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A2 noun #3,000 よく出る 9分で読める

testemunha

At the A1 level, you should learn 'testemunha' as a basic noun for 'witness.' You might use it in very simple sentences like 'Eu sou uma testemunha' (I am a witness). At this stage, don't worry too much about the complex legal definitions. Just remember that it is a person who sees something happen. It is important to notice that even if you are a man, you say 'Eu sou uma testemunha' because the word is always feminine. You might hear this word in basic stories or news snippets. Focus on the connection between 'ver' (to see) and being a 'testemunha.' If you see a cat jump over a wall, you are a 'testemunha' of that small event. It's a useful word to describe your role in a situation where you observed something. Practice saying 'A testemunha viu tudo' (The witness saw everything) to get used to the 'nh' sound, which is like the 'ny' in 'canyon.'
At the A2 level, you begin to use 'testemunha' in more practical, everyday contexts. You might need to explain that you saw a car accident: 'Eu fui testemunha de um acidente de carro.' You should also learn the common phrase 'testemunha ocular' (eyewitness). At this level, you should be comfortable with the fact that the word doesn't change gender. You can start using it with simple past tenses: 'A testemunha falou com a polícia' (The witness spoke with the police). You might also encounter it in the context of weddings or official documents, where you might be asked 'Você pode ser minha testemunha?' (Can you be my witness?). This level focuses on the social utility of the word—being the person who confirms that something happened. You should also start to distinguish between 'testemunha' (the person) and 'ver' (the verb).
By B1, you should understand the role of a 'testemunha' in more formal and legal settings. You will encounter the word in news articles about trials or investigations. You should know the difference between 'testemunha de acusação' (prosecution witness) and 'testemunha de defesa' (defense witness). At this level, you can use the word in more complex sentences with conjunctions: 'Embora a testemunha estivesse nervosa, ela contou a verdade' (Although the witness was nervous, she told the truth). You should also be aware of the abstract use of the word, such as 'testemunha da história' (witness to history). You'll start to see how 'testemunha' interacts with other legal terms like 'depoimento' (testimony) and 'tribunal' (court). Your vocabulary should expand to include related verbs like 'presenciar' (to witness) and 'confirmar' (to confirm).
At the B2 level, you should have a nuanced understanding of 'testemunha.' You can discuss the reliability of witnesses in debates: 'A memória de uma testemunha pode ser não confiável' (A witness's memory can be unreliable). You should be able to use the word in figurative contexts, such as 'O silêncio da noite foi a única testemunha do crime' (The silence of the night was the only witness to the crime). You will understand the legal implications of being a 'testemunha' and the responsibilities involved, such as 'prestar falso testemunho' (giving false testimony/perjury). At this stage, your grammatical accuracy should be near-perfect, never making the mistake of saying 'o testemunha.' you should also be familiar with more idiomatic or formal expressions involving the word, and be able to follow complex news reports or legal dramas where multiple witnesses provide conflicting accounts.
At the C1 level, you explore the philosophical and technical depths of the word 'testemunha.' You can analyze literature where the 'narrador-testemunha' (witness-narrator) plays a key role in the perspective of the story. You understand the historical weight of 'testemunhas oculares' in documenting human rights abuses or major historical shifts. You are comfortable with technical legal distinctions, such as 'testemunha referida' (a witness mentioned by another witness) or 'testemunha impedida' (a witness barred from testifying due to a conflict of interest). Your use of the word is precise and context-aware. You can discuss the sociology of being a witness and the concept of 'testemunho' as a literary genre. You should also be able to handle complex grammatical structures involving the word, such as 'Caso a testemunha não compareça, o julgamento será adiado' (Should the witness not appear, the trial will be postponed).
At the C2 level, you have complete mastery over 'testemunha' and its various connotations. You can use it in highly formal, academic, or poetic contexts. You might discuss the 'estética do testemunho' (aesthetics of testimony) in post-war literature or the epistemological challenges of witness accounts in historiography. You understand the most obscure legal applications and the historical evolution of the word from its Latin roots. You can use the word with total ease in any register, from slang to the most elevated legal discourse. You might use it in complex metaphors: 'A arquitetura de Lisboa é uma testemunha de pedra da expansão ultramarina' (Lisbon's architecture is a stone witness to the overseas expansion). At this level, the word is not just a vocabulary item but a tool for deep expression and analysis of truth, reality, and human experience.
練習する 例文 メモとヒント

testemunha 30秒で

  • A 'testemunha' is a person who observes an event firsthand and can provide evidence or testimony about it in various contexts.
  • Grammatically, it is a feminine noun ('a testemunha') that never changes gender, even when referring to a male person.
  • It is commonly used in legal settings (courtrooms), official ceremonies (weddings), and everyday reporting of accidents or crimes.
  • Key variations include 'testemunha ocular' (eyewitness) and 'testemunha de defesa/acusação' (defense/prosecution witness).

The Portuguese word testemunha is a fundamental noun that translates primarily to 'witness' in English. At its core, it refers to an individual who has direct knowledge of an event, typically because they were present and observed it with their own senses. In the Portuguese linguistic landscape, this word carries significant weight in legal, social, and religious contexts. It is derived from the Latin testimonium, which relates to the act of bearing witness or providing evidence. Unlike many other Portuguese nouns that change their ending based on gender, testemunha is a 'substantivo sobrecomum,' meaning it remains feminine regardless of whether the person being referred to is male or female. You would say 'o homem é uma testemunha' and 'a mulher é uma testemunha.' This grammatical quirk is one of the first hurdles for learners but is essential for sounding natural.

Legal Context
In a courtroom, a testemunha is someone called to testify about facts relevant to a case.
Social Context
At a wedding, the individuals who sign the marriage certificate to validate the union are called testemunhas.
Everyday Observation
Anyone who sees a car accident or a minor incident in the street is considered a testemunha ocular (eyewitness).

Understanding 'testemunha' also requires distinguishing it from 'testemunho.' While 'testemunha' is the person, 'testemunho' is the testimony or the statement given by that person. This distinction is vital for clear communication. For example, 'A testemunha deu um testemunho emocionante' (The witness gave an emotional testimony). The word also appears in religious contexts, most notably in 'Testemunhas de Jeová' (Jehovah's Witnesses), where it signifies those who bear witness to their faith. In a broader, more metaphorical sense, objects or places can also be witnesses to history. A historic building might be described as a 'testemunha silenciosa' (silent witness) of the centuries passing by. This versatility makes it a high-frequency word that appears in news reports, literature, and daily conversations about events we have seen.

A testemunha descreveu o suspeito com muitos detalhes ao oficial de polícia durante o interrogatório inicial no local do crime.

Precisamos de uma testemunha para assinar este contrato e garantir que todos os termos foram aceitos voluntariamente.

Ele foi a única testemunha ocular do acidente que ocorreu no cruzamento movimentado esta manhã.

As estrelas são as únicas testemunhas dos nossos segredos mais profundos quando caminhamos sozinhos à noite.

O juiz pediu que a testemunha se aproximasse para prestar o seu depoimento oficial perante o tribunal.

Using the word testemunha correctly involves more than just knowing its definition; it requires understanding its grammatical behavior and common verbal pairings. As a 'substantivo sobrecomum,' it does not change its gender to match the biological sex of the person it describes. This is a common point of confusion for English speakers who are used to gender-neutral terms or Spanish speakers where 'testigo' can change articles. In Portuguese, the article 'a' is inseparable from 'testemunha.' If you need to specify the gender, you must add the words 'homem' or 'mulher' afterwards, though this is rarely necessary unless the context demands it: 'A testemunha (um homem de 40 anos)...'

Verbs of Action
Common verbs used with testemunha include 'chamar' (to call), 'ouvir' (to hear/interview), and 'interrogar' (to interrogate).
Verbs of Role
A person can 'servir de testemunha' (serve as a witness) or 'ser testemunha' (be a witness).
Verbs of Presentation
In legal settings, the police 'apresentam a testemunha' (present the witness) to the judge.

In terms of sentence structure, 'testemunha' often takes modifiers that clarify the type of witness. A 'testemunha de acusação' is a witness for the prosecution, while a 'testemunha de defesa' is for the defense. If someone is testifying because they heard something but didn't see it, they might be called a 'testemunha auricular,' though this is much less common than 'testemunha ocular.' When writing, ensure that adjectives following the word also remain feminine to agree with the noun: 'A testemunha foi considerada confiável' (The witness was considered reliable), even if the witness is male. This strict adherence to grammatical gender is a hallmark of high-level Portuguese proficiency.

A testemunha principal do caso desapareceu misteriosamente antes do início do julgamento final.

Você aceitaria ser minha testemunha de casamento no próximo mês no cartório civil?

O advogado de defesa questionou a credibilidade da testemunha durante o interrogatório cruzado.

The word testemunha is ubiquitous in various domains of Portuguese-speaking life. One of the most frequent places you will encounter it is in the daily news. Crime reports (noticiários policiais) constantly refer to witnesses of robberies, accidents, or public events. Headlines like 'Testemunhas afirmam ter visto o suspeito fugindo' (Witnesses claim to have seen the suspect fleeing) are standard. In these contexts, the word conveys a sense of objectivity and evidence. It is also a staple of legal dramas and real-life court proceedings, where the 'banco das testemunhas' (witness stand) is the focal point of many legal battles.

In the Media
News anchors use it to describe people who provide accounts of breaking news events.
In Literature
Authors use the concept of a 'testemunha' to explore themes of truth, memory, and perspective.
In Bureaucracy
When signing official documents in Brazil or Portugal, you often need two 'testemunhas' to validate signatures.

Beyond the serious realms of law and news, you'll hear 'testemunha' in religious settings. The 'Testemunhas de Jeová' are a well-known presence in many Portuguese-speaking cities, often seen in public squares with their literature. In a more casual, conversational sense, friends might use the word to validate a story: 'Eu estava lá, sou testemunha de que ele realmente disse isso!' (I was there, I'm a witness that he really said that!). This usage serves to add weight to a claim or to prove that an unlikely event actually occurred. Even in sports, a commentator might say the fans were 'testemunhas de um momento histórico' when a record is broken, elevating the spectators to the status of official observers of history.

O telejornal entrevistou várias testemunhas que presenciaram a queda do meteoro na noite passada.

Na igreja, muitos fiéis deram seu relato como testemunhas da fé e das mudanças em suas vidas.

The most frequent mistake learners make with testemunha is attempting to change its gender. Because Portuguese is a gendered language, it feels intuitive to say 'o testemunha' for a man. However, this is grammatically incorrect. The word is always 'a testemunha.' This is a 'substantivo sobrecomum,' a category of nouns that includes words like 'a criança' (the child) and 'a pessoa' (the person), which never change gender regardless of the subject. Using 'o testemunha' is a clear marker of a non-native speaker and can sometimes lead to confusion in formal writing.

Gender Confusion
Incorrect: 'O testemunha era um homem alto.' Correct: 'A testemunha era um homem alto.'
Noun vs. Abstract
Confusing 'testemunha' (person) with 'testemunho' (the act/statement). You give a 'testemunho', you are a 'testemunha'.
Adjective Agreement
Learners often make the adjective masculine if the witness is male. Incorrect: 'A testemunha foi chamado.' Correct: 'A testemunha foi chamada.'

Another common error is the confusion between 'testemunha' and 'espectador.' While both see an event, an 'espectador' is usually someone watching a performance or a game (a spectator), whereas a 'testemunha' is someone who observes an event that has legal or factual consequences. You wouldn't usually be a 'testemunha' of a movie; you are an 'espectador.' Conversely, you aren't just an 'espectador' of a crime; you are a 'testemunha.' Finally, watch out for the spelling. It is 'testemunha' with an 'nh' (the palatal nasal sound), not 'testemuna' or 'testemunua.' Mastering the 'nh' sound is crucial for the correct pronunciation of this word.

Não diga 'o testemunha', mesmo que esteja falando de um homem; o correto é sempre 'a testemunha'.

Evite confundir a pessoa (testemunha) com o que ela diz (testemunho) durante um processo judicial.

While testemunha is the most common term for someone who sees an event, there are several related words that carry different nuances. Understanding these can help you choose the most precise term for your context. The most direct synonym in a legal sense is 'declarante,' which refers to someone who makes a formal declaration, though a declarante isn't always a witness to a crime; they might just be providing information. Another related term is 'observador' (observer), which is more neutral and often used in scientific or political contexts, such as 'observadores internacionais' (international observers) during an election.

Espectador
Someone who watches a show, movie, or sports event. Focuses on entertainment.
Depoente
A person who is giving a 'depoimento' (deposition/testimony) in court. More technical than testemunha.
Visualizador
A more modern, technical term for someone viewing digital content or data.

In literature or more formal writing, you might encounter 'vidente' in the sense of 'one who sees,' though in modern Portuguese, 'vidente' almost exclusively means a psychic or fortune teller. Therefore, stick to 'testemunha' for someone seeing a real-world event. There is also the verb 'presenciar' (to witness/be present at), which is the action performed by the 'testemunha.' If you want to say 'I witnessed the event,' you would say 'Eu presenciei o evento.' This verb is more formal than 'ver' (to see) and specifically implies being a witness to something significant. Lastly, 'padrinho' and 'madrinha' are specific types of witnesses in religious ceremonies like baptisms or weddings, carrying more emotional and social responsibility than a simple 'testemunha.'

O observador da ONU relatou que as eleições foram justas, agindo como uma testemunha imparcial.

Como depoente, ela teve que jurar dizer a verdade antes de começar seu relato como testemunha.

How Formal Is It?

フォーマル

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カジュアル

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難易度

知っておくべき文法

レベル別の例文

1

Eu sou uma testemunha.

I am a witness.

Note that 'testemunha' is feminine even if the speaker is male.

2

A testemunha viu o gato.

The witness saw the cat.

Simple Subject-Verb-Object structure.

3

Onde está a testemunha?

Where is the witness?

Question form using 'onde'.

4

Ela é uma testemunha boa.

She is a good witness.

Adjective 'boa' agrees with the feminine noun 'testemunha'.

5

A testemunha não fala inglês.

The witness does not speak English.

Negative sentence structure.

6

Duas testemunhas estão aqui.

Two witnesses are here.

Plural form: 'testemunhas'.

7

Você é a testemunha?

Are you the witness?

Direct address using 'você'.

8

A testemunha viu o carro azul.

The witness saw the blue car.

Past tense 'viu' (saw).

1

Eu fui testemunha de um acidente.

I was a witness to an accident.

Use of 'ser' in the past (fui) to describe a past role.

2

A testemunha ocular descreveu o ladrão.

The eyewitness described the thief.

'Ocular' specifies the type of witness.

3

Precisamos de uma testemunha para o contrato.

We need a witness for the contract.

Use of 'precisar de' (to need).

4

A testemunha chegou tarde ao tribunal.

The witness arrived late to the court.

Adverb 'tarde' (late).

5

Ele chamou a testemunha pelo nome.

He called the witness by name.

Verb 'chamar' (to call).

6

A testemunha estava muito nervosa.

The witness was very nervous.

Imperfect tense 'estava' to describe a state.

7

Não há nenhuma testemunha do crime.

There is no witness to the crime.

Use of 'haver' (there is/are) in the negative.

8

A testemunha reconheceu o suspeito.

The witness recognized the suspect.

Verb 'reconhecer' (to recognize).

1

A testemunha de defesa prestou depoimento hoje.

The defense witness gave a testimony today.

'Testemunha de defesa' is a specific legal term.

2

É importante que a testemunha diga a verdade.

It is important that the witness tells the truth.

Subjunctive mood 'diga' after 'é importante que'.

3

O advogado interrogou a testemunha por horas.

The lawyer interrogated the witness for hours.

Verb 'interrogar' (to interrogate).

4

A testemunha confirmou a versão dos fatos.

The witness confirmed the version of the facts.

Noun 'versão' (version).

5

Ela serviu de testemunha no casamento da irmã.

She served as a witness at her sister's wedding.

Phrase 'servir de testemunha'.

6

A polícia está procurando por novas testemunhas.

The police are looking for new witnesses.

Present continuous 'está procurando'.

7

O depoimento da testemunha foi decisivo para o caso.

The witness's testimony was decisive for the case.

Adjective 'decisivo' (decisive).

8

A testemunha hesitou antes de responder à pergunta.

The witness hesitated before answering the question.

Verb 'hesitar' (to hesitate).

1

A credibilidade da testemunha foi posta em causa.

The witness's credibility was called into question.

Expression 'pôr em causa' (to question/challenge).

2

A testemunha ocular forneceu detalhes cruciais.

The eyewitness provided crucial details.

Adjective 'cruciais' (plural of crucial).

3

O juiz advertiu a testemunha sobre o falso testemunho.

The judge warned the witness about false testimony.

'Falso testemunho' refers to perjury.

4

As velhas muralhas são testemunhas da história da cidade.

The old walls are witnesses to the city's history.

Metaphorical use of 'testemunha'.

5

A testemunha foi protegida pelo programa de proteção.

The witness was protected by the protection program.

Passive voice 'foi protegida'.

6

Houve uma contradição entre os relatos das testemunhas.

There was a contradiction between the witnesses' accounts.

Noun 'contradição' (contradiction).

7

A testemunha manteve a sua calma durante o julgamento.

The witness kept her calm during the trial.

Verb 'manter' (to maintain/keep).

8

O advogado tentou descredibilizar a testemunha principal.

The lawyer tried to discredit the main witness.

Verb 'descredibilizar' (to discredit).

1

A testemunha referida será convocada para depor na próxima semana.

The mentioned witness will be summoned to testify next week.

'Testemunha referida' is a technical legal term.

2

O silêncio da testemunha foi interpretado como medo de retaliação.

The witness's silence was interpreted as fear of retaliation.

Noun 'retaliação' (retaliation).

3

A validade do depoimento depende da imparcialidade da testemunha.

The validity of the testimony depends on the witness's impartiality.

Noun 'imparcialidade' (impartiality).

4

O autor utiliza o narrador-testemunha para criar um efeito de realismo.

The author uses the witness-narrator to create an effect of realism.

Literary term 'narrador-testemunha'.

5

A testemunha ocular pode ser influenciada por perguntas sugestivas.

The eyewitness can be influenced by suggestive questions.

Adjective 'sugestivas' (suggestive).

6

O tribunal dispensou a testemunha por falta de relevância.

The court dismissed the witness for lack of relevance.

Verb 'dispensar' (to dismiss/excuse).

7

A testemunha ocular é, muitas vezes, a peça-chave de um inquérito.

The eyewitness is often the key piece of an investigation.

Compound noun 'peça-chave' (key piece).

8

O relato da testemunha foi corroborado por provas materiais.

The witness's account was corroborated by physical evidence.

Verb 'corroborar' (to corroborate).

1

A fenomenologia do testemunho analisa a relação entre a testemunha e a verdade.

The phenomenology of testimony analyzes the relationship between the witness and the truth.

Academic terminology.

2

A testemunha torna-se o guardião da memória coletiva em tempos de crise.

The witness becomes the guardian of collective memory in times of crisis.

Metaphorical/Philosophical usage.

3

O depoimento da testemunha foi eivado de contradições insanáveis.

The witness's testimony was riddled with irremediable contradictions.

High-level vocabulary: 'eivado' and 'insanáveis'.

4

A figura da testemunha é central na literatura de trauma do século XX.

The figure of the witness is central to 20th-century trauma literature.

Literary analysis context.

5

A testemunha absteve-se de responder para não se autoincriminar.

The witness refrained from answering so as not to incriminate themselves.

Reflexive verb 'abster-se' and 'autoincriminar-se'.

6

A fidedignidade da testemunha é o pilar sobre o qual assenta a acusação.

The witness's reliability is the pillar upon which the prosecution rests.

Formal noun 'fidedignidade' (reliability/trustworthiness).

7

O papel da testemunha transcende a mera observação, tornando-se um ato ético.

The role of the witness transcends mere observation, becoming an ethical act.

Verb 'transcender' (to transcend).

8

A testemunha ocular, conquanto convicta, pode laborar em erro involuntário.

The eyewitness, although convinced, may labor under an involuntary error.

Formal conjunction 'conquanto' (although).

よく使う組み合わせ

testemunha ocular
testemunha de defesa
testemunha de acusação
chamar uma testemunha
ouvir uma testemunha
servir de testemunha
testemunha principal
testemunha silenciosa
banco das testemunhas
proteção de testemunhas

よく使うフレーズ

Ser testemunha de

Prestar testemunho

Falso testemunho

Testemunha de Jeová

Testemunha de casamento

Sem testemunhas

Na presença de testemunhas

Testemunha chave

Relato de testemunha

Convocado como testemunha

よく混同される語

testemunha vs testemunho

testemunha vs espectador

testemunha vs padrinho

慣用句と表現

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間違えやすい

testemunha vs

testemunha vs

testemunha vs

testemunha vs

testemunha vs

文型パターン

使い方

Gender

Fixed feminine. 'O testemunha' is always wrong.

Ocular

Commonly added to specify seeing with one's own eyes.

Testemunha vs Testemunho

Testemunha is the person; testemunho is the evidence/statement.

よくある間違い
  • Saying 'o testemunha' for a male witness.
  • Using 'testemunho' to refer to the person instead of the statement.
  • Making adjectives masculine when the witness is male (e.g., 'a testemunha foi convidado').
  • Confusing 'testemunha' with 'espectador' in entertainment contexts.
  • Mispronouncing the 'nh' as a hard 'n' sound.

ヒント

Gender Consistency

Always use feminine articles and adjectives with 'testemunha'. Even if the witness is 'o João', he is 'a testemunha'. This is a common test of Portuguese fluency. Practice sentences like 'A testemunha foi honesta' regardless of who it is.

Testemunha vs. Espectador

Use 'testemunha' for events with consequences like crimes or accidents. Use 'espectador' for things like movies, plays, or football matches. Mixing them up can sound strange to native speakers. A 'testemunha' is an observer of reality, an 'espectador' is an observer of a performance.

Courtroom Terms

Learn 'banco das testemunhas' for the witness stand. If you are 'intimado', it means you are legally summoned to be a witness. Knowing these terms helps when watching Portuguese news or legal dramas. It also prepares you for any real-life legal situations in a Lusophone country.

Wedding Roles

If asked to be a 'testemunha' at a wedding, it's a big deal. It means you are a trusted friend or family member. You will likely need to provide your ID and sign official documents. It's a role that combines legal duty with social honor.

Mastering the 'NH'

The 'nh' in 'testemunha' is a single nasal sound. Don't pronounce the 'n' and 'h' separately. It's the same sound as in 'banho' or 'carinho'. Practice by saying 'te-ste-mu-nya' slowly until it flows.

Formal Reports

In formal writing, 'testemunha ocular' is preferred over just 'testemunha'. It sounds more precise and professional. Use it in police reports or formal descriptions of events. It shows a higher level of vocabulary control.

Silent Witness

Use 'testemunha silenciosa' to describe objects or places. It's a great way to make your writing more descriptive. For example, 'A montanha é a testemunha silenciosa da passagem do tempo'. This adds a poetic touch to your Portuguese.

Avoid 'O Testemunho' for People

Never call a person 'o testemunho'. 'Testemunho' is the abstract noun for the statement. If you say 'Ele é o testemunho', you are saying 'He is the statement', which makes no sense. Always use 'a testemunha' for the person.

News Keywords

When listening to the news, 'testemunhas' is a keyword for 'eyewitness accounts'. It usually follows a report of a crime or accident. Identifying this word quickly helps you understand the structure of the news story. It tells you that a firsthand account is coming up.

Religious Context

Be aware of 'Testemunhas de Jeová' as a common proper noun. You will see it on buildings (Salão do Reino) and in public. It's a good example of the word 'testemunha' used in a plural, collective sense. It's part of the daily visual landscape in many Portuguese-speaking cities.

暗記しよう

語源

Latin

文化的な背景

Wedding witnesses (padrinhos) have a special status and are expected to support the couple.

Legal proceedings are formal, and the role of the 'testemunha' is strictly defined by the Civil Code.

The term is central to the identity of Jehovah's Witnesses (Testemunhas de Jeová).

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

会話のきっかけ

"Você já foi testemunha de algum acidente?"

"Quem foram as testemunhas do seu casamento?"

"Você acha que o relato de uma testemunha é sempre confiável?"

"Você aceitaria ser testemunha em um tribunal?"

"O que você faria se fosse a única testemunha de um crime?"

日記のテーマ

Descreva um evento do qual você foi testemunha ocular.

Escreva sobre a importância de ser uma testemunha honesta.

Se as paredes da sua casa pudessem ser testemunhas, o que elas diriam?

Reflita sobre um momento histórico que você testemunhou pela televisão.

Como você se sentiria sendo uma testemunha em um caso importante?

よくある質問

10 問

No, 'testemunha' is a feminine noun regardless of the person's gender. You must always say 'a testemunha'. This is a rule of the Portuguese language for 'substantivos sobrecomuns'. Even in formal documents, a man is referred to as 'a testemunha'. If you need to specify, you can say 'a testemunha masculina'.

'Testemunha' refers to the person who saw the event. 'Testemunho' refers to the statement or the evidence provided by that person. For example, 'A testemunha deu o seu testemunho'. One is the actor, the other is the action or result.

Use 'testemunha ocular' when you want to emphasize that the person saw the event with their own eyes. It is common in legal and journalistic contexts to distinguish from someone who only heard about the event. It adds a layer of directness to the observation. It is the equivalent of 'eyewitness' in English.

Yes, in a legal and religious sense, the 'padrinhos' serve as the official 'testemunhas' of the marriage. They sign the documents to confirm the union took place. However, 'padrinho' implies a closer social relationship than just a random witness. In the civil registry, they are officially called 'testemunhas'.

The plural is 'testemunhas'. It follows the standard rule for nouns ending in 'a'. For example: 'As duas testemunhas chegaram cedo'. The gender remains feminine in the plural as well.

Yes, metaphorically. You can say 'Este prédio foi testemunha da revolução'. This means the building 'saw' or existed during the event. It is a common poetic and literary device in Portuguese.

It means 'to give testimony' or 'to bear witness'. It is the formal way to describe the act of a witness telling what they know. It is used in courts, religious settings, and formal reports.

Yes, the religious group is called 'Testemunhas de Jeová'. In this context, it refers to people who bear witness to their religious beliefs. It is one of the most common ways people encounter the word in daily life.

It is a witness called by the prosecution (the side trying to prove someone is guilty). Conversely, a 'testemunha de defesa' is called by the defense. These are standard terms in the Portuguese legal system.

It can be for English speakers. It is similar to the 'ny' in 'canyon' or the 'ñ' in Spanish 'niño'. To pronounce it, place the middle of your tongue against the roof of your mouth.

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