A1 · 初級 チャプター 15

First Sentences

6 トータルルール
56 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the logical simplicity of Chinese sentences and start expressing yourself today.

  • Construct basic sentences using the intuitive Subject-Verb-Object structure.
  • Identify yourself and others using the essential verb 是 (shì).
  • Express possession and existence while mastering the two ways to say 'not'.
Simple logic, powerful sentences.

学べること

Ready to speak your first sentences in Chinese? This chapter is your perfect starting point! Forget complicated grammar – Chinese sentence structure is super logical and easy to grasp. You'll dive straight into the foundational Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order, which is way simpler than you might think, especially since Chinese verbs don't change forms! We'll show you how to set the scene, telling people *who* and *what* before the action happens. You'll master the versatile verb 是 (shì), which acts like a friendly equals sign to link two nouns – perfect for introducing yourself and others (e.g., I am John or

She is a student
). Want to say no or not? We'll teach you 不 (bù), your go-to word for simple negation in the present and future, placed right where you need it before a verb or adjective. Plus, you'll learn all about 有 (yǒu) – the magic word for possession (
I have a book
) and expressing existence (There is water). Just a little heads-up: 有 (yǒu) has its own special way to say "don't have" with 没 (méi)! By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand these rules; you'll be actively using them. Imagine confidently telling someone
I am a student
in Chinese, or asking
Do you have coffee?
You'll be building proper, basic sentences, introducing yourself, stating facts, and even negating things like a pro. This is where your Chinese journey truly begins – easy, practical, and exciting!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Build a basic SVO sentence using common verbs like 吃(chī) and 喝(hē).
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Introduce your profession and nationality using 是(shì).
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Correctly negate actions and states using 不(bù) and 没(méi).

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to your very first steps in mastering A1 Chinese grammar! This chapter, First Sentences, is designed to get you speaking and understanding basic Chinese right away. Forget the intimidating reputation of learning a new language – Chinese sentence structure is incredibly logical and, in many ways, simpler than English.
We're focusing on the foundational elements that will allow you to build clear, concise sentences from day one. You’ll learn how to introduce yourself, state simple facts, and express possession, all without grappling with complex verb conjugations or tricky tenses.
This guide will demystify the core patterns of basic Chinese sentence structure, giving you the confidence to form proper sentences. We'll explore the essential Chinese word order that underpins almost all communication, making it easy to predict where words go. By understanding these fundamental rules, you’ll not only be able to construct your own sentences but also recognize and interpret what others are saying.
This chapter is your gateway to conversational Chinese, equipping you with practical tools to start your language journey.
By the end of this section, you'll be able to confidently introduce yourself, describe people and things, and express basic needs. This isn't just about memorizing rules; it's about empowering you to actively use Chinese in real-world scenarios. Get ready to build your first proper sentences and experience the excitement of communicating in Chinese!

How This Grammar Works

At the heart of Chinese word order lies the incredibly consistent Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) pattern. This is often just like English: 我 吃 苹果 (Wǒ chī píngguǒ - I eat apple). The best part?
Chinese verbs don't change form based on who is doing the action or when it happens – no conjugations! This makes the Basic Subject-Verb-Object Sentence structure remarkably straightforward.
You'll quickly master the versatile verb 是 (shì), which acts like an equals sign to link two nouns. This is your go-to for introductions and definitions. For example, 我 是 学生 (Wǒ shì xuéshēng - I am a student) or 她 是 老师 (Tā shì lǎoshī - She is a teacher).
是 (shì) is crucial for stating identities and facts.
For negation in Chinese, specifically saying 'not', you'll use 不 (bù). This handy word always comes *before* the verb or adjective it negates. So, to say
I am not a student,
you'd say 我 不 是 学生 (Wǒ bù shì xuéshēng).
If you want to say not good, it's 不 好 (bù hǎo). 不 (bù) is your primary tool for simple negative statements in the present and future.
Finally, we introduce 有 (yǒu), a powerful word for expressing possession (to have) and existence (there is). To say
I have a book,
you'd use 我 有 一本书 (Wǒ yǒu yī běn shū). To express there is water, it's 有 水 (Yǒu shuǐ).
However, 有 (yǒu) has its own special negation: 没 (méi). You *never* use 不 (bù) with 有 (yǒu). So, "I don't have money" becomes 我 没有 钱 (Wǒ méiyǒu qián).
Understanding these core elements will unlock countless everyday expressions.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 我 学生。(Wǒ xuéshēng.)
✓ Correct: 我 是 学生。(Wǒ shì xuéshēng.)
*Explanation:* In Chinese, when linking two nouns (like I and student), you almost always need the verb 是 (shì). It acts like am/is/are. Omitting it is a common beginner mistake.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 我 不 有 钱。(Wǒ bù yǒu qián.)
✓ Correct: 我 没有 钱。(Wǒ méiyǒu qián.)
*Explanation:* The verb 有 (yǒu) (to have/there is) has a unique negation. Instead of 不 (bù), you must use 没 (méi) before 有 (yǒu) to say "don't have or there isn't."
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 不 我 是 老师。(Bù wǒ shì lǎoshī.)
✓ Correct: 我 不 是 老师。(Wǒ bù shì lǎoshī.)
*Explanation:* The negation word 不 (bù) always comes directly *before* the verb or adjective it negates. In this case, it negates 是 (shì), so it should be placed right before 是 (shì), not at the beginning of the sentence.

Real Conversations

A

A

你 是 学生 吗？(Nǐ shì xuéshēng ma? - Are you a student?)
B

B

是 的，我 是 学生。(Shì de, wǒ shì xuéshēng. - Yes, I am a student.)
A

A

你 有 咖啡 吗？(Nǐ yǒu kāfēi ma? - Do you have coffee?)
B

B

我 没有 咖啡。(Wǒ méiyǒu kāfēi. - I don't have coffee.)
A

A

她 是 老师 吗？(Tā shì lǎoshī ma? - Is she a teacher?)
B

B

她 不 是 老师，她 是 医生。(Tā bù shì lǎoshī, tā shì yīshēng. - She is not a teacher, she is a doctor.)

Quick FAQ

Q

Why is Chinese word order considered easy for beginners?

Chinese primarily uses a simple Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) structure, similar to English, and verbs do not conjugate for tense or person, simplifying sentence construction significantly for A1 Chinese grammar learners.

Q

How do I say not in Chinese for most situations?

For most verbs and adjectives, you use 不 (bù) placed directly before the word you want to negate, for example, 不 吃 (bù chī - not eat) or 不 好 (bù hǎo - not good).

Q

Is 是 (shì) always used as to be like in English?

While 是 (shì) often translates to to be, its primary function is to link two nouns or noun phrases, establishing identity or classification (e.g.,

I am a student
). It's not used to describe adjectives (e.g., you wouldn't say 我 是 饿 for I am hungry).

Q

What's the main difference between 不 (bù) and 没 (méi) for negation?

不 (bù) is a general negator used with most verbs and adjectives, indicating present or future negation. 没 (méi) (or 没有 (méiyǒu)) is specifically used to negate the verb 有 (yǒu) (to have or there is), and also for past tense negation of other verbs (which you'll learn later!).

Cultural Context

These basic sentence patterns are the bedrock of everyday communication in China. When introducing yourself or others, using 是 (shì) is standard and polite. The directness of Chinese word order means that statements are often clear and unambiguous.
While regional accents vary, the fundamental grammar structures like SVO, 是 (shì), 不 (bù), and 有 (yǒu) are universally understood across all Mandarin-speaking regions. Mastering these simple building blocks allows for effective and respectful interaction in a multitude of daily scenarios, from ordering food to making new friends.

重要な例文 (6)

1

{我|wǒ}{是|shì}{老师|lǎoshī}。

私は先生です。

AはBである：動詞の 是 (shì)
2

{她|tā}{不是|bú shì}{我的|wǒ de}{女朋友|nǚpéngyou}。

彼女は私の彼女ではありません。

AはBである：動詞の 是 (shì)
3

I drink coffee.

私はコーヒーを飲みます。

中国語の基本語順：主語 + 動詞 + 目的語
4

She watches Netflix.

彼女はNetflixを見ます。

中国語の基本語順：主語 + 動詞 + 目的語
5

你看看这个。

Take a look at this.

Verb Reduplication: Try It and Just a Bit (看看, 想想, 走一走)
6

让我想想。

Let me think about it.

Verb Reduplication: Try It and Just a Bit (看看, 想想, 走一走)

ヒントとコツ (4)

⚠️

「不」は立ち入り禁止！

もし «不有» と言っても通じますが、不自然に聞こえます。プロっぽく言うなら必ず «没有» を使いましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 所有と存在：持っている・〜がある ({有|yǒu})
⚠️

形容詞のワナ

「お腹が空いた」や「嬉しい」などの状態には «守» を使っちゃダメ。代わりに «很» を使おう。«我很餓了。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: AはBである：動詞の 是 (shì)
💡

声調の変化に注目！

「不」のすぐ後ろが第4声（下がる音）の時、不は第2声（上がる音）の「bú」に変わるよ。例えば「違うよ」と言う時は: «我{不是}美国人。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 不 (bù) を使った否定：「〜ない」を中国語で言う
💡

「背景が先、アクションは後」

映画のセットを作るみたいに、まず時間と場所を決めてから動詞を言います。«我明天去北京。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の語順：基本的な主語-動詞-目的語の文

重要な語彙 (8)

我(wǒ) I / me 是(shì) to be (am, is, are) 有(yǒu) to have / there is 不(bù) not / no 没(méi) not (used with 有) 喝(hē) to drink 咖啡(kāfēi) coffee 书(shū) book

Real-World Preview

coffee

At a Cafe

users

Meeting a New Friend

Review Summary

  • Subject + Verb + Object
  • S + 是 (shì) + Noun
  • S + 不 (bù) + Verb/Adj
  • S + 有 (yǒu) + O / S + 没 (méi) + 有 (yǒu) + O
  • Verb + Verb

よくある間違い

Do not use 是(shì) to link a subject to an adjective. Use 很(hěn) instead.

Wrong: 我是高兴 (wǒ shì gāoxìng)
正解: 我很高兴 (wǒ hěn gāoxìng)

有(yǒu) is special and can only be negated with 没(méi). Never use 不(bù) with 有(yǒu).

Wrong: 我不有书 (wǒ bù yǒu shū)
正解: 我没有书 (wǒ méiyǒu shū)

Keep the SVO order strict at this level. The subject must come first.

Wrong: 书我有 (shū wǒ yǒu)
正解: 我有书 (wǒ yǒu shū)

このチャプターのルール (6)

1

所有と存在：持っている・〜がある ({有|yǒu})

A1
「持っている」も「ある」も全部 «有» ひとつでOK！否定する時は «没有» を使い、絶対に «不» は使わないのがルールです。
我有一个哥哥。
10 例文
2

AはBである：動詞の 是 (shì)

A1
「是 (shì)」は「A ＝ B」をつなぐイコールの役割！名詞と名詞をセットにする魔法の言葉だよ。«是» «不是» «イコール»
{我|wǒ}{是|shì}{老师|lǎoshī}。
10 例文
3

不 (bù) を使った否定：「〜ない」を中国語で言う

A1
「不」は、今や未来の「ない」を伝えるための魔法の言葉！動詞や形容詞の「すぐ前」に置くだけでOKだよ。 «不» «現在・未来» «動詞の前»
我不是美国人。
10 例文
4

中国語の語順：基本的な主語-動詞-目的語の文

A1
中国語では、アクション（動詞）を起こす前に「誰が」「いつ」「どこで」という「シチュエーション」を全部説明しちゃいましょう。«主語» «時間» «場所» がセットです。
{我|Wǒ} {喝|hē} {茶|chá}。
11 例文
5

中国語の基本語順：主語 + 動詞 + 目的語

A1
中国語は英語と同じ「誰が・する・何を」の順番！動詞の形が変わらないから、パズルみたいに並べるだけでOK。 SVO «変化なし» «語順が命»
I drink coffee.
11 例文
6

Verb Reduplication: Try It and Just a Bit (看看, 想想, 走一走)

A1
你看看这个。
4 例文

Next Steps

You've just built the most important foundation in Chinese grammar. Every sentence from here on uses these patterns. Keep practicing, and you'll be fluent in no time!

Write 5 'I have' and 5 'I don't have' sentences.

Record yourself introducing yourself and your profession.

Continue to: Describing Your World

クイック練習 (10)

文の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

我昨天不去商店。(私は昨日、店に行きませんでした。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我昨天没去商店。
昨日のこと（過去）を否定する時は、「不」ではなく「没」を使うのがルールです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 不 (bù) を使った否定：「〜ない」を中国語で言う

Which sentence is correct?

Choose the correct one:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 看一看
No 'le' allowed.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Verb Reduplication: Try It and Just a Bit (看看, 想想, 走一走)

正しい文になるように単語を並べ替えてください。

単語：昨天, 看, 我, 一个电影

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
正しい語順は、主語 (我) ＋ 時間 (昨天) ＋ 動詞 (看) ＋ 目的語 (一个电影) です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の語順：基本的な主語-動詞-目的語の文

文の間違いを見つけて直してください。

彼女はレストランでお茶を飲みます：她喝茶在饭馆。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
中国語では、場所 (在饭馆) は必ず動詞 (喝) の前に来なければなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の語順：基本的な主語-動詞-目的語の文

Fill in the blank with the correct form.

我们去公园___吧。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 走走
AA pattern is correct.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Verb Reduplication: Try It and Just a Bit (看看, 想想, 走一走)

「あなたは映画を見ます」となるように空欄を埋めてね。

{你|nǐ} ___ {电影|diànyǐng}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {看|kàn}
{看|kàn} は「見る」という意味で、映画という文脈にぴったりです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の基本語順：主語 + 動詞 + 目的語

「彼は中国語を学びます」という文の間違いを直してね。

Find and fix the mistake:

{他|tā} {是|shì} {学|xué} {中文|zhōngwén}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他|tā} {学|xué} {中文|zhōngwén}。
中国語では、動作を表す動詞がある時に「〜です」を意味する '{度|shì}' は使いません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の基本語順：主語 + 動詞 + 目的語

空欄を埋めて、文を否定形にしてください。

他 ___ 是学生。(彼は学生ではありません。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 不
「是」を否定する時は必ず「不」を使います。正解は「不是」です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 不 (bù) を使った否定：「〜ない」を中国語で言う

Correct the mistake.

Find and fix the mistake:

他休息休息了。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他休息休息。
Remove 'le'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Verb Reduplication: Try It and Just a Bit (看看, 想想, 走一走)

空欄に適切な単語を入れてください。

我们明天 ___ 学校学习。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
「〜へ行く」という動作を表す動詞「去」が必要です。場所へ行って何かをするという流れです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の語順：基本的な主語-動詞-目的語の文

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

いいえ！中国語のいいところは、主語が誰でも «有» のままで変わらないことです。
これは歴史的なルールなんです。 «有» と «没» は結婚した夫婦のようなもので、 «不» はお呼びじゃないと覚えましょう。
いいえ。中国語の動詞は変化しません。「私たちは〜です」も «我们是» と言うよ。
形は «是» のまま。「昨日」や «以前» などの言葉を足すだけでOKだよ。
動詞や形容詞の前に置いて「〜ない」にするよ。英語の 'not' と同じ感覚で、«不好»（良くない）のように使うんだ。
否定したい言葉のすぐ前だよ！ «我不喜欢»（私は好きじゃない）なら、«喜欢» の直前だね。
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