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아무리 ~어도

A2 conjunction #4,000 よく出る 10分で読める

아무리 ~어도

amuri ~eodo 上位4,000

練習する例文メモとヒント 아무리 ~어도 30秒で

解説 아무리 ~어도 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you are just beginning to learn how to connect sentences. '아무리 ~어도' might feel a bit complex because it involves two parts working together. However, you can think of it as a super-powered 'but.' Normally, you might say 'I am tired. I study.' (피곤해요. 공부해요.). Then you learn 'I am tired but I study' (피곤하지만 공부해요). '아무리 ~어도' takes it one step further: 'No matter how tired I am, I study' (아무리 피곤해도 공부해요). It shows that your will to study is stronger than your tiredness. At this stage, focus on simple adjectives like 'busy' (바쁘다), 'difficult' (힘들다), or 'small' (작다). For example, '아무리 작아도 예뻐요' (No matter how small it is, it is pretty). This helps you express more feeling in your basic sentences. Don't worry too much about the irregular verbs yet; just try to use it with '하다' verbs like '공부하다' (공부해도) and '운동하다' (운동해도). It's a great way to make your Korean sound more natural and expressive early on.

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At the A2 level, you are expected to handle daily routines and common social situations. '아무리 ~어도' becomes very useful for explaining why you did (or didn't) do something despite circumstances. You will use it to talk about your hobbies, your work, and your plans. For instance, '아무리 바빠도 친구를 만나요' (No matter how busy I am, I meet my friends). This shows your priorities. You should also start paying attention to the conjugation rules for different verb stems. Remember that '아무리' is the 'signal' word—when you say '아무리', the listener knows a 'but' or 'even if' is coming. This helps with the flow of conversation. You can use it to give advice to others as well: '아무리 추워도 장갑을 끼세요' (No matter how cold it is, please wear gloves). This level is about making your communication more nuanced and showing that you understand the relationship between effort and results in everyday life.

As a B1 learner, you are moving into more abstract topics and expressing your opinions more clearly. '아무리 ~어도' is essential for debating, expressing frustration, or showing strong determination. You can use it to discuss social issues or personal philosophies. For example, '아무리 돈이 많아도 행복을 살 수는 없어요' (No matter how much money one has, one cannot buy happiness). This is a classic B1-level sentiment. You should be comfortable with all irregular conjugations (like ㅂ-irregular: 춥다 -> 추워도, or ㄷ-irregular: 듣다 -> 들어도). You also start to use it in more complex sentence structures, perhaps combining it with other grammar points like '-고 싶다' or '-(으)ㄹ 수 있다'. For instance, '아무리 가고 싶어도 지금은 갈 수 없어요' (No matter how much I want to go, I can't go right now). This shows a sophisticated grasp of how to balance desires with reality.

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At the B2 level, you should use '아무리 ~어도' with a high degree of precision and emotional nuance. You are likely using it in more professional or academic settings. You can use it to acknowledge a counter-argument before presenting your own: '아무리 그 기술이 발달해도 인간의 감정을 대신할 수는 없습니다' (No matter how much that technology develops, it cannot replace human emotions). This is a great way to structure a persuasive essay or a formal discussion. You should also be aware of how this structure interacts with different levels of formality (반말 vs. 존댓말). In a formal presentation, you might use '아무리 ~어도' followed by a very polite ending like '-습니다'. You can also use it to express more subtle emotions like resignation or irony. For example, '아무리 노력해도 안 되는 일이 있더라고요' (I found that there are things that just don't work out no matter how much you try), which uses the '-더라고요' ending to share a personal realization.

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By the C1 level, '아무리 ~어도' should be second nature, and you should be exploring its more literary and idiomatic uses. You will encounter it in complex literature and news editorials where it's used to set up sophisticated rhetorical points. You might see it paired with more advanced vocabulary or in its formal variant '-(으)ㄹ지라도'. At this stage, you should understand the subtle difference between '아무리 ~어도' and other concessive endings like '-는데도' or '-고서도'. For example, '아무리 진실을 외쳐도 아무도 듣지 않았다' (No matter how much they shouted the truth, no one listened). This level of usage involves creating a specific atmosphere or tone in your writing. You can also use it to express complex ironies: '아무리 가까운 사이라도 예의를 지켜야 한다' (No matter how close a relationship is, one must maintain etiquette). Your usage should reflect a deep understanding of Korean social dynamics and cultural values.

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At the C2 level, you are using '아무리 ~어도' with the same ease and nuance as a native speaker. You can use it in highly specialized contexts, such as legal arguments, philosophical treatises, or high-level diplomacy. You might use it to construct complex, multi-clause sentences where '아무리' sets a theme that is revisited throughout the paragraph. You are also capable of using it for stylistic effect in creative writing, perhaps playing with the placement of '아무리' or using it in elliptical sentences where the second clause is implied but not stated for dramatic effect. For example, in a poem: '아무리, 아무리 해도...' (No matter, no matter how much I...). Here, the lack of a final verb conveys a sense of wordless frustration or infinite longing. You understand the historical development of the phrase and can recognize its use in classical or archaic-style modern Korean. Your mastery allows you to use this simple-seeming grammar point to convey the deepest levels of human experience and thought.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

아무리 ~어도 30秒で

Expresses 'No matter how [adjective/verb]', emphasizing that the result in the second clause is unexpected or remains unchanged despite extreme effort or conditions.
Formed by placing '아무리' before a verb or adjective stem conjugated with the concessive ending '-아/어/여도' (or '-이라도' for nouns).
Used frequently to show determination ('I will do it no matter what'), frustration ('No matter how much I try, it fails'), or logical limits.
Essential for intermediate Korean, it bridges the gap between simple 'even if' statements and high-intensity emotional or logical expressions.

The Korean grammatical structure 아무리 ~어도 is a cornerstone of intermediate Korean communication, functioning as a concessive conjunction that translates roughly to "No matter how..." or "Even if... to an extreme degree." It is composed of the adverb 아무리 (no matter how much/hard) and the connective ending -아/어/여도 (even though). When these two elements are paired, they create a powerful emphasis on the persistence of a situation or the resilience of a speaker despite the intensity of the preceding action or condition. This structure is ubiquitous in Korean daily life, appearing in everything from heartfelt K-drama confessions to stern parental advice and professional negotiations. It allows a speaker to acknowledge a significant effort or a difficult reality while simultaneously stating that the outcome remains unchanged or that a certain conviction persists. For example, if you are trying to solve a complex math problem, you might say, "아무리 생각해도 모르겠어요" (No matter how much I think about it, I don't know). Here, the 'thinking' is the extreme effort, and the 'not knowing' is the surprising or stubborn result that persists despite that effort.

The Role of '아무리': While the ending '-아/어도' can stand alone to mean 'even if,' adding '아무리' at the start of the clause drastically amplifies the degree. It signals to the listener that the speaker has pushed the action to its logical limit or is considering the most extreme possible scenario.
The Role of '-어도': This is the concessive connector. It links two clauses where the second clause provides an unexpected result based on the first. It undergoes vowel harmony rules: '-아도' for 'ㅏ/ㅗ' stems, '-어도' for others, and '-해도' for '하다' verbs.

아무리 바빠도 아침은 꼭 챙겨 드세요.
— Translation: No matter how busy you are, make sure to eat breakfast.

In a cultural context, this expression often reflects the Korean value of perseverance (인내) and the recognition of objective limits. It is used to express frustration when things don't go as planned despite effort, or to show unwavering commitment to a principle. You will hear it when someone is being stubborn ("아무리 말해도 안 들어요" - No matter how much I tell them, they don't listen), when expressing deep gratitude ("아무리 고맙다고 해도 부족해요" - No matter how much I say thank you, it's not enough), or when discussing logical impossibilities. The beauty of this phrase lies in its ability to bridge the gap between human effort and reality, providing a linguistic tool to navigate the complexities of disappointment and determination.

아무리 힘들어도 포기하지 마세요.
— Translation: No matter how hard it is, do not give up.

Emotional Nuance: This structure frequently carries an emotional weight of resignation or firm resolve. It is not just a logical 'if-then' statement; it is a statement about the world's resistance to our actions or our own resistance to the world's pressures.

Mastering the usage of 아무리 ~어도 requires understanding both its grammatical conjugation and its logical placement within a sentence. The structure always begins with the adverb 아무리, which sets the stage for the concessive relationship. Following this, you take the verb or adjective stem and apply the standard -아/어/여도 conjugation rules. This conjugation is identical to the one used for the 'even if' or 'permission' forms you likely learned in basic Korean, but the addition of 아무리 makes the condition much more emphatic and extreme.

Conjugation Rules

Bright Vowels (ㅏ, ㅗ): Add -아도. (예: 작다 → 아무리 작아도)
Dark Vowels (ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅡ, ㅣ, etc.): Add -어도. (예: 먹다 → 아무리 먹어도)
하다 Verbs: Change to 해도. (예: 공부하다 → 아무리 공부해도)

아무리 멀어도 걸어서 갈 거예요.
— Translation: No matter how far it is, I will go on foot.

One critical aspect to remember is that the second clause (the main clause) often contains a negative result, a lack of change, or a strong command/prohibition. It highlights a contrast. If you say "아무리 공부해도...", the listener is expecting you to say something like "성적이 안 올라요" (the grades don't go up) rather than "성적이 올라요" (the grades go up). If the result is positive and expected, you would use '-니까' or '-아서/어서' instead. Furthermore, when using this with nouns, you use the form 아무리 (noun)이라도/라도. For example, "아무리 부자라도 행복하지 않아요" (No matter how much of a rich person they are, they aren't happy).

아무리 돈이 많아도 건강이 제일 중요해요.
— Translation: No matter how much money you have, health is the most important.

Another nuance involves the use of interrogatives like '무엇', '누구', or '어디' in conjunction with this pattern, though they often evolve into slightly different structures like '누구라도'. However, '아무리' specifically modifies the *degree* or *manner* of the action. It is often paired with adverbs like '열심히' (diligently) or '많이' (a lot) to further specify what is being done to the extreme. "아무리 열심히 노력해도" (No matter how diligently I try) is a very common set phrase in motivational or reflective contexts.

In the real world, 아무리 ~어도 is not just a textbook grammar point; it is a vibrant part of the Korean linguistic landscape. You will encounter it most frequently in situations involving negotiation, emotional expression, and logical reasoning. In the workplace, a manager might say, "아무리 급해도 실수를 하면 안 됩니다" (No matter how urgent it is, you must not make a mistake), emphasizing quality over speed. This highlights the professional expectation that certain standards are non-negotiable regardless of external pressures.

아무리 생각해도 그건 아닌 것 같아요.
— Translation: No matter how much I think about it, I don't think that's right.

K-Dramas and movies are a goldmine for this expression. It is the go-to phrase for the 'tragic hero' or the 'undying lover.' A character might cry out, "아무리 잊으려고 해도 잊을 수가 없어요!" (No matter how hard I try to forget, I can't forget you!). This usage taps into the deep emotional resonance of the phrase, showing a struggle between the will (trying to forget) and the reality of the heart (unable to forget). Similarly, in variety shows, you'll hear comedians use it for comedic effect when they fail at a task: "아무리 연습해도 몸이 안 따라주네요" (No matter how much I practice, my body just won't follow).

In K-Pop Lyrics: Lyrics often use this to describe unrequited love or the passage of time. Phrases like "아무리 기다려도 오지 않는 너" (You, who do not come no matter how long I wait) are staples of Korean ballads, utilizing the grammar to emphasize the singer's longing and the harshness of the situation.

In everyday street life, you'll hear it at markets or during arguments. A vendor might say, "아무리 깎아달라고 해도 이건 원가예요" (No matter how much you ask for a discount, this is the cost price). In these contexts, it serves as a polite but firm way to set a boundary. It acknowledges the other person's effort (asking for a discount) but states a hard limit. Understanding this phrase helps you decode the subtle social boundaries and emotional depths of Korean conversation, moving beyond simple literal meanings into the realm of intent and feeling.

While 아무리 ~어도 is a powerful tool, it is also a common stumbling block for learners. The most frequent error is the omission of the adverb 아무리. While -아/어도 by itself means "even if," it lacks the "no matter how" intensity. Without 아무리, the sentence might sound like a simple hypothetical rather than a statement about an extreme limit. For example, "비가 와도 갈 거예요" (I'll go even if it rains) is a simple plan, but "아무리 비가 많이 와도 갈 거예요" (No matter how much it rains, I'll go) shows a much stronger, almost defiant, resolve.

Mistake 1: Confusing with '-지만': Learners often use '-지만' (but) when they should use '-어도'. Remember that '-지만' connects two facts, while '-어도' connects a condition to an unexpected result. "아무리 힘들지만 해요" is incorrect; it should be "아무리 힘들어도 해요."
Mistake 2: Incorrect Vowel Harmony: Because this is an intermediate structure, learners sometimes get complacent with basic conjugation. Forgetting that '돕다' becomes '도와도' or '춥다' becomes '추워도' (the ㅂ-irregular) is a very common slip-up.

아무리 공부해도 (O) vs 아무리 공부하지만 (X)
— Explanation: You must use the '-어도' form with '아무리', not the '-지만' form.

Another subtle mistake involves using '아무리' with positive, logical outcomes. If you say, "아무리 공부해도 시험에 합격했어요," it sounds very strange to a native speaker. It's like saying, "No matter how much I studied, I passed the exam." In English and Korean, this sounds like you expected to fail *because* you studied hard. If the result is the logical outcome of the effort, use '-아서/어서' or '-(으)니까'. '아무리 ~어도' is reserved for when the result is *contrary* to the effort or the intensity of the condition.

While 아무리 ~어도 is the most common way to express this sentiment, Korean offers several alternatives depending on the desired level of formality, emphasis, or specific nuance. Understanding these can help you fine-tune your speech and sound more like a native speaker.

1. -아/어도 (The Simple Version): This is the base form. It means 'even if.' Use this when you don't need the extreme emphasis that '아무리' provides. "비가 와도 갈게요" (I'll go even if it rains).
2. -(으)ㄹ지라도 (The Formal/Literary Version): This is much more formal and often found in literature, speeches, or bibles. It carries a sense of 'even though it may be that...' "아무리 힘들지라도" (No matter how difficult it may be). It sounds more poetic and grand.
3. -다손 치더라도 (The Hypothetical/Strong Version): This is a very strong way to say 'even granting that...' or 'even if we assume...'. It is used when the speaker is strongly disagreeing or making a point. "아무리 바쁘다손 치더라도 전화 한 통은 할 수 있잖아?" (Even granting that you're busy, you could have made one phone call, right?).

아무리 ~어도 vs -는데도
— Difference: '-는데도' is used for actual, ongoing situations ('despite the fact that'), while '-어도' is more about the condition itself, often hypothetical or general.

Another interesting alternative is using 어떤 ~라도 (any kind of ~). While '아무리' focuses on the *degree* of an action or quality, '어떤' focuses on the *choice* or *category*. "어떤 어려움이 있어도" (No matter what kind of difficulties there are) vs "아무리 어려워도" (No matter how difficult it is). Choosing between these depends on whether you want to emphasize the *intensity* of the struggle or the *type* of struggle you are facing. In many cases, they are interchangeable, but '아무리' is the most natural choice for everyday conversations involving effort and results.

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

In Middle Korean, '아무리' was often used in questions to mean 'how'. Over time, its meaning shifted to emphasize an extreme degree in concessive sentences.

発音ガイド

UK a.mu.ri ~ʌ.do

US ɑ.mu.ri ~oʊ.doʊ

The primary stress is on the first syllable of '아무리' (A-mu-ri) and the syllable immediately preceding '-어도'.

韻が合う語

아무리 (A-mu-ri) rhymes with '사다리' (sa-da-ri - ladder). 아무리 (A-mu-ri) rhymes with '메아리' (me-a-ri - echo). 아무리 (A-mu-ri) rhymes with '항아리' (hang-a-ri - jar). -어도 (eo-do) rhymes with '포도' (po-do - grape). -어도 (eo-do) rhymes with '지도' (ji-do - map). -어도 (eo-do) rhymes with '온도' (on-do - temperature). -어도 (eo-do) rhymes with '수도' (su-do - capital city). -어도 (eo-do) rhymes with '제도' (je-do - system).

よくある間違い

Pronouncing 'ri' as a hard English 'r'.
Mispronouncing 'eo' as 'oh'. It should be more open, like 'uh'.
Failing to apply vowel harmony on the '-어도' part.
Speaking '아무리' too quickly without the slight emphasis it needs.
Blending '아무리' and the next word too much; there's usually a tiny mental pause.

難易度

読解 3/5

Easy to recognize because of the '아무리' signal word, but requires understanding of concessive logic.

ライティング 4/5

Requires correct vowel harmony and understanding of when a result is 'unexpected' enough to use this form.

スピーキング 4/5

Common in speech, but learners often forget the '아무리' or trip up on irregular verb conjugations.

リスニング 3/5

Usually clear, but in fast speech, the '-아도' can blend into the next word.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

아무 (any) -아/어서 (because) -지만 (but) 하다 (to do) 바쁘다 (busy)

次に学ぶ

-(으)ㄹ지라도 (formal even if) -(으)ㄴ/는데도 (despite) -다손 치더라도 (even granting that) -(으)ㄹ망정 (rather/even if) -(으)ㄹ지언정 (strong concession)

上級

Concessive clauses in literature Rhetorical questions using 아무리 Formal debate structures Proverbs involving endurance Socio-political expressions of 'Han'

知っておくべき文法

-아/어도 (Even if)

비가 와도 축구를 할 거예요.

-(으)ㄴ/는데도 (Despite the fact that)

밥을 많이 먹었는데도 배가 고파요.

-(으)ㄹ지라도 (Even though - formal)

실패할지라도 도전하겠다.

-(으)ㄹ망정 (Even if - strong contrast)

죽을망정 항복은 안 한다.

-다손 치더라도 (Even granting that)

네 말이 맞다손 치더라도 이건 아니지.

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レベル別の例文

아무리 바빠도 밥을 먹어요.

No matter how busy I am, I eat.

Simple adjective (바쁘다) + -아도.

아무리 작아도 괜찮아요.

No matter how small it is, it's okay.

Adjective (작다) + -아도.

아무리 공부해도 몰라요.

No matter how much I study, I don't know.

Verb (공부하다) + -해도.

아무리 피곤해도 운동해요.

No matter how tired I am, I exercise.

Adjective (피곤하다) + -해도.

아무리 매워도 맛있어요.

No matter how spicy it is, it's delicious.

Adjective (맵다) + -워도 (ㅂ-irregular).

아무리 멀어도 가고 싶어요.

No matter how far it is, I want to go.

Adjective (멀다) + -어도.

아무리 비싸도 사요.

No matter how expensive it is, I buy it.

Adjective (비싸다) + -아도.

아무리 기다려도 안 와요.

No matter how long I wait, they don't come.

Verb (기다리다) + -여도 (기다려도).

아무리 늦어도 7시까지는 오세요.

No matter how late it is, please come by 7 o'clock.

Adjective (늦다) + -어도.

아무리 찾아도 열쇠가 없어요.

No matter how much I search, the keys aren't there.

Verb (찾다) + -아도.

아무리 물어봐도 대답을 안 해요.

No matter how much I ask, they don't answer.

Verb (물어보다) + -아도.

아무리 어려워도 포기하지 마세요.

No matter how difficult it is, don't give up.

Adjective (어렵다) + -워도 (ㅂ-irregular).

아무리 시끄러워도 잠을 잘 자요.

No matter how noisy it is, I sleep well.

Adjective (시끄럽다) + -워도.

아무리 좋아해도 다 살 수는 없어요.

No matter how much I like it, I can't buy everything.

Verb (좋아하다) + -해도.

아무리 화가 나도 욕은 하지 마세요.

No matter how angry you are, don't swear.

Phrase (화가 나다) + -아도.

아무리 슬퍼도 밥은 먹어야 해요.

No matter how sad you are, you have to eat.

Adjective (슬프다) + -어도 (슬퍼도).

아무리 열심히 노력해도 결과가 안 좋아요.

No matter how hard I try, the results aren't good.

Adverb (열심히) + Verb (노력하다) + -해도.

아무리 돈이 많아도 건강을 잃으면 소용없어요.

No matter how much money you have, it's useless if you lose your health.

Noun + 이 많다 + -아도.

아무리 생각해도 그 방법은 무리예요.

No matter how much I think about it, that method is impossible.

Verb (생각하다) + -해도.

아무리 바빠도 가족과 보내는 시간은 필요해요.

No matter how busy you are, time spent with family is necessary.

Adjective (바쁘다) + -아도.

아무리 친한 친구라도 예의를 지켜야 해요.

No matter how close a friend they are, you must keep manners.

Noun (친구) + -라도 (noun form of the structure).

아무리 설명해도 이해를 못 하는 것 같아요.

No matter how much I explain, I don't think they understand.

Verb (설명하다) + -해도.

아무리 멀리 있어도 우리는 항상 연결되어 있어요.

No matter how far apart we are, we are always connected.

Adverb (멀리) + Verb (있다) + -어도.

아무리 추워도 아이들은 밖에서 놀고 싶어 해요.

No matter how cold it is, children want to play outside.

Adjective (춥다) + -워도.

아무리 기술이 발달해도 인간의 직관을 대신할 수는 없다.

No matter how much technology develops, it cannot replace human intuition.

Noun + 이 발달하다 + -해도.

아무리 억울해도 지금은 참는 것이 상책이다.

No matter how unfair it feels, enduring it is the best policy right now.

Adjective (억울하다) + -해도.

아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않은 것이 바로 안전입니다.

Safety is something that cannot be overemphasized, no matter how much you do so.

Verb (강조하다) + -해도 + 지나치지 않다 (common idiom).

아무리 뛰어난 재능이 있어도 노력이 없으면 성공할 수 없다.

No matter how much outstanding talent one has, one cannot succeed without effort.

Noun + 이 있다 + -어도.

아무리 숨기려고 해도 진실은 언젠가 밝혀지기 마련이다.

No matter how much you try to hide it, the truth is bound to be revealed someday.

Verb (숨기다) + -려고 하다 + -어도.

아무리 상황이 나빠도 희망을 버려서는 안 됩니다.

No matter how bad the situation is, you must not give up hope.

Noun + 이 나쁘다 + -아도.

아무리 맛있는 음식이라도 매일 먹으면 질려요.

No matter how delicious the food is, you get tired of it if you eat it every day.

Noun (음식) + -이라도.

아무리 바쁜 현대인이라도 명상의 시간은 필요합니다.

No matter how busy modern people are, time for meditation is necessary.

Noun (현대인) + -이라도.

아무리 정교한 인공지능이라 할지라도 인간의 창의성을 온전히 모방하기는 어렵다.

No matter how sophisticated an AI may be, it is difficult to fully imitate human creativity.

Noun + 이라 할지라도 (formal version of -아무리 ~어도).

아무리 시대가 변해도 변치 않는 가치가 있는 법이다.

No matter how much the times change, there are values that do not change.

Noun + 이 변하다 + -해도.

아무리 논리적으로 설명해도 감정적인 골을 메우기는 쉽지 않다.

No matter how logically you explain, it is not easy to bridge an emotional gap.

Adverb (논리적으로) + Verb (설명하다) + -해도.

아무리 험난한 길이라도 우리가 함께라면 두렵지 않습니다.

No matter how treacherous the path, if we are together, we are not afraid.

Noun (길) + -이라도.

아무리 사소한 약속이라도 반드시 지키는 것이 신뢰의 기본이다.

Keeping even the most trivial promise is the basis of trust, no matter what.

Noun (약속) + -이라도.

아무리 화려한 겉모습을 가졌어도 내면이 비어 있으면 공허할 뿐이다.

No matter how flashy an exterior one has, if the inside is empty, it is just hollow.

Verb (가지다) + -었어도 (past/state emphasis).

아무리 법이 엄격해도 사람들의 양심을 모두 통제할 수는 없다.

No matter how strict the law is, it cannot control all of people's consciences.

Noun + 이 엄격하다 + -해도.

아무리 과거를 후회해도 되돌릴 수 없음을 깨달아야 한다.

One must realize that no matter how much you regret the past, you cannot turn it back.

Verb (후회하다) + -해도.

아무리 천재적인 재능을 타고났다 한들, 부단한 연마 없이는 거장의 반열에 오를 수 없다.

No matter how much genius talent one is born with, one cannot reach the ranks of a master without constant refinement.

-ㄴ들 (very formal/archaic-style concessive ending used with '아무리').

아무리 만방에 위세를 떨치는 권력자라도 세월의 흐름 앞에서는 한낱 인간일 뿐이다.

No matter how much power a ruler who shakes the world has, they are but a mere human before the flow of time.

Noun (권력자) + -라도.

아무리 정교하게 짜인 이론이라 할지라도 실천적 토대가 없다면 사상누각에 불과하다.

No matter how elaborately a theory is woven, if it lacks a practical foundation, it is nothing more than a house of cards.

-라 할지라도 (hypothetical formal concessive).

아무리 고통스러운 진실일지라도 거짓된 평화보다는 가치 있는 법이다.

No matter how painful a truth may be, it is more valuable than a false peace.

-일지라도 (literary concessive).

아무리 문명이 진보한다 해도 인간 본연의 고독을 완전히 해소할 수는 없을 것이다.

No matter how much civilization advances, it will not be able to completely resolve the inherent loneliness of humans.

Verb (진보하다) + -한다 해도 (emphatic variant).

아무리 사소한 인연이라도 소중히 여기는 태도가 삶을 풍요롭게 한다.

The attitude of valuing even the most trivial connection, no matter what, makes life rich.

Noun (인연) + -이라도.

아무리 깊은 어둠이 찾아와도 새벽이 온다는 사실은 변하지 않는다.

No matter how deep the darkness comes, the fact that dawn arrives does not change.

Noun + 이 찾아오다 + -아도.

아무리 세상이 험악할지언정 우리는 서로의 손을 놓지 말아야 한다.

No matter how harsh the world may be, we must not let go of each other's hands.

-ㄹ지언정 (strong literary concessive).

よく使う組み合わせ

아무리 생각해도

아무리 노력해도

아무리 바빠도

아무리 힘들어도

아무리 비싸도

아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않다

아무리 봐도

아무리 물어봐도

아무리 기다려도

아무리 멀어도

よく使うフレーズ

아무리 그래도 그렇지

— Even so, that's not right / That's still going too far. Used to disagree with someone's extreme action.

아무리 그래도 그렇지, 그렇게 말하면 안 되지.

아무리 봐도 아니야

— No matter how much I look at it, it's not right. Used to express strong doubt.

아무리 봐도 이건 가짜 같아요.

아무리 해봐야

— No matter how much you try (it's useless). Often implies a sense of futility.

아무리 해봐야 소용없을 거야.

아무리 뭐래도

— No matter what anyone says. Shows strong personal conviction.

아무리 뭐래도 난 내 길을 갈 거야.

아무리 적어도

— At the very least. Used to specify a minimum amount or degree.

아무리 적어도 세 시간은 걸려요.

아무리 많아도

— At the most / No matter how much. Used for upper limits.

아무리 많아도 십만 원은 안 넘을 거예요.

아무리 늦어도

— At the latest. Used for deadlines.

아무리 늦어도 내일까지는 끝내주세요.

아무리 빨라도

— At the earliest. Used for the soonest possible time.

아무리 빨라도 다음 주에나 가능해요.

아무리 어려워도

— No matter how difficult. Used for encouragement.

아무리 어려워도 포기하지 마.

아무리 멀어도

— No matter how far. Used for commitment to a destination.

아무리 멀어도 꼭 찾아갈게.

よく混同される語

아무리 ~어도 vs -지만

'-지만' simply connects two contrasting facts (e.g., 'It is expensive but I bought it'). '아무리 ~어도' emphasizes the extreme degree (e.g., 'No matter how expensive it is, I will buy it').

아무리 ~어도 vs -는데도

'-는데도' describes a real situation that happened ('Despite having eaten...'). '아무리 ~어도' is more about the condition itself, often hypothetical or emphasizing the degree ('No matter how much I eat...').

아무리 ~어도 vs -아서/어서

This is for cause and effect. Using '아무리' with '-아서/어서' is a common mistake; you must use '-어도'.

慣用句と表現

"아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않다"

— Cannot be overemphasized. Used for very important things like safety or health.

안전 교육은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않습니다.

formal

"아무리 뜯어봐도"

— No matter how closely you examine (something or someone).

아무리 뜯어봐도 흠잡을 데가 없네.

neutral

"아무리 바빠도 바늘 허리 매어 쓰랴"

— No matter how busy you are, you can't tie a thread around the needle's waist (you can't rush things that take time).

아무리 바빠도 바늘 허리 매어 쓰랴더니, 천천히 하세요.

proverbial

"아무리 짖어도 기차는 간다"

— No matter how much (the dogs) bark, the train keeps going. (Progress continues despite criticism).

아무리 누가 뭐라 해도 우리는 계속할 것입니다.

metaphorical

"아무리 배가 고파도 씨지비는 안 먹는다"

— No matter how hungry you are, you don't eat the seeds for next year's crop (don't sacrifice the future for immediate needs).

회사가 어려워도 연구비는 줄이지 마세요.

proverbial

"아무리 미워도 다시 한번"

— Even if you hate them, (try) one more time. (A famous movie title/phrase about reconciliation).

아무리 미워도 다시 한번 믿어보자.

cultural reference

"아무리 생각해도 답이 없다"

— No matter how much I think, there's no solution. (A common expression of despair or confusion).

이 문제는 아무리 생각해도 답이 없네요.

informal

"아무리 잘해줘도 소용없다"

— No matter how well you treat them, it's useless (they aren't grateful).

그 사람은 아무리 잘해줘도 고마워할 줄 몰라요.

neutral

"아무리 돈이 많으면 뭐 하나"

— What's the use of having no matter how much money (if you aren't happy/healthy).

아무리 돈이 많으면 뭐 하나, 몸이 아픈데.

rhetorical

"아무리 갈 길이 멀어도"

— No matter how far the road ahead is (stay determined).

아무리 갈 길이 멀어도 우리는 멈추지 않을 것입니다.

inspirational

間違えやすい

아무리 ~어도 vs 아무래도

Starts with the same root '아무'.

'아무래도' means 'anyway' or 'it seems like', while '아무리' means 'no matter how'.

아무래도 비가 올 것 같아요. (It seems like it will rain anyway.)

아무리 ~어도 vs 아무튼

Starts with '아무'.

'아무튼' means 'anyway' or 'in any case' to change the subject.

아무튼, 이제 가야 해요. (Anyway, I have to go now.)

아무리 ~어도 vs 아무나

Starts with '아무'.

'아무나' means 'anybody' (anyone at all).

아무나 올 수 있어요. (Anybody can come.)

아무리 ~어도 vs 아무것도

Starts with '아무'.

'아무것도' means 'nothing' (when used with a negative verb).

아무것도 몰라요. (I know nothing.)

아무리 ~어도 vs 어찌나

Both express degree.

'어찌나' is used to emphasize a cause for a result ('She was so pretty that...'), whereas '아무리' is for a result that happens *despite* the degree.

어찌나 예쁜지 눈을 뗄 수 없었다. (She was so pretty I couldn't take my eyes off her.)

文型パターン

아무리 [Adj]-아/어도 [Result].

아무리 바빠도 밥을 먹어요.

아무리 [V]-아/어도 [Negative Result].

아무리 찾아도 없어요.

아무리 [Adv] [V]-아/어도 [Unexpected].

아무리 열심히 공부해도 성적이 안 올라요.

아무리 [Noun]-이라도 [Fact].

아무리 부자라도 건강이 최고예요.

아무리 [V]-ㄴ다 해도 [Limit].

아무리 사랑한다 해도 이건 못 참아요.

아무리 [Adj]-(으)ㄹ지언정 [Resolution].

아무리 괴로울지언정 포기는 안 한다.

아무리 ~어도 소용없다.

아무리 울어도 소용없어요.

아무리 ~어도 지나치지 않다.

아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않아요.

語族

名詞

아무개 (someone/so-and-so)

아무 (anyone/anything)

使い方

frequency

Very high in both spoken and written Korean.

よくある間違い

아무리 바쁘지만 갈게요. → 아무리 바빠도 갈게요.
You cannot use '-지만' (but) with '아무리'. '아무리' requires the concessive '-어도' ending.
아무리 공부했어도 시험을 못 봤어요. → 아무리 공부해도 시험을 못 봤어요.
While '-었어도' exists, in standard usage of '아무리 ~어도', the past tense is usually only marked at the end of the sentence.
아무리 맵어도 맛있어요. → 아무리 매워도 맛있어요.
This is a ㅂ-irregular verb. '맵다' must change to '매워' before adding '-도'.
아무리 공부해서 성적이 올랐어요. → 열심히 공부해서 성적이 올랐어요.
You shouldn't use '아무리 ~어도' if the result is positive and expected. '아무리' implies the result is contrary to the effort.
아무리 부자도 행복하지 않아요. → 아무리 부자라도 행복하지 않아요.
With nouns, you must use the '-(이)라도' form, not just '-도'.

ヒント

Vowel Harmony Check

Don't forget the basics! If the stem ends in ㅏ or ㅗ, use -아도. For everything else, use -어도. '하다' always becomes '해도'. This is the foundation of the structure.

Use with Adverbs

To make your sentence even more specific, add an adverb after '아무리'. Instead of just '아무리 해도', try '아무리 열심히 해도' (no matter how diligently I do it).

The 'Signal' Adverb

Think of '아무리' as a warning sign. When you say it, you are telling the listener to ignore the next part of the sentence and focus on the final result. It builds anticipation.

Avoid Redundancy

Don't use '아무리' and '-지만' together. They perform similar tasks but '아무리' only works with the '-어도' family. '아무리 바쁘지만' is a common mistake; avoid it.

Emotional Cues

In conversations, '아무리' is often used when someone is being stubborn. If you hear it, the person is likely about to say they won't change their mind.

Polite Disagreement

Use '아무리 그래도 그렇지' to disagree politely. It acknowledges that the other person might have a reason, but still insists that their behavior is too much.

The 'No Matter' Rule

Always translate '아무리' as 'No matter how'. This specific English phrase perfectly captures the intensity and the grammatical requirement of the Korean counterpart.

Logical Contradiction

The best use of this grammar is when there is a strong contradiction. 'No matter how much I eat, I am thin' is a perfect use case for '아무리 ~어도'.

Formal Alternatives

If you are writing a speech, swap '-어도' for '-(으)ㄹ지라도'. It keeps the same meaning but elevates the level of your Korean significantly.

Don't Overuse

Because '아무리' is so emphatic, using it in every sentence can make you sound overly dramatic. Save it for when you really want to emphasize a point.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'A-MU-RI' as 'A MOO-RE' (like 'more' in a cow's accent). 'No matter how MUCH MORE I do, it's still -EO-DO (even though).'

視覚的連想

Imagine a person pushing a giant boulder uphill. No matter how hard they push (아무리), the boulder doesn't move (-어도).

Word Web

아무리 노력해도 바빠도 힘들어도 생각해도 비싸도 멀어도 작아도

チャレンジ

Try to write three sentences about things you do every day 'no matter how' you feel. For example: '아무리 피곤해도 샤워를 해요' (No matter how tired I am, I take a shower).

語源

The word '아무리' is a native Korean adverb. It is believed to have developed from '아무' (any) + '리' (a suffix indicating reason or degree in middle Korean).

元の意味： Originally meant 'in any way' or 'to any extent'.

Koreanic

文化的な背景

Be careful when using this to describe someone's efforts in a dismissive way (e.g., 'No matter how much YOU try, you'll fail'). It can sound very discouraging.

In English, we often use 'No matter how' or 'Regardless of'. However, Korean uses this structure much more frequently in daily speech to show empathy or determination.

Movie: '아무리 미워도 다시 한번' (Love Me Once Again) - A classic 1968 film. Song: '아무리 생각해도 난 너를' (No matter how much I think of you) by Sweet Sorrow. Proverb: '아무리 바빠도 바늘 허리 매어 쓰랴' - A common saying about not rushing.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Giving Encouragement

아무리 힘들어도 힘내세요.
아무리 늦어도 끝까지 하세요.
아무리 어려워도 할 수 있어요.
아무리 넘어져도 다시 일어나세요.

Expressing Frustration

아무리 말해도 안 들어요.
아무리 찾아도 없어요.
아무리 노력해도 안 돼요.
아무리 생각해도 모르겠어요.

Setting Boundaries/Negotiating

아무리 급해도 이건 안 됩니다.
아무리 깎아달라고 해도 안 돼요.
아무리 친해도 빌려줄 수 없어요.
아무리 부탁해도 무리예요.

Discussing Priorities

아무리 바빠도 가족이 먼저예요.
아무리 돈이 많아도 건강이 최고예요.
아무리 예뻐도 성격이 나쁘면 별로예요.
아무리 멀어도 꼭 갈 거예요.

Making Logical Points

아무리 봐도 그건 실수였어요.
아무리 생각해도 제 잘못이에요.
아무리 들어도 무슨 말인지 모르겠어요.
아무리 읽어도 이해가 안 가요.

会話のきっかけ

"아무리 바빠도 꼭 지키는 습관이 있나요? (Is there a habit you keep no matter how busy you are?)"

"아무리 힘들어도 포기할 수 없는 꿈이 뭐예요? (What is a dream you can't give up no matter how hard it is?)"

"아무리 생각해도 이해할 수 없는 행동이 있나요? (Is there a behavior you can't understand no matter how much you think about it?)"

"아무리 비싸도 꼭 사고 싶은 물건이 있어요? (Is there something you want to buy no matter how expensive it is?)"

"아무리 멀어도 꼭 가보고 싶은 여행지는 어디예요? (Where is a travel destination you want to visit no matter how far it is?)"

日記のテーマ

아무리 노력해도 잘 안 되는 것에 대해 써 보세요. 왜 그런 것 같나요? (Write about something that doesn't work well no matter how much you try. Why do you think that is?)

아무리 힘들어도 나를 웃게 만드는 것은 무엇인가요? (What is something that makes you smile no matter how hard it is?)

아무리 바빠도 내가 꼭 챙기는 사람이나 일에 대해 써 보세요. (Write about a person or a task you always take care of no matter how busy you are.)

아무리 세상이 변해도 바뀌지 말아야 할 가치는 무엇이라고 생각하나요? (What values do you think should not change no matter how much the world changes?)

아무리 생각해도 감사한 사람에게 편지를 써 보세요. (Write a letter to someone you are thankful for no matter how much you think about it.)

よくある質問

10 問

No, '아무리' is almost always paired with the '-아/어/여도' ending (or its variants like '-라도' for nouns). Using it alone would make the sentence grammatically incomplete. It functions as a 'pre-signal' for the concessive ending.

'-아/어도' means 'even if' (e.g., 'Even if I'm busy, I'll go'). '아무리 ~어도' adds intensity, meaning 'no matter how' (e.g., 'No matter how busy I am, I'll go'). It implies the 'busy-ness' is at an extreme level.

Not strictly negative in terms of 'not', but it usually contains an unexpected result. For example, '아무리 매워도 맛있어요' (No matter how spicy, it's delicious). 'Delicious' is positive, but it's 'unexpected' because usually, if something is too spicy, it might be hard to eat.

The past tense is usually expressed in the final verb of the sentence, not the '-어도' part. For example: '아무리 찾아도 없었어요' (No matter how much I searched, it wasn't there). The '찾아도' stays in the present form.

Yes, but it often changes to '누구라도' or '어디라도'. '아무리' specifically focuses on the *degree* or *manner* of a verb/adjective. Use '아무리' when you want to emphasize 'how much' or 'how [adjective]'.

It is neutral and used in all registers. The formality is determined by the final ending of the sentence (e.g., -어, -아요, -습니다). For very formal writing, you might use '아무리 ~ㄹ지라도'.

Yes, all standard irregular rules apply to the '-아/어도' part. For example, '듣다' becomes '아무리 들어도', '춥다' becomes '아무리 추워도', and '낫다' becomes '아무리 나아도'.

Yes, use the form '아무리 N-이라도' (if the noun ends in a consonant) or '아무리 N-라도' (if it ends in a vowel). For example: '아무리 부자라도' (No matter how rich of a person they are).

Rarely in modern Korean. It's almost exclusively used in concessive (even if) statements. In the past, it was used to mean 'how', but that's archaic now.

Pair it with adverbs like '열심히' (diligently), '많이' (a lot), or '오래' (for a long time). For example: '아무리 열심히 해도' sounds very natural to express effort.

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