Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the art of shifting focus to actions and results for sophisticated Portuguese communication.
- Construct formal sentences using the 'ser' + past participle structure.
- Identify and use the common 'se' passive found in advertisements and news.
- Differentiate between passive and impersonal statements to ensure perfect verb agreement.
学べること
Ready to make your Portuguese sound truly authentic and sophisticated? This chapter is your gateway to mastering the passive voice, a crucial structure that lets you emphasize actions and results over the person performing them. It's how native speakers convey precision and formality, and you'll find it everywhere from news articles to everyday conversation.
We'll start with the classic ser + past participle construction, learning how to shift the spotlight to the object of the action, ensuring your participles always agree! Then, you'll discover how to gracefully introduce the 'doer' of the action using por (think pelo/pela) when necessary, all while maintaining the passive emphasis.
But the real star of this chapter is the versatile se passive (Voz Passiva Sintética). This is incredibly common in Portuguese, and you'll learn its secrets, especially how the verb must agree in number with the noun being acted upon. Get ready to understand signs like Vendem-se casas (Houses are sold) with perfect clarity. Finally, we'll tackle the subtle but important distinction between the passive se and the impersonal se, so you'll always know when to make your verb plural and when to keep it singular.
By the end of this chapter, you won't just be learning rules; you'll be able to express yourself with greater nuance and sound incredibly natural. You'll comfortably read headlines like
A ponte foi construída(The bridge was built) and understand nuanced impersonal statements. Get ready to elevate your Portuguese to a truly upper-intermediate level!
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ポルトガル語の受動態：動作に焦点を当てる (Voz Passiva)動作の対象を主語に持ってくることで、客観的でプロフェッショナルな響きになります。
serとparticípioをパズルのように組み合わせて使いましょう！ -
受動態：動作を強調する表現 (`Voz Passiva`)受動態は
serやseを使って、動作の「結果」や「対象」を強調するツールです。foi,foram,seを使い分けて表現の幅を広げましょう。 -
受動態の作り方 (Ser + 過去分詞)動作の受け手にスポットライトを当てるには
Serと «過去分詞» を使い、主語に合わせて語尾を一致させましょう。 -
受動態：'〜によって' (pelo/pela) を使った動作主の導入動作主を導入する
peloやpelaを使いこなしつつ、過去分詞を主語の性と数にしっかり一致させることがポイントです。pelo,pela,porをマスターしましょう。 -
ポルトガル語の受動態の動作主 (Agente da Passiva)受動態の動作主（Agente da Passiva）は、
porを使って「誰がやったか」を明確にしつつ、動作の「結果」にスポットライトを当てる便利なツールです。 -
「se」を使った受動態 (Voz Passiva Sintética)名詞が「ボス」だと覚えましょう！名詞が複数なら動詞も複数形にするのが
vende-seとvendem-seの使い分けのコツです。 -
'Se' を使った受動態 (Vendem-se casas)後ろの名詞が単数か複数かで動詞の形を決めるのがポイントです。看板で見かける
Vende-seやAlugam-seが代表例ですね。 -
受身の 'se' vs. 非人称の 'se' (Partícula Apassivadora e Impessoal)名詞と一致させる受身の
seと、前置詞がある時に単数形で固定する «非人称の se» を使い分けましょう。
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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1
By the end you will be able to transform active sentences into the analytical passive voice with correct participle agreement.
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2
By the end you will be able to identify the agent of the action using the correct contractions of 'por'.
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3
By the end you will be able to use the 'se' passive (sintética) and ensure the verb agrees with the patient noun.
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4
By the end you will be able to distinguish between 'se' as a passive marker and 'se' as an impersonal subject.
チャプターガイド
Overview
A ponte foi construída(The bridge was built) and understand nuanced impersonal statements, equipping you with essential skills for upper-intermediate Portuguese language learning.
How This Grammar Works
O João escreveu o livro(João wrote the book), you'd say
O livro foi escrito pelo João(The book was written by João).
A decisão foi tomada pelos diretores(The decision was made by the directors).
Vendem-se casas(Houses are sold – plural verb for plural 'houses'), and
Aluga-se apartamento(An apartment is rented – singular verb for singular 'apartment'). This is precisely the 'Se' Passive Voice (Vendem-se casas) you'll see everywhere.
Comem-se bem aqui- One eats well here, or People eat well here). Recognizing this difference is a hallmark of advanced Portuguese grammar.
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong:
A porta foi aberto.
(The door was opened.)
A porta foi aberta.(The door was opened.)
A porta is feminine singular, so the participle must be aberta, not aberto.- 1✗ Wrong:
Vende-se casas.(Houses are sold.)
Vendem-se casas. (Houses are sold.)casas) is plural, the verb must also be plural. Casas is plural, so the verb should be vendem-se, not vende-se.- 1✗ Wrong:
A comida foi preparado por mim.
(The food was prepared by me.)
A comida foi preparada por mim.(The food was prepared by me.)
preparado must agree with A comida (feminine singular), becoming preparada.
Real Conversations
A
O novo projeto foi aprovado pela diretoria?(Was the new project approved by the board?)
B
Sim, foi aprovado ontem à tarde, depois de muita discussão.(Yes, it was approved yesterday afternoon, after much discussion.)
A
Onde se compram bilhetes para o concerto?(Where are tickets bought for the concert?)
B
Vendem-se bilhetes online ou na bilheteria do teatro.(Tickets are sold online or at the theater box office.)
A
Os erros foram corrigidos no relatório final?(Were the errors corrected in the final report?)
B
Sim, foram todos corrigidos pela equipe de revisão.(Yes, they were all corrected by the review team.)
Quick FAQ
What's the main difference between Voz Passiva Analítica and Voz Passiva Sintética in Portuguese grammar?
The Voz Passiva Analítica uses ser + past participle (e.g.,
O livro foi escrito), while the Voz Passiva Sintética uses a verb with the particle se (e.g.,
Escreve-se o livro).
How do I know when to use pelo or por with the agent in the passive voice?
You use pelo/pela/pelos/pelas (contractions of por + definite article) when the agent is specific and defined (e.g., pela equipe). You use por alone when the agent is general, indefinite, or not accompanied by an article (e.g., por sorte).
Can I always use the se passive in Portuguese?
No, the se passive is typically used with transitive verbs that have a direct object. It's less common with verbs that express states or verbs that are inherently intransitive. It's also more common in formal or impersonal contexts.
How can I quickly distinguish between passive se and impersonal se?
If the verb *can* agree in number with the noun that follows it (i.e., if that noun is plural and the verb can also be plural), it's likely a passive se. If the verb *always* stays singular, even with a plural concept, it's an impersonal se. (e.g., Comem-se maçãs vs. Come-se bem aqui).
Cultural Context
Aluga-se(For Rent) or
Proíbem-se cães(Dogs are forbidden) everywhere. It's a hallmark of formal writing, news articles, and official announcements, lending an air of objectivity and professionalism.
se passive) is often preferred for its conciseness and natural flow, making it essential for any B2 Portuguese speaker aiming for authentic expression.重要な例文 (6)
Todas as faturas foram pagas pela empresa.
すべての請求書は会社によって支払われました。
ポルトガル語の受動態：動作に焦点を当てる (Voz Passiva)Vende-se este apartamento moderno.
このモダンなアパートは売り出し中です。
受身の 'se' vs. 非人称の 'se' (Partícula Apassivadora e Impessoal)Vendem-se ingressos para o festival.
フェスティバルのチケットが販売されています。
受身の 'se' vs. 非人称の 'se' (Partícula Apassivadora e Impessoal)ヒントとコツ (4)
一致の罠に注意！
pizza なら、 foi comido ではなく foi comida になります。 A pizza foi comida rapidamente.
一致は絶対のルール
As meninas foram convidadas.
「誰によって」テスト
por mim (私によって) を付けて意味が通れば、それは受身形です！ A porta foi aberta... por mim.(バッチリですね！)
一致の罠に注意！
As pizzas foram comidas.
重要な語彙 (6)
Real-World Preview
Reading the News
Walking through Lisbon
Review Summary
- [Subject] + [Ser] + [Past Participle (agrees with subject)]
- [Passive Sentence] + [por + article] + [Agent]
- [Verb 3rd person] + [se] + [Subject]
- [Verb 3rd person singular] + [se] + [Preposition/Adverb]
よくある間違い
In the analytical passive, the past participle acts like an adjective and must agree in gender and number with the subject.
In the 'se' passive, 'quartos' is the subject. Since 'quartos' is plural, the verb 'alugar' must be plural.
To introduce the agent of the passive, use the preposition 'por' (pelo/pela), not 'para'.
このチャプターのルール (8)
Next Steps
You've just added a major layer of sophistication to your Portuguese. Mastering the passive voice is a huge step toward fluency. Keep practicing those 'se' agreements!
Read a Brazilian news article and highlight all 'ser + participle' forms.
Look at online real estate listings (e.g., OLX Portugal) and find examples of 'Vende-se' or 'Aluga-se'.
クイック練習 (10)
A carta _______ (enviar) ontem.
foi enviada になります。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受動態：動作を強調する表現 (`Voz Passiva`)
Find and fix the mistake:
As casas foram construído pelo meu tio.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受動態：'〜によって' (pelo/pela) を使った動作主の導入
______-se apartamentos no centro. (Alugar)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'Se' を使った受動態 (Vendem-se casas)
Find and fix the mistake:
Vende-se casas de luxo na praia.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'Se' を使った受動態 (Vendem-se casas)
Arrange these words:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「se」を使った受動態 (Voz Passiva Sintética)
A carta foi enviada ___ (por + a) diretora.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受動態：'〜によって' (pelo/pela) を使った動作主の導入
Arrange these words: [foi, A, pela, escrita, carta, Maria]
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の受動態：動作に焦点を当てる (Voz Passiva)
Find and fix the mistake:
As cartas foi escritas pela Maria.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受動態の作り方 (Ser + 過去分詞)
As mensagens foram enviado pelo sistema.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の受動態の動作主 (Agente da Passiva)
Find and fix the mistake:
Vende-se casas nesta rua.
Vendem-se です。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受動態：動作を強調する表現 (`Voz Passiva`)
Score: /10
よくある質問 (6)
por (pelo/pela) を使って表します。 O bolo foi feito pela Mary.
ser を使います。 Alugam-se quartos.A maçã foi comida.
O crime foi cometido.
O bolo foi comido(ケーキは食べられた) のような文です。
ser (〜である) を使い、その後にメインの動詞の過去分詞を続けます。 A carta foi escrita.
