Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the art of weaving complex ideas into smooth, sophisticated Portuguese sentences.
- Connect nouns with essential and descriptive clauses.
- Apply formal pronouns like 'o qual' and 'cujo' for precision.
- Structure sentences with prepositions and relative pronouns naturally.
学べること
Hey there, language explorer! Get ready for a major upgrade in your Portuguese fluency. This chapter is all about weaving your ideas together seamlessly, just like a native speaker. We’re diving deep into relative clauses, the secret sauce for making your sentences richer and more precise. First, you'll master the foundational relative pronouns like 'que', 'quem', and 'onde'. You'll learn how to use them to attach essential information to nouns, creating clear and concise defining clauses. Then, we’ll unlock their full descriptive power, letting you add vivid detail to your statements, transforming basic sentences into natural, engaging Portuguese. Ever wondered about placing prepositions before 'quem' when referring to people? We’ll cover that crucial point, making sure you sound authentic and avoid common pitfalls. For those moments when you want to sound truly sophisticated, you’ll learn the elegant usage of 'o qual' for enhanced clarity and 'cujo' for expressing possession in formal contexts. Remember, 'cujo' is a chameleon – it always adapts its gender and number to the noun it modifies, not the owner! Imagine confidently telling a friend in Lisbon, 'The book that I read was fantastic,' or 'The city where I grew up is beautiful.' These structures will let you express complex thoughts with ease. By the end of this journey, you won't just be connecting sentences; you'll be painting vivid pictures with your words, expressing detailed concepts, and navigating formal Portuguese with confidence. You’ll sound more polished, more precise, and undeniably more like a native speaker. Ready to elevate your Portuguese? Let's go!
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定義節：`que`、`quem`、`onde`で特定する関係代名詞を使って、名詞に「必須の情報」をカンマなしでピタッとくっつけましょう。
queは万能、ondeは場所、cujoは所有を表す魔法の言葉です。 -
ポルトガル語の形容詞節 (que, quem, onde, cujo)関係代名詞を使いこなせると、文がぐっと洗練されます。まずは万能な
que、場所のonde、そして所有のcujoを使い分けましょう。 -
ポルトガル語の代名詞：前置詞と一緒に「誰（Quem）」を使う人を指す時は、必ず前置詞を
quemの前に配置するのが鉄則です。com quemやde quem、para quemをセットで使いこなしましょう。 -
フォーマルな関係代名詞：'o qual' と 'cujo' でプロのような表現を文脈に合わせて
o qualで明快さを出し、cujoでエレガントな所有表現を使いこなせれば、あなたのポルトガル語は一段上のレベルへ。 -
フォーマルな所有表現：関係代名詞「 cujo 」の使い方「cujo」は持ち主ではなく、後ろに続く「所有物」の性・数に一致させます。
cujo,cuja,cujos,cujasの4つを使い分けましょう。
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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By the end you will be able to: Construct complex sentences using relative pronouns to describe people, places, and possessions accurately.
チャプターガイド
Overview
How This Grammar Works
- Que: This is the most common and versatile relative pronoun, used for both people and things. It means
that,which,orwho.
- Quem: This pronoun is exclusively for people and often follows a preposition. It means
whoorwhom.
- Onde: Used specifically for places, meaning
where.
- A pessoa com quem falei é simpática. (The person with whom I spoke is nice.)
- Os amigos para quem comprei os bilhetes são estrangeiros. (The friends for whom I bought the tickets are foreigners.)
- O qual / a qual / os quais / as quais: These are more formal alternatives to que, often used after prepositions to avoid ambiguity, especially when the antecedent is not immediately next to the relative pronoun. They agree in gender and number with the noun they refer to.
- Formal Possession: Using 'Whose' (Cujo / cuja / cujos / cujas): Cujo indicates possession and means
whoseorof which.The critical rule is that cujo *must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies (the thing possessed)*, not the possessor.
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong: A pessoa que falei é simpática.
- 1✗ Wrong: O escritor cujo obras adoro é português.
- 1✗ Wrong: A cidade que moro é linda.
where in Portuguese.
Real Conversations
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Quick FAQ
What's the main difference between que and quem in Portuguese relative clauses?
Que is very versatile, referring to both people and things. Quem is exclusively for people and typically follows a preposition when used in a relative clause, making it with whom, to whom, etc.
When should I use o qual instead of que?
O qual (and its variations like a qual, os quais, as quais) is generally more formal and less common in everyday speech. It's often preferred after prepositions or in more complex sentences to avoid ambiguity, especially when the antecedent is not directly adjacent to the pronoun.
How does cujo work, and why is it tricky for B2 Portuguese learners?
Cujo (whose/of which) indicates possession. The trick is that it *always* agrees in gender and number with the *thing possessed*, not the possessor. For example,
o homem cuja casa(the man whose house) – cuja agrees with
casa (feminine singular), not homem.
Are there regional differences in using relative clauses in Portuguese?
While the core rules for relative clauses are consistent, there can be subtle differences. For instance, in Brazilian Portuguese, que might be used more broadly in contexts where European Portuguese speakers might prefer o qual or a slightly different construction for emphasis or clarity. However, the formal usage of cujo and prepositional quem remains largely the same.
Cultural Context
ヒントとコツ (4)
前置詞の移動ルール
O assunto em que penso.
前置詞を見つける魔法のコツ
O livro a que você se refere.となります。
「誰の」を表現するショートカット
De quem を使うのが一番自然で簡単です。 De quem é este celular que está na mesa?
曖昧さを解決する
o qual か a qual を使えば、どちらを指しているか性別で特定できます。法律文書などでは必須のテクニックです。 Vi a irmã do Paulo, a qual é médica.
重要な語彙 (5)
Real-World Preview
Networking in Lisbon
Review Summary
- Noun + que/onde + clause
- Prep + quem + clause
- O qual / A qual / Os quais / As quais
- Noun + cujo(a/os/as) + noun
よくある間違い
In Portuguese, prepositions must precede the relative pronoun. Ending a sentence with a preposition is not grammatically standard.
'Cujo' must agree with the object possessed ('casa', which is feminine). Never use an article after 'cujo'.
Do not double up relative pronouns. 'Onde' already acts as the connector; 'que' is redundant.
このチャプターのルール (5)
Next Steps
You've done an amazing job mastering these complex structures. Keep practicing, and you'll soon be speaking with the eloquence of a native!
Rewrite 5 complex sentences from a news article using 'cujo' and 'o qual'.
クイック練習 (10)
Choose the best option:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな関係代名詞：'o qual' と 'cujo' でプロのような表現を
O diretor ___ filmes ganharam o Oscar está aqui.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな所有表現：関係代名詞「 cujo 」の使い方
Find and fix the mistake:
A escritora cuja o livro li ontem é brasileira.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな所有表現：関係代名詞「 cujo 」の使い方
A cidade ___ nasci é muito fria no inverno.
onde が正解です。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の形容詞節 (que, quem, onde, cujo)
文法的に正しい選択肢を選んでください：
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな所有表現：関係代名詞「 cujo 」の使い方
O restaurante ___ nós fomos ontem é excelente.
onde が最適です。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 定義節：`que`、`quem`、`onde`で特定する
O escritor ___ obras são famosas estará na feira do livro.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな関係代名詞：'o qual' と 'cujo' でプロのような表現を
Find and fix the mistake:
Ele é o artista cujo o talento admiro.
cujo の直後に冠詞（o, a, os, as）を置くことはできません。冠詞を削除するのが正解です。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の形容詞節 (que, quem, onde, cujo)
Which sentence is correct?
onde は不可。 assistir（観る）は直接目的語を取るのが一般的なので que が最も自然です。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 定義節：`que`、`quem`、`onde`で特定する
A mulher cuja a filha viajou está preocupada.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな関係代名詞：'o qual' と 'cujo' でプロのような表現を
Score: /10
よくある質問 (6)
O cachorro que está latindo é meu.（吠えている犬は私のだ）の que está latindo の部分です。o carro que é azulと言うことで、より詳細な情報を加えられます。
que などを使って文をスムーズに繋げられます。com や de がつくなら quem の方がずっと自然で文法的にも正しいですよ。 A pessoa de quem gosto...
quem は不変です。一人でもグループでも quem のままで、動詞の形で複数を判断します。 Quem são eles?
