B2 · 中上級 チャプター 1

Talking About Recent Habits

4 トータルルール
43 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of describing ongoing habits and recent trends with natural Portuguese compound tenses.

  • Construct sentences using the 'ter + past participle' structure.
  • Differentiate between simple past events and ongoing recurring habits.
  • Apply the perfect continuous nuance to sound more native in casual conversation.
Talk about your life's rhythm with confidence.

学べること

Ready to truly elevate your Portuguese? This chapter is your secret weapon for sounding effortlessly natural when talking about life's ongoing rhythms. We're diving deep into the powerful world of *compound tenses*, specifically the *Pretérito Perfeito Composto* and the super useful *tenho + participle* construction. You’ve mastered simple past events, but what about those actions that started a while ago and *haven't stopped*? Or things you’ve been doing *repeatedly* lately? That’s where these B2 gems come in! You’ll learn to precisely articulate that you've *been studying* a lot, or that the weather *has been strange* recently, instead of simply saying you *studied* or it *was strange*. This isn't just grammar; it's about adding nuance and flow to your speech, making you sound far more articulate and connected to native speakers. Imagine catching up with a Portuguese friend and confidently sharing,

Tenho lido muitos livros ultimamente
(I've been reading a lot of books lately), or discussing a new habit:
Tenho feito caminhadas todas as manhãs
(I've been taking walks every morning). By the end, you'll intuitively know when to reach for these sophisticated structures, allowing you to discuss recent activities, recurring events, and ongoing trends with the ease and accuracy of a true upper-intermediate speaker. Get ready to express continuity and repetition like a pro!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use the 'tenho + participle' structure to describe recent habits.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to a pivotal chapter in your journey to B2 Portuguese fluency! You've mastered expressing single past events, but what about those actions that began in the past and are still ongoing, or things you've been doing repeatedly up to now? This is where your Portuguese gets a significant upgrade, allowing you to articulate nuances that truly make you sound like an advanced speaker.
This chapter is your guide to mastering the art of
Talking About Recent Habits
using two incredibly powerful structures: the Pretérito Perfeito Composto (often translated as the Present Perfect Continuous or Present Perfect) and the highly versatile tenho + participle construction.
These aren't just obscure grammar points; they are essential tools for discussing life's rhythms, ongoing trends, and personal habits with precision. Imagine telling a Portuguese friend, "I've been learning Portuguese for two years or I've been watching a lot of series lately." These are the kinds of everyday conversations where these tenses shine. By understanding when and how to use them, you'll move beyond simple statements and connect more deeply with native speakers, expressing continuity and repetition with effortless grace.
Get ready to add a layer of sophistication to your Portuguese grammar that will elevate your communication to the next level!

How This Grammar Works

To talk about recent habits, ongoing actions, or repeated events up to the present, Portuguese employs two key structures that, while sharing the same form, often carry slightly different nuances in usage.
1. Pretérito Perfeito Composto (Present Perfect: Have Been Doing)
This tense is formed by combining the present tense of the auxiliary verb ter (to have) with the past participle of the main verb.
* Formation: ter (present tense) + past participle
* *Eu tenho (I have)*
* *Tu tens (You have)*
* *Ele/Ela/Você tem (He/She/You have)*
* *Nós temos (We have)*
* *Vós tendes (You all have - informal, less common)*
* *Eles/Elas/Vocês têm (They/You all have)*
*Remember: The past participle does NOT agree in gender or number with the subject when used with ter.*
* Uses:
* Actions that started in the past and continue into the present:
* Eu tenho estudado português há dois anos. (I have been studying Portuguese for two years.)
* Ele tem morado em Lisboa desde 2020. (He has been living in Lisbon since 2020.)
* Repeated actions within an unfinished period of time:
* Nós temos visitado a nossa família muitas vezes este ano. (We have visited our family many times this year.)
* Ela tem lido muitos livros ultimamente. (She has read many books lately.)
2. The tenho + participle Construction (Portuguese Perfect Continuous: Habits & Recent Trends)
While formally identical to the Pretérito Perfeito Composto, this construction is often highlighted for its specific emphasis on ongoing actions, recent habits, and trends that have been happening repeatedly or continuously up to the present moment. It often implies a sense of lately or recently, making it perfect for discussing current routines or developments.
* Formation: ter (present tense) + past participle (same as above).
* Emphasis on Habits & Recent Trends:
* Tenho feito caminhadas todas as manhãs. (I've been taking walks every morning. - *Emphasizes a recent habit*)
* O tempo tem estado estranho esta semana. (The weather has been strange this week. - *Highlights a recent trend/ongoing state*)
* Ultimamente, tenho visto muitos filmes portugueses. (Lately, I've been watching many Portuguese films. - *Focuses on a recent, repeated action*)
Both structures allow you to express that something has been happening or
has been done repeatedly.
The tenho + participle usage often feels more direct and colloquial for describing current habits and recent patterns. Mastering these will significantly enhance your ability to express complex ideas in B2 Portuguese.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Eu estudei português por dois anos.
✓ Correct:
Eu tenho estudado português por dois anos.
*Explanation:* The simple past (Pretérito Perfeito Simples) implies the action is finished. If you're still studying, you need the Pretérito Perfeito Composto or tenho + participle to show the action started in the past and continues to the present.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Nós temos lidos os livros.
✓ Correct:
Nós temos lido os livros.
*Explanation:* When using ter as an auxiliary verb for compound tenses, the past participle (lido) remains invariable. It does not agree in gender or number with the subject or object.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Eu estou a estudar muito ultimamente.
    (European Portuguese) /
    Eu estou estudando muito ultimamente.
    (Brazilian Portuguese)
✓ Correct:
Eu tenho estudado muito ultimamente.
*Explanation:* While estar a + infinitive (or estar + gerund) expresses an action happening *right now*, for actions that have been happening *repeatedly or continuously over a recent period*, the tenho + participle construction is much more natural and idiomatic in Portuguese.

Real Conversations

A

A

Olá, Rui! Que tens feito ultimamente? (Hi, Rui! What have you been doing lately?)
B

B

Olá, Ana! Tenho trabalhado muito, mas também tenho lido alguns livros interessantes. (Hi, Ana! I've been working a lot, but I've also been reading some interesting books.)
A

A

O que é que o João tem dito sobre o novo projeto? (What has João been saying about the new project?)
B

B

Ele tem estado muito otimista e tem partilhado ideias fantásticas. (He has been very optimistic and has been sharing fantastic ideas.)
A

A

A Maria tem vindo às aulas de dança? (Has Maria been coming to the dance classes?)
B

B

Sim, ela tem vindo regularmente e tem melhorado bastante! (Yes, she has been coming regularly and has improved a lot!)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between Pretérito Perfeito Composto and Pretérito Perfeito Simples in Portuguese?

The Pretérito Perfeito Simples describes a completed action in the past (e.g., Eu comi - I ate). The Pretérito Perfeito Composto describes an action that started in the past and continues or has repeated up to the present (e.g.,

Eu tenho comido bem
- I have been eating well).

Q

Can I use estar a + infinitive for ongoing habits instead of

tenho + participle
?

While estar a + infinitive (or gerund in BP) describes an action currently in progress,

tenho + participle
is specifically used for habits, repeated actions, or ongoing states that span a recent period, making it the more natural choice for "I've been doing" in that context.

Q

Does the past participle change when I use ter in these tenses?

No, when ter is the auxiliary verb for the Pretérito Perfeito Composto or

tenho + participle
, the past participle always remains invariable (e.g., lido, feito, visto) and does not agree with the subject or object.

Cultural Context

In daily Portuguese conversations, especially in Portugal, you'll frequently hear the Pretérito Perfeito Composto and the
tenho + participle
construction. They are crucial for discussing current life updates, recent experiences, and ongoing situations. While the formal Pretérito Perfeito Composto is taught, the
tenho + participle
usage often feels more dynamic and common for expressing "what you've been up to" or recent trends.
It's a natural way to show engagement and continuity, making your speech flow more authentically.

重要な例文 (6)

1

Eu tenho trabalhado muito ultimamente.

最近、仕事がすごく忙しいんだ。

複合完全過去：最近ずっと〜している（Pretérito Perfeito Composto）
2

Ela tem assistido muita série coreana.

彼女、最近韓国ドラマをたくさん見てるよ。

複合完全過去：最近ずっと〜している（Pretérito Perfeito Composto）
3

Tenho estudado muito para os exames finais.

期末試験のために最近すごく勉強しています。

Ter を使った継続的な動作 (Tenho feito)
4

Você tem assistido aquela série nova no Netflix?

Netflixのあの新しいシリーズ、最近見てる？

Ter を使った継続的な動作 (Tenho feito)
5

Eu tenho treinado muito na academia ultimamente.

最近、ジムでかなりトレーニングをしています。

ポルトガル語の現在完了進行形：習慣と最近の傾向 (Tenho feito)
6

Você tem visto aquela série nova na Netflix?

Netflixであの新しいシリーズ、最近見てる？

ポルトガル語の現在完了進行形：習慣と最近の傾向 (Tenho feito)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💬

ブラジルとポルトガルの違い

ブラジルではどこでも você tem でOKですが、ポルトガルで親しい友人と話すなら tu tens を使いましょう。
Tu tens estudado para o exame?
と聞くと自然です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 複合完全過去：最近ずっと〜している（Pretérito Perfeito Composto）
⚠️

意味の取り違えに注意！

「到着した」を直訳して Tenho chegado と言うと、「最近何度も繰り返し到着している」という不自然な意味になります。単発の完了なら Cheguei を使いましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形（継続・反復アクション）
🎯

「最近」のトリガーワード

「最近（ultimamente）」と言いたい時は、自動的にこの 'Tenho + 過去分詞' の形を思い浮かべてください。これが最も自然な組み合わせです。
Tenho trabalhado muito ultimamente.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ter を使った継続的な動作 (Tenho feito)
💡

「最近」のルール

もし文の中に ultimamente（最近）を付け足して意味が通じるなら、この時制を使う絶好のタイミングです！例えばこう言います：
Eu tenho dormido bem.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の現在完了進行形：習慣と最近の傾向 (Tenho feito)

重要な語彙 (5)

ultimamente lately tenho lido I have been reading frequentemente frequently a vida toda my whole life praticar to practice

Real-World Preview

coffee

Catching up with a friend

Review Summary

  • Ter (present) + Past Participle

よくある間違い

This structure is for ongoing habits, not finished past events with specific time markers like 'ontem'. Use the Pretérito Perfeito for completed events.

Wrong: Eu tenho estudado (eu estudei) muito ontem.
正解: Eu tenho estudado muito ultimamente.

Again, avoid mixing this tense with specific, completed time points. It is for habits over an interval.

Wrong: Eu tenho lido um livro ontem.
正解: Eu li um livro ontem.

Specific past dates require the Simple Past, not the compound perfect continuous.

Wrong: Eu tenho feito o jantar no domingo passado.
正解: Eu fiz o jantar no domingo passado.

Next Steps

You have completed the first milestone of your journey! Keep practicing these structures in your daily life to make them second nature.

Listen to a Portuguese podcast and note every time you hear 'tenho' + verb.

Continue to: The Versatile Past Participle

クイック練習 (9)

性数一致に関する間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Ela tem feita muita comida em casa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela tem feito muita comida em casa.
この時制では過去分詞は変化しません。女性が主語でも男性形の feito を使うのがルールです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 複合完全過去：最近ずっと〜している（Pretérito Perfeito Composto）

「昨日起きた一度きりの出来事」についての文の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Eu tenho comido pizza ontem à noite.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu comi pizza ontem à noite.
「昨日」のように特定の時間に一度だけ起きたことは、完了形ではなく単純過去形（comi）を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ter を使った継続的な動作 (Tenho feito)

一致の間違いを訂正してください。

As meninas têm estudadas muito.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: As meninas têm estudado muito.
この複合時制では、過去分詞 'estudado' は不変です。主語が女性複数（As meninas）でも変化しません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の現在完了進行形：習慣と最近の傾向 (Tenho feito)

正しい形を空欄に入れてください。

Eu ____ muito ultimamente.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tenho trabalhado
ultimamente（最近）という言葉があるため、最近の継続的な習慣を表す現在完了形が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 複合完全過去：最近ずっと〜している（Pretérito Perfeito Composto）

「最近本を読んでいる」という意味になるのはどれ？

正しい翻訳を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu tenho lido.
Eu tenho lido は現在完了形を使って「最近ずっと読んでいる」というニュアンスを伝えます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 複合完全過去：最近ずっと〜している（Pretérito Perfeito Composto）

主語 'Eu' に合わせて、動詞 'ter' と 'malhar'（ジムで鍛える）の正しい形を入れてください。

Eu ___ ___ muito na academia ultimamente.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tenho malhado
'Eu' に対する 'ter' の現在形は 'tenho' で、その後に過去分詞 'malhado' を続けます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ter を使った継続的な動作 (Tenho feito)

最近の習慣を正しく説明している文を選んでください。

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu tenho comido muita pizza ultimamente.
この時制は 'ultimamente'（最近）のような習慣を表す言葉と一緒に使います。'ontem'（昨日）や 'amanhã'（明日）には使えません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の現在完了進行形：習慣と最近の傾向 (Tenho feito)

現在の習慣を表す正しい形に書き換えましょう。

Eu ___ (estudar) muito para a prova ultimamente.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tenho estudado
主語が 'Eu' の場合、助動詞は 'tenho' になります。'estudar' の過去分詞 'estudado' と組み合わせます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の現在完了進行形：習慣と最近の傾向 (Tenho feito)

最近の習慣を正しく説明している文はどれですか？

文法的に正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Elas têm estudado muito.
'ter' を使った複合時制では、過去分詞は主語の性別や人数に関わらず、常に男性単数形（estudado）のままです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ter を使った継続的な動作 (Tenho feito)

Score: /9

よくある質問 (6)

いいえ、実は大きな違いがあります！英語の 'have done'（完了）ではなく、'have been doing'（継続）の意味に限定されます。例えば Eu tenho trabalhado は「最近ずっと働いている」という意味になります。
動詞 'ter' の現在形（tenho, tem, temos, têm）に、メインの動詞の過去分詞（falado, comido など）を組み合わせるだけです。
Eu tenho falado com ela
のように使います。
いいえ！「一度日本に行ったことがある」のような経験は、単純過去形の
Visitei o Japão uma vez.
を使います。Tenho visitado だと最近頻繁に行っていることになります。
この時制では決して変化しません。女性のグループが話していても、
Nós temos estudado
となり、estudadas にはなりません。
いいえ、少し違います。英語の 'I have done' は完了したことも表せますが、ポルトガル語の 'tenho feito' はほぼ常に「最近繰り返されている習慣」を意味します。
Tenho feito exercícios.
文法的には可能ですが、日常会話で使う人はいません。2026年の現代では、自然に聞こえる 'ter' を使いましょう。 Tenho estudado.
次のチャプター
The Versatile Past Participle
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