를 좋아하게 됐어요.

Netflixのおかげで、韓国ドラマが好きになりました。

物事の成り行き： '게 되다'（ゲ ドェダ）パターン
6

다음 달에 한국으로 출장을 가게 됐어요.

来月、韓国へ出張に行くことになりました。

物事の成り行き： '게 되다'（ゲ ドェダ）パターン

ヒントとコツ (4)

⚠️

服を着る時は例外！

「服を着ている状態」は大きな例外で、この文法は使いません。 «입고 있다» を使うのが正解ですよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜ている (状態の継続: -아/어 있다)
⚠️

助詞のトラップに注意！

この表現では「을/를」は使いません！状態を説明するので、必ず「이/가」を使いましょう。 «창문이 닫혀 있어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 結果の状態 (-아/어/여 있다): 「〜ている」「〜てある」の表現
💬

相手を思いやるニュアンス

ただ「買った」と言うより、この文法を使うと「（みんなのために）準備しておいたよ」という優しい響きになります。 «물을 사 놨어» と言ってみましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 準備完了！～しておく (-아/어 놓다)
💡

「忘れる」の使い分け

「忘れる」は '잊다' ですが、日常では「すっかり忘れた」というニュアンスの «잊어버리다» を使うのが普通ですよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: やってしまった！完了や後悔を表す (-a/eo beorida)

重要な語彙 (5)

앉다 (anjda) to sit 준비하다 (junbihada) to prepare 끝내다 (kkeutnaeda) to finish 상황 (sanghwang) situation 냉장고 (naengjanggo) refrigerator

Real-World Preview

coffee

Coffee Shop Meeting

Review Summary

  • V-아/어 있다
  • V-아/어/여 있다
  • V-아/어 놓다
  • V-아/어 버리다
  • V-게 되다

よくある間違い

Use -고 있다 for active actions, but -아/어 있다 to describe the state of an object that has already been closed.

Wrong: 문이 닫고 있어요 (The door is closing itself).
正解: 문이 닫혀 있어요 (The door is closed).

If you finished it to prepare, use -아/어 놓다. -아/어 버리다 implies a sense of finality or regret.

Wrong: 숙제를 끝내 버렸어요 (I finished my homework).
正解: 숙제를 끝내 놓았어요 (I finished my homework in advance).

The pattern is -게 되다, not -었게 되다. The past tense is marked at the end.

Wrong: 나는 한국에 갔게 되었어요.
正解: 나는 한국에 가게 되었어요.

このチャプターのルール (5)

1

〜ている (状態の継続: -아/어 있다)

B1
動作の「結果」が残っている状態（座っている、開いているなど）を指します。進行中の動作とは区別して «앉아 있다» や «서 있다» を使いましょう。
Kape-e saram-deuri manhi anja isseoyo.
10 例文
2

結果の状態 (-아/어/여 있다): 「〜ている」「〜てある」の表現

B1
動作が終わった後の「結果の状態」を表す魔法の言葉です。 «結果の状態» «自動詞» «受動態» がポイント！
Kape-e saramdeuri mani anja isseoyo.
10 例文
3

準備完了！～しておく (-아/어 놓다)

B1
「あらかじめ準備する」ときや「状態をそのままにする」ときに «아/어 놓다» や «아/어 두다» を使いましょう。
손님이 오기 전에 방을 청소해 놓았어요.
11 例文
4

やってしまった！完了や後悔を表す (-a/eo beorida)

B1
「-아/어 버리다」を使って、動作が完全に終わったことや、その時の「スッキリ感」や「後悔」を表現しましょう。«먹어 버리다» «잊어버리다» «끝내 버리다»
어제 산 케이크를 혼자 다 먹어 버렸어요.
10 例文
5

物事の成り行き： '게 되다'（ゲ ドェダ）パターン

B1
自分の力だけではなく、環境や他人の影響で「～することになった」「～するようになった」という結果を伝える魔法のフレーズ «게 되다» を使いこなしましょう！
넷플릭스 덕분에 한국 드라마를 좋아하게 됐어요.
10 例文

Next Steps

You have done an amazing job this chapter! Your ability to describe the world is growing every day. Keep practicing, and you'll be a master in no time!

Describe your room in 5 sentences

Continue to: Abilities and Ease of Action

クイック練習 (10)

映画を全部見たという文の間違いを直してください。

영화를 다 봤어 버렸어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 영화를 다 봐 버렸어요.
前の動詞は過去形（봤어）ではなく、아/어形（봐）にする必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: やってしまった！完了や後悔を表す (-a/eo beorida)

外部の理由で新しい習慣が始まったように聞こえる文はどれ？

新しい習慣について話す時、最も自然なのは？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 요즘 아침마다 운동하게 됐어요.
「운동하게 됐어요」は、生活環境の変化などで運動するようになったというニュアンスを強調します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 物事の成り行き： '게 되다'（ゲ ドェダ）パターン

スマホを失くして後悔している文はどれですか？

最も自然な文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 핸드폰을 잃어버렸어요.
物を失くしてしまった残念な気持ちを表すには 잃어버리다 が最適です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: やってしまった！完了や後悔を表す (-a/eo beorida)

助詞の間違いを見つけて直してください。

저는 의자를 앉아 있어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저는 의자에 앉아 있어요.
椅子「に」座るので場所の助詞「-에」を使います。「椅子を座る」とは言いませんよね。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜ている (状態の継続: -아/어 있다)

間違いを正しく直したものはどれですか？

間違い：숙제를 벌써 해 있다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 숙제를 벌써 해 놓았다.
人が行った動作の結果が残っている状態を表すには「해 놓았다」を使うのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 準備完了！～しておく (-아/어 놓다)

「ドアが開いています」という正しい文章を選んでください。

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 문이 열려 있어요.
状態を表すときは受身の「열려 있다」を使い、助詞は「이/가」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜ている (状態の継続: -아/어 있다)

「立つ（서다）」を使って、正しい形を空欄に入れてください。

남자가 문 앞에 ___ 있어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 서
「立っている状態」は 서다 + -어 있다 なので、縮約されて「서 있어요」になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜ている (状態の継続: -아/어 있다)

過去に起きた変化として、間違っている部分を直しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

한국 음식을 좋아하게 돼요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 한국 음식을 좋아하게 됐어요.
すでに変化が起きた（今は好きだ）という場合は、過去形の「됐어요」を使うのがルールです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 物事の成り行き： '게 되다'（ゲ ドェダ）パターン

「忘れる（잊다）」の正しい形を選んで空欄を埋めてください。

약속을 완전히 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 잊어버렸어요
「完全に忘れる」は、慣用的に一つの単語のように繋げて 잊어버리다 と書くのが一般的です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: やってしまった！完了や後悔を表す (-a/eo beorida)

窓を意図的に開けたままにするニュアンスはどれですか？

「窓を開けておいてください」に最も近いものを選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 창문을 열어 두세요.
「열어 주세요」は単なるお願いですが、「열어 두세요」は開けた状態をキープしてほしいという意味になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 準備完了！～しておく (-아/어 놓다)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

基本的には使えません。「私はケーキを作られている」とは言いませんよね。 «케이크가 만들어져 있다»（ケーキができている）のように、受身の形なら使えます。
前者は「今まさに腰を下ろそうとしている動作」で、後者は「すでにお尻が椅子についている状態」を指します。 «앉아 있다» の方がよく使われます。
いいえ、食事のような動作には使いません。進行中の動作は «점심을 먹고 있어요» を使います。
앉고 있다 は今まさに腰を下ろしている最中です。 «앉아 있다» はすでに座っている状態を指します。
90%は同じですが、 두다 は「保存・保管」のニュアンスが強く、 놓다 は「配置・放置」のニュアンスが少し強いです。 «돈을 저금해 두다» （お金を貯めておく）のように使います。
いいえ、動作動詞にしか使えません。「何かのアクションをして、その状態にする」という文法だからです。 «예뻐 놓다» とは言えません。
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