B2 · 中上級 チャプター 2

The Versatile Past Participle

6 トータルルール
65 例文
8 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the versatile past participle to construct complex, native-sounding Portuguese sentences with confidence.

  • Distinguish between compound tenses using 'ter' and passive voice using 'ser'.
  • Navigate the tricky landscape of regular vs. irregular participle forms.
  • Apply agreement rules correctly to sound like a fluent speaker.
Master the past, perfect your future fluency.

学べること

Ready to elevate your Portuguese to the next level? This chapter is your deep dive into 'The Versatile Past Participle,' a crucial element for anyone aiming for precision and fluency. Forget basic conjugations; here, you'll truly master how to use past participles to construct complex thoughts and sound genuinely native. Ever wondered when to say 'A porta foi aberta' (The door was opened) versus 'Eu tinha aberto a porta' (I had opened the door)? You'll unlock the secrets of pairing the correct participle form with auxiliary verbs like 'ter,' 'ser,' and 'estar'. We'll tackle those tricky irregular participles head-on – think 'aceito' vs. 'aceitado' – and show you the clear-cut rules for choosing the 'long' form for actions and the 'short' form for descriptions or states. You'll learn exactly when the participle agrees in gender and number, and crucially, when it remains 'frozen' in its masculine singular '-o' form, especially with 'ter' in compound tenses. This isn't just about memorizing; it's about understanding the underlying logic that connects these forms. By the time you've completed this chapter, you won't just know the rules; you'll intuitively *feel* them. You'll confidently form perfect tenses, precisely describe the results of actions, and express nuanced meanings that set you apart from intermediate speakers. Get ready to fine-tune your expression and speak Portuguese with the effortless accuracy of a true B2 speaker!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use 'ter' and 'ser' correctly in compound tenses.

チャプターガイド

Overview

The Portuguese past participle is a grammatical chameleon, capable of adapting to different roles and meanings within a sentence. Mastering its nuances is crucial for B2 learners aiming for fluency and accuracy. This chapter delves into the fascinating world of the past participle, exploring its formation, agreement rules, and the intriguing phenomenon of double participles.
From understanding when to use 'ter' versus 'ser' with participles to navigating irregular forms and the subtle differences between long and short forms, you'll gain the confidence to use this essential verb form correctly. We'll also address the common pitfalls that learners encounter, providing clear explanations and practical examples to solidify your understanding. Prepare to unlock a deeper level of Portuguese grammar and express yourself with greater precision.
This guide will equip you with the knowledge to correctly form and use past participles in various grammatical constructions, including perfect tenses, passive voice, and as adjectives. We will demystify the rules governing agreement, explain the logic behind irregular participles, and illuminate the situations where participles remain invariable. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to confidently handle complex sentences and communicate your ideas more effectively in Portuguese.

How This Grammar Works

The Portuguese past participle is formed by taking the infinitive of a verb and modifying its ending. For regular verbs, this typically involves dropping the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and adding -ado for -ar verbs and -ido for -er and -ir verbs. For example, 'falar' (to speak) becomes 'falado', and 'comer' (to eat) becomes 'comido'.
However, Portuguese is rich with irregular verbs, meaning their past participles don't follow this predictable pattern. Verbs like 'abrir' (to open) form 'aberto', 'escrever' (to write) form 'escrito', and 'ver' (to see) form 'visto'. Recognizing these irregular forms is key to accurate usage.
Furthermore, the past participle plays a dual role: it's a component of compound tenses (like the present perfect, e.g., Eu tenho falado) and can also function as an adjective, describing a noun (e.g.,
A porta está aberta
). Understanding these distinct functions is fundamental to grasping the versatility of the past participle.
The choice between using the auxiliary verb 'ter' (to have) or 'ser' (to be) with the past participle is a critical distinction. 'Ter' is used to form perfect tenses, indicating an action that has been completed. In this context, the past participle usually remains invariable, meaning its ending does not change to agree with the subject or object.
'Ser,' on the other hand, is used to form the passive voice, where the subject receives the action of the verb. In the passive voice, the past participle *must* agree in gender and number with the subject. This agreement rule is a fundamental aspect of Portuguese grammar that learners often find challenging.
Portuguese Past Participle: The ter vs. ser Rule
When forming compound tenses like the present perfect (e.g., eu tenho comido), the auxiliary verb 'ter' is used, and the past participle typically remains invariable, meaning its ending does not change. For instance, Eu tenho falado (I have spoken),
Nós temos falado
(We have spoken), and
Eles têm falado
(They have spoken) all use 'falado' without alteration. The exception arises when the past participle is used in the passive voice, where 'ser' (or sometimes 'estar') acts as the auxiliary.
In the passive voice, the past participle *must* agree in gender and number with the subject. For example,
A carta foi escrita
(The letter was written), where 'escrita' agrees with 'carta' (feminine singular). Similarly,
Os livros foram comprados
(The books were bought), where 'comprados' agrees with 'livros' (masculine plural).
Portuguese Irregular Participles: 'Aceito' or 'Aceitado'?
Many Portuguese verbs have irregular past participles that must be memorized. For verbs ending in -er and -ir, the regular ending is -ido, but numerous exceptions exist. For example, 'aceitar' (to accept) has the regular past participle 'aceitado'.
However, in many contexts, especially when used with 'ter' to form perfect tenses, the shorter, irregular form 'aceito' is preferred and considered more standard. This is a common point of confusion. Other examples include 'pagar' (to pay), which forms 'pago' instead of 'pagado', and 'ganhar' (to win/earn), which forms 'ganho' instead of 'ganhado'.
Always consult a reliable Portuguese dictionary or grammar resource for irregular participles.
Invariable Participles (Ter + Particípio): When NOT to Change Endings
When the past participle is used with the auxiliary verb 'ter' to form compound tenses (present perfect, past perfect, future perfect), it generally remains invariable. This means its ending (-o, -a, -os, -as) does not change to agree with the subject or any direct object that might precede it. For example, in
Eles têm feito o trabalho
(They have done the work), 'feito' remains unchanged.
Even if a direct object pronoun comes before 'têm', such as
Eles o têm feito,
'feito' still does not agree with 'o'. The participle only changes its ending when it functions as an adjective or in the passive voice with 'ser' or 'estar'.
Portuguese Double Past Participles: Regular vs. Irregular Forms
Some verbs have both a regular and an irregular past participle. These are known as double past participles. Generally, the regular form (ending in -ado or -ido) is used with the auxiliary verb 'ter' to form perfect tenses, while the irregular form is used with 'ser' or 'estar' when functioning as an adjective or in the passive voice.
For example, 'entregar' (to deliver) has the regular participle 'entregado' and the irregular participle 'entregue'. So,
Eu tenho entregado os pacotes
(I have delivered the packages) uses the regular form with 'ter'. However,
Os pacotes foram entregues
(The packages were delivered) uses the irregular form 'entregues' with 'ser' and agrees with 'pacotes'.
Portuguese Double Participles: Long vs. Short Forms (Participio Duplo)
The concept of double participles often refers to verbs that possess both a regular (-ado/-ido) and an irregular (often shorter) form. The distinction lies in their usage. The long form (regular) is typically employed with the auxiliary verb 'ter' in compound tenses, emphasizing the completion of an action.
The short form (irregular) is more commonly used with 'ser' or 'estar' to describe a state or condition resulting from an action, functioning more like an adjective. For instance, 'terminar' (to finish) has 'terminado' (long) and 'termino' (short, though less common and often avoided).
O trabalho está terminado
(The work is finished) uses the long form with 'estar'.
The Frozen 'O': Participle Agreement with 'Ter'
When the past participle is used with the auxiliary verb 'ter' to form perfect tenses, it remains invariable, meaning its ending does not change, no matter the gender or number of the subject. This is often referred to as the "frozen 'o'
rule, implying that the masculine singular form is the default and unchanging form in this construction. For example, in
As meninas têm estudado muito" (The girls have studied a lot), 'estudado' remains in its masculine singular form, even though 'meninas' is feminine plural.
The participle only agrees when it acts as an adjective or in the passive voice with 'ser'.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Eu tenho visto elas ontem.
✓ Correct:
Eu as vi ontem.
or
Eu as tenho visto.
(depending on nuance)
*Explanation:* The past participle 'visto' is incorrectly used as a main verb in a simple past context. For a completed past action, the simple past tense ('vi') is required. If the intention is to express a past action with present relevance or a repeated action, then 'tenho visto' is correct, but the pronoun placement and tense are crucial.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    As janelas foram aberto.
✓ Correct:
As janelas foram abertas.
*Explanation:* When using the passive voice with 'ser', the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject. 'Janelas' is feminine plural, so the participle 'aberto' must also be feminine plural ('abertas').

Real Conversations

A

A

Você já tem escrito para sua família? (Have you written to your family yet?)
B

B

Sim, já tenho escrito para eles semana passada. (Yes, I have already written to them last week.)
A

A

O relatório foi entregue? (Was the report delivered?)
B

B

Sim, foi entregue hoje de manhã. (Yes, it was delivered this morning.)

Quick FAQ

Q

When do I use 'ter' versus 'ser' with the past participle?

Use 'ter' to form perfect tenses (e.g., eu tenho falado). Use 'ser' to form the passive voice (e.g.,

a carta foi escrita
).

Q

Do past participles always agree in number and gender?

Not always. They agree when used as adjectives or in the passive voice with 'ser' or 'estar'. They remain invariable when used with 'ter' in perfect tenses.

Cultural Context

Understanding the nuances of past participles is not just about grammar; it's about expressing precise meaning. The choice between an invariable participle with 'ter' and an agreeing participle with 'ser' can subtly alter the emphasis, from an action completed to a state achieved. This linguistic precision allows for richer and more idiomatic communication in Portuguese.

重要な例文 (6)

1

Eu já tinha pagado a conta antes de você chegar.

あなたが来る前に、私はもうお会計を済ませていました。

ポルトガル語の二重過去分詞：規則形と不規則形の使い分け
2

O boleto já está pago.

その振込用紙はすでに支払い済みです。

ポルトガル語の二重過去分詞：規則形と不規則形の使い分け
3

Eu já tinha `aceitado` o convite quando você ligou.

あなたが電話してきたとき、私はすでに招待を受けていました。

ポルトガル語の二重過去分詞：長形と短形 (Participio Duplo)
4

O convite foi `aceito` por todos os convidados.

その招待はすべてのゲストに受け入れられました。

ポルトガル語の二重過去分詞：長形と短形 (Participio Duplo)
5

A minha mãe tem ligado toda hora.

お母さんがしょっちゅう電話してくるんだ。

凍結された 'O': 'Ter' を使った分詞の一致
6

As meninas tinham saído antes da festa acabar.

女の子たちはパーティーが終わる前に帰っちゃってたよ。

凍結された 'O': 'Ter' を使った分詞の一致

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

助動詞 `ter` はあなたの強い味方

迷ったらこれを思い出して。 ter と一緒に使う時、過去分詞の形は絶対に変わりません。 Tenho falado, tinha comido, terá feito のように、常に一定なので安心してください。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の過去分詞：`ter`対`ser`のルール
🎯

ブラジル流のショートカット

ブラジルでは日常会話で 'ter' の後でも 'ganho' や 'pago' などの短い形を使う人がとても多いです。話し言葉では自然ですが、試験やフォーマルな場では長い形を使ってね！
Eu tinha ganho o prêmio.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の不規則過去分詞：'Aceito' それとも 'Aceitado'？
⚠️

フランス語やイタリア語の罠

もしフランス語などを学んだことがあれば、目的語が前に来ると分詞を一致させたくなるかもしれません（例：'As cartas? Eu as tinha lidas'）。でもポルトガル語では厳禁！常に不変なのでこう言います：
Eu as tinha lido.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 不変の過去分詞 (Ter + Particípio): 語尾を変えてはいけない時
💡

ブラジルの日常会話の裏技

ブラジルでは、話し言葉で 'ter' の後に短い形を使うことがよくあります。教科書的には間違いですが、 Eu tinha ganho と言う方が現地の人っぽく聞こえることもあります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の二重過去分詞：規則形と不規則形の使い分け

重要な語彙 (5)

aceito accepted aberto opened impresso printed eleito elected auxiliar to assist/auxiliary

Real-World Preview

briefcase

The Office Meeting

Review Summary

  • Ter + Particípio (Active) / Ser + Particípio (Passive)
  • Ter + Particípio (-o)

よくある間違い

With 'ter', the participle must be the frozen masculine singular form, regardless of the direct object.

Wrong: Eu tinha aceitada a proposta.
正解: Eu tinha aceitado a proposta.

Do not confuse passive voice ('ser') with perfect tenses ('ter').

Wrong: O documento tem sido impresso.
正解: O documento foi impresso.

Some verbs have irregular participles that must be memorized.

Wrong: A porta está abrida.
正解: A porta está aberta.

このチャプターのルール (6)

1

ポルトガル語の過去分詞：`ter`対`ser`のルール

B2
助動詞が ter なら形は固定、 ser や estar なら性数一致させるのが鉄則です。キーワードは ter ser estar です。
O bolo foi `comido` pelas crianças.
10 例文
2

ポルトガル語の不規則過去分詞：'Aceito' それとも 'Aceitado'？

B2
助動詞が 'ter' なら「長い形」、'ser' や 'estar' なら「短い形」を使いましょう。短い形は gênero（性）と número（数）を主語に合わせるのがポイントです。
Eu já tinha aceitado o convite no LinkedIn.
10 例文
3

不変の過去分詞 (Ter + Particípio): 語尾を変えてはいけない時

B2
助動詞の 'ter' や 'haver' を使う複合時制では、過去分詞は常に男性単数形の «-o» でフリーズさせます。ter haver invariable がキーワードです。
Ela tinha comprado as passagens aéreas online.
10 例文
4

ポルトガル語の二重過去分詞：規則形と不規則形の使い分け

B2
助動詞が 'ter' なら長い方の Regular、'ser' や 'estar' なら短い方の Irregular を選ぶのが鉄則です。
Eu já tinha pagado a conta antes de você chegar.
12 例文
5

ポルトガル語の二重過去分詞：長形と短形 (Participio Duplo)

B2
「動き」を表す 'ter/haver' には long form を、「状態や結果」を表す 'ser/estar' には short form を使いましょう。
Eu já tinha `aceitado` o convite quando você ligou...
12 例文
6

凍結された 'O': 'Ter' を使った分詞の一致

B2
助動詞 'ter' を使った完了時制では、メインの動詞（過去分詞）は常に男性単数形の «-o» で「フリーズ」したまま。主語が誰であっても形を変えないのがポイントです。
A minha mãe tem ligado toda hora.
11 例文

Next Steps

You've successfully navigated the complexities of the past participle! Keep practicing these structures in your daily conversations to solidify your fluency.

Read a news article and highlight all passive constructions.

Continue to: Clarifying Subjects with the Personal Infinitive

クイック練習 (10)

適切な過去分詞を空欄に入れてください。

A pizza já foi ______ ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: comida
Pizza は女性単数名詞で、助動詞が ser (foi) なので、過去分詞も女性単数形の comida にする必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の過去分詞：`ter`対`ser`のルール

正しい受動態の文を選んでください。

Choose the grammatically correct passive sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A encomenda foi entregue.
助動詞 'ser' (foi) の後は短い形の 'entregue' を使います。単数主語なのでそのままの形です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の二重過去分詞：長形と短形 (Participio Duplo)

文法的に正しい文章を選んでください。

正しい文章はどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nós temos visitado a nossa avó.
助動詞 ter を使う場合、過去分詞（visitado）は主語に関わらず常に男性単数形のままで変化しません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の過去分詞：`ter`対`ser`のルール

空欄に適切な過去分詞の形を入れてください。

A Joana já tinha ___ as malas para a viagem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: preparado
助動詞が 'tinha' (ter) なので、目的語の 'malas'（女性複数）に関わらず、分詞は不変の 'preparado' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 不変の過去分詞 (Ter + Particípio): 語尾を変えてはいけない時

'pagar' の正しい形を入れて文を完成させてください。

Eu já tinha ___ a mensalidade da Netflix.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: pagado
助動詞 'tinha' があるので、フォーマルなポルトガル語では規則的な長い形 'pagado' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の不規則過去分詞：'Aceito' それとも 'Aceitado'？

一致のミスを修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

As meninas tinham saídas cedo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: As meninas tinham saído cedo.
'meninas' が女性複数であっても、'ter' とセットの過去分詞は 'saído' のままです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 凍結された 'O': 'Ter' を使った分詞の一致

'fazer' の正しい過去分詞を入れてください。

Nós temos ___ muitas viagens ultimamente.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: feito
'feito' は不規則形ですが、ルールは同じ。'ter' と一緒なら常に男性単数形です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 凍結された 'O': 'Ter' を使った分詞の一致

「彼女は到着した」という意味で正しい文を選んでください。

文法的に正しいのはどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela tem chegado.
助動詞 'ter' (tem) を使う場合、主語に関わらずメインの動詞は男性単数形の過去分詞 (-o) になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 凍結された 'O': 'Ter' を使った分詞の一致

文法的な間違いを見つけて直してください。

Os professores tinham corrigidas as provas.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Os professores tinham corrigido as provas.
元の文は 'corrigidas' を 'provas' に一致させてしまっています。 'ter' があるので、不変の 'corrigido' が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 不変の過去分詞 (Ter + Particípio): 語尾を変えてはいけない時

性別の一致に関する間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

As mensagens foram lido por ele.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: As mensagens foram lidas por ele.
過去分詞 'lido' は、女性複数形の主語 'As mensagens' に合わせて 'lidas' に変化させる必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の不規則過去分詞：'Aceito' それとも 'Aceitado'？

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

完了した動作を表す特別な動詞の形です。英語の I have eaten の eaten や
the door is closed
の closed にあたります。ポルトガル語では通常 -ado や -ido で終わります。
O livro está lido.
それは元の動詞の語尾によります。 -ar で終わる動詞は -ado になり（例： falar → falado）、 -er と -ir で終わる動詞は -ido になります（例： comer → comido）。
Eu tenho comido bem.
規則形（-ado/-ido）と短い不規則形の2つの過去分詞を持っている動詞のことです。
Este é um verbo abundante.
助動詞の 'ter' や 'haver' を使った完了形（能動態）の時に使います。 Eu tinha pagado.
性別（男性・女性）や数（単数・複数）によって形を変えない過去分詞のことです。周りの名詞に関係なく、常に男性単数形の «-o» で終わります。
'ter' や 'haver' を使った完了形では、分詞は形容詞ではなく「動詞の一部」として機能しているからです。名詞を説明しているわけではないので、一致させる必要がないんですよ。
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