B2 · 中上級 チャプター 6

Mastering Sentence Foundations

5 トータルルール
51 例文
7 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the structural pillars that transform basic Chinese into natural, high-level expression.

  • Distinguish the three homophonous 'De' particles for precise sentence building.
  • Manipulate separable verbs to include time, frequency, and specific nuances.
  • Navigate temporal accuracy using 'just now' and approximate duration indicators.
Precision in structure leads to elegance in speech.

学べること

Ready to truly elevate your Chinese sentences? In 'Mastering Sentence Foundations,' we're diving deep into the subtle nuances of sentence construction that transform good learners into near-native speakers. First, we'll demystify the three 'De' particles: 的, 地, and 得. You'll learn their distinct roles—modifying nouns, describing verb actions, or expressing results—ensuring your sentences are grammatically precise and natural. No more guessing! Next, master separable verbs (离合词)! Learn to 'split' these verbs to accurately insert details like time or frequency. This lets you express nuances like 'wait a bit' or 'I showered three times' with perfect accuracy, moving beyond basic expressions. Then, we tackle the subtle difference between 刚 (gāng) and 刚才 (gāngcái), both meaning 'just now.' You'll discover 刚 as a flexible adverb for recent actions, and 刚才 as a noun for the specific moment just past—a vital distinction for precise storytelling. Ever need to be less precise? You'll learn to use {左右|zuǒyòu} (around/ish) to express approximations for time, age, or measurements. This simple addition makes your Chinese sound much more natural and conversational when exact figures aren't needed. Finally, we clarify 次 and 遍 when counting actions. While both mean 'times,' 次 counts occurrences, and 遍 implies a complete action from start to finish. You’ll confidently convey whether you 'went once' or 'read the entire book once.' By chapter's end, you'll be crafting sentences with the precision and finesse of a native speaker, expressing yourself with clarity and subtle elegance. Get ready to refine your Chinese and truly shine!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to correctly apply 的(de), 地(de), and 得(de) in a single complex sentence.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to distinguish between 刚(gāng) and 刚才(gāngcái) based on their grammatical functions.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to split common separable verbs to insert duration and frequency markers.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to 'Mastering Sentence Foundations,' your essential guide to elevating your Chinese grammar to a truly advanced level. At the B2 Chinese CEFR stage, it’s not enough to simply convey meaning; you need to express yourself with precision, nuance, and the natural flow of a native speaker. This chapter is designed to unlock those subtle yet powerful elements of sentence construction that differentiate a good learner from a truly proficient one.
We'll delve into the intricacies of everyday Chinese, ensuring your sentences are not just correct, but elegant and authentic. By mastering the concepts presented here, you'll gain the confidence to articulate complex ideas, understand subtle implications, and engage in conversations with greater depth.
Our journey begins with the notorious three 'De' particles, which, once understood, will clarify how to modify nouns, describe actions, and express results flawlessly. We’ll then tackle separable verbs in Chinese, a unique feature that allows for incredible flexibility in detailing actions. You’ll learn the crucial distinction between **刚 (gāng) vs.
刚才 (gāngcái) for expressing just now, and how to use 左右 (zuǒyòu) for natural approximations. Finally, we’ll distinguish between 次 (cì) and 遍 (biàn)** to count actions with perfect accuracy.
By the end of this guide, you will possess the tools to construct sentences that are grammatically robust, contextually appropriate, and unmistakably natural. Get ready to refine your Chinese sentence structure and transform your communication!

How This Grammar Works

To truly master B2 Chinese grammar, understanding the bedrock of sentence construction is key. We'll start with the three 'De' particles: 的 (de), 地 (de), and 得 (de). 的 primarily connects modifiers to nouns, indicating possession or description.
For example, 我的书 (wǒ de shū) (my book) or 漂亮的衣服 (piàoliang de yīfu) (beautiful clothes). 地 links adverbs to verbs, describing *how* an action is performed. Think of it like -ly in English: 慢慢地走 (mànmàn de zǒu) (walk slowly), 认真地学习 (rènzhēn de xuéxí) (study diligently).
Finally, 得 follows a verb or adjective, introducing a complement that describes the *result* or *degree* of the action/state: 他说得很好 (tā shuō de hěn hǎo) (He speaks very well), 他跑得很快 (tā pǎo de hěn kuài) (He runs very fast).
Next, let's unlock separable verbs (离合词). These are unique Chinese verbs that consist of a verb and an object, like 见面 (jiànmiàn) (meet) or 睡觉 (shuìjiào) (sleep). The separable part means you can insert other elements *between* the verb and its object.
For instance, to say
sleep for an hour,
you don't say *睡觉一个小时*, but 睡了一个小时觉 (shuì le yī ge xiǎoshí jiào). To say
met a few times,
it’s 见过几次面 (jiàn guò jǐ cì miàn). This construction is vital for expressing duration, frequency, or aspect.
We then differentiate 刚 (gāng) and 刚才 (gāngcái), both often translated as just now. 刚才 is a noun or time word referring to the specific moment just past. It can stand alone or be the subject of a sentence: 刚才他来了 (gāngcái tā lái le) (He came just now). 刚 is an adverb indicating that an action happened very recently, emphasizing the recency itself.
It cannot stand alone and typically precedes the verb: 他刚来 (tā gāng lái) (He just came).
For expressing approximations, 左右 (zuǒyòu) is indispensable. Placed *after* a number, quantity, or time expression, it means around or approximately. It allows your Chinese sentences to sound much more natural when exact figures aren't necessary: 十个人左右 (shí ge rén zuǒyòu) (around ten people), 八点钟左右 (bā diǎn zhōng zuǒyòu) (around 8 o'clock).
Finally, we clarify 次 (cì) and 遍 (biàn) for counting actions. Both mean times, but with a crucial distinction. 次 counts occurrences: 我去过中国两次 (wǒ qù guò Zhōngguó liǎng cì) (I've been to China twice).
遍 implies a complete, holistic action from start to finish, emphasizing the entire process: 我把这本书读了一遍 (wǒ bǎ zhè běn shū dú le yī biàn) (I read this book once, from start to finish). Mastering these nuances will significantly enhance your precision in Chinese language learning.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: «他很快地跑了。» (Tā hěn kuài de pǎo le.) (He quickly ran.)
✓ Correct: «他跑得很快。» (Tā pǎo de hěn kuài.) (He runs very fast.)
*Explanation:* While 地 connects adverbs to verbs, 得 is used after a verb to describe the *result or degree* of the action. «很快» describes *how* he runs, so it should follow the verb with 得.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «我睡觉了两个小时。» (Wǒ shuìjiào le liǎng ge xiǎoshí.) (I slept two hours.)
✓ Correct: «我睡了两个小时觉。» (Wǒ shuì le liǎng ge xiǎoshí jiào.) (I slept for two hours.)
*Explanation:* 睡觉 (shuìjiào) is a separable verb. When indicating duration, the time expression must be inserted *between* the verb and its object.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «刚才我去商店。» (Gāngcái wǒ qù shāngdiàn.) (Just now I went to the store.)
✓ Correct: «我刚才去商店了。» (Wǒ gāngcái qù shāngdiàn le.) (I just went to the store.) OR «刚才我去了商店。» (Gāngcái wǒ qù le shāngdiàn.) (Just now I went to the store.)
*Explanation:* While 刚才 can be placed at the beginning, it often sounds more natural as an adverb before the verb, especially with 了 to indicate completion. 刚 would also work here: «我刚去商店了。»

Real Conversations

A

A

你去过北京吗？(Nǐ qù guò Běijīng ma?) (Have you been to Beijing?)
B

B

去过。我去了两次。(Qù guò. Wǒ qù le liǎng cì.) (Yes. I've been twice.)
A

A

你的中文说得真好！(Nǐ de Zhōngwén shuō de zhēn hǎo!) (Your Chinese is spoken really well!)
B

B

谢谢！我刚学了两年左右。(Xièxie! Wǒ gāng xué le liǎng nián zuǒyòu.) (Thanks! I've only just studied for about two years.)
A

A

你刚才在做什么？(Nǐ gāngcái zài zuò shénme?) (What were you doing just now?)
B

B

我在认真地看书。这本书我看了一遍。(Wǒ zài rènzhēn de kàn shū. Zhè běn shū wǒ kàn le yī biàn.) (I was seriously reading. I read this book once, from start to finish.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the fundamental difference between 的 and 地?

的 primarily modifies nouns (e.g., beautiful *flower*), while 地 primarily modifies verbs (e.g., walk *slowly*). Think of 的 for adjectives and 地 for adverbs.

Q

Can 刚 be used with 了?

Yes, 刚...了 is a common structure, indicating an action that *just* happened and is completed, emphasizing the recency and completion (e.g., 他刚走了 - He just left).

Q

Is 左右 only for numbers or quantities?

No, 左右 can also be used for time (e.g., 七点左右 - around 7 o'clock) and age (e.g., 三十岁左右 - around 30 years old), providing flexibility for approximations.

Q

How can I easily remember the difference between 次 and 遍?

Think of 次 as counting discrete events or instances, like counting how many times you've visited a place. Think of 遍 as counting a complete cycle or entire process, like reading an entire book from cover to cover.

Cultural Context

Mastering these nuances isn't just about grammatical correctness; it's about sounding authentic and natural in everyday Chinese conversation. Native speakers use the three 'De' particles instinctively to add precision and flow to their descriptions. Separable verbs are a cornerstone of how actions are detailed, allowing for elegant expressions of duration or frequency.
The distinction between 刚 and 刚才, and the use of 左右 for approximations, allows for a more fluid and less rigid communication style, reflecting how people naturally speak. Using 次 versus 遍 correctly conveys subtle differences in intent and completeness, making your storytelling much richer. These elements collectively contribute to a style of speech that is clear, expressive, and truly idiomatic.

重要な例文 (6)

1

{我刚洗完澡|wǒ gāng xǐwán zǎo}。

お風呂から上がったばかりです。

「たった今」の違い：刚 (gāng) vs. 刚才 (gāngcái)
2

{刚才谁给我打电话了？|gāngcái shéi gěi wǒ dǎ diànhuà le?}

さっき誰が私に電話してきたの？

「たった今」の違い：刚 (gāng) vs. 刚才 (gāngcái)
3

{我昨天睡了一个好觉。|Wǒ zuótiān shuì le yí ge hǎo jiào.}

昨日はぐっすり眠れました。

離合詞 (líhéxí): 動詞を割って情報を挟む方法
4

{你别生我的气了。|Nǐ bié shēng wǒ de qì le.}

もう私に怒らないで。

離合詞 (líhéxí): 動詞を割って情報を挟む方法
5

电影晚上八点左右开始。

映画は夜の8時ごろに始まります。

数字のぼかし方：{左右|zuǒyòu} の使い方 (〜くらい / 〜前後)
6

他看起来三十五岁左右。

彼は35歳くらいに見えます。

数字のぼかし方：{左右|zuǒyòu} の使い方 (〜くらい / 〜前後)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

名詞チェック法

助詞のすぐ後ろに名詞が来ているなら、ほぼ間違いなく「的」を選べば正解ですよ。 «这是一件非常漂亮的裙子。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 3つの「de」：的・地・得の使い分けガイド
🎯

期間を伴うなら「刚」一択！

「2日間」や「1ヶ月」などの期間を後ろに置けるのは «刚» だけです。 «他刚来两天» （彼は来てまだ2日だ）のように、期間がある場合は迷わずこれを選びましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「たった今」の違い：刚 (gāng) vs. 刚才 (gāngcái)
🎯

「やり遂げたか」チェック

「最初から最後まで読み終えた」と言えるなら {遍|biàn}、単にカレンダーに印をつけるような出来事なら {次|cì} を選びましょう。 «我把这本书看了三遍。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 回数の数え方：「回」と「通り」（次 vs. 遍）
🎯

辞書アプリ「Pleco」の裏技

Plecoで動詞を調べた時、漢字の間に「//」が入っていたら、それは離合詞のサインです！詳細を付け加える時は必ず分けましょう。«你得帮我的忙。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 離合詞 (líhéxí): 動詞を割って情報を挟む方法

重要な語彙 (6)

洗澡 to take a shower (separable) 见面 to meet up (separable) 刚才 just now (point in time) 清楚 clear / clearly 左右 around / approximately 小说 novel

Real-World Preview

message-circle

Catching up with a friend

Review Summary

  • 的+Noun / Adverb+地+Verb / Verb+得+Complement
  • Subject + 刚 + Verb vs. 刚才 + Sentence
  • Verb + (Duration/Frequency) + Object

よくある間違い

Separable verbs must be split. You cannot put the frequency after the whole word; it must go between the verb and the object.

Wrong: 我洗澡了三次 (wǒ xǐzǎo le sān cì)
正解: 我洗了三次澡 (wǒ xǐ le sān cì zǎo)

Do not mix 'de' particles. If you are describing how an action is performed using a complement, only use 得(de).

Wrong: 他说得很清楚地 (tā shuō de hěn qīngchu de)
正解: 他说得很清楚 (tā shuō de hěn qīngchu)

The adverb 刚(gāng) cannot be negated with 不(bù). Use 刚才(gāngcái) with a negative verb instead.

Wrong: 我不刚吃饭 (wǒ bù gāng chī fàn)
正解: 我刚才没吃饭 (wǒ gāngcái méi chī fàn)

このチャプターのルール (5)

1

3つの「de」：的・地・得の使い分けガイド

B2
直後が名詞なら «的»、動詞を修飾するなら «地»、動作の結果や程度を表すなら «得» と見極めるのがコツです。
{你|nǐ} {今天|jīntiān} {穿|chuān} {的|de} {是|shì}...
10 例文
2

「たった今」の違い：刚 (gāng) vs. 刚才 (gāngcái)

B2
「主観的な直近」を表す副詞の «刚» と、「客観的なさっき」を指す名詞の «刚才» を使い分けましょう。
{我刚洗完澡|wǒ gāng xǐwán zǎo}。
10 例文
3

回数の数え方：「回」と「通り」（次 vs. 遍）

B2
単なる「回数」のカウントなら «次» 、「最初から最後まで」のプロセス完了なら «遍» を使いましょう。
我听了三遍那首歌。
10 例文
4

離合詞 (líhéxí): 動詞を割って情報を挟む方法

B2
離合詞はクッキーのようにパカッと割って、中に時間や回数、完了のマークを入れちゃいましょう！キーワードは «洗个澡» «睡个觉» «生他的气» です。
{我昨天睡了一个好觉。|Wǒ zuótiān shuì le yí ge hǎo...
10 例文
5

数字のぼかし方：{左右|zuǒyòu} の使い方 (〜くらい / 〜前後)

B2
数量や時間の後ろに «左右» を置くだけで、「〜前後」や「〜くらい」という便利な概数表現になります。 «左右» «数量の後ろ» «〜前後»
电影晚上八点左右开始。
11 例文

Next Steps

You're moving into the 'finesse' stage of Chinese. These small structural changes make a massive difference in how native speakers perceive your fluency. Keep at it!

Record yourself describing your last weekend using 左右(zuǒyòu) and 刚(gāng).

Write 5 sentences using separable verbs split by a duration marker.

Continue to: Describing Results and Extent

クイック練習 (10)

本を最初から最後まで読み終えたことを強調する文はどれ？

最適な文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 这本书我看了三遍。
遍 (biàn) は、動作が最初から最後まで完了したことを示すのに使われます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 回数の数え方：「回」と「通り」（次 vs. 遍）

間違いを見つけて直してください。

请再说一次。(全文の繰り返しを求める場合)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 请再说一遍。
「yí cì」でも通じますが、文全体や指示をもう一度言ってほしい時は「yí biàn」が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 回数の数え方：「回」と「通り」（次 vs. 遍）

文中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

你为什么刚不说？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 你为什么刚才不说？
否定文（不说）では «刚» を使うことができません。特定の過去の時間を指す «刚才» を使うのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「たった今」の違い：刚 (gāng) vs. 刚才 (gāngcái)

空欄に cì または biàn を入れてください。

我给妈妈打了三___电话，她都没接。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 次
電話をかけることは「出来事」とみなされるため、次 (cì) を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 回数の数え方：「回」と「通り」（次 vs. 遍）

文法的に正しい文章を選んでください。

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我刚在楼下等你。
副詞の «刚» は、主語（我）の後、かつ動詞フレーズ（在楼下等你）の前に置く必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「たった今」の違い：刚 (gāng) vs. 刚才 (gāngcái)

概数を表す正しい言葉を空欄に入れてください。

我们两点 ___ 出发。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 左右
時間の後ろに置いて「〜ごろ」とするには «左右» が最適です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 数字のぼかし方：{左右|zuǒyòu} の使い方 (〜くらい / 〜前後)

語順の誤りを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

左右十块钱可以买一个面包。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 十块钱左右可以买一个面包。
«左右» は必ず数量 «十块钱» の後ろに置く必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 数字のぼかし方：{左右|zuǒyòu} の使い方 (〜くらい / 〜前後)

空欄に `刚` または `刚才` を入れてください。

我 ___ 看见他走进去了。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 刚
«刚» は副詞なので、動詞 «看见» の前に置きます。 «刚才» を使う場合は、主語 «我» の前か後に置くのが一般的です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「たった今」の違い：刚 (gāng) vs. 刚才 (gāngcái)

能力や可能性を表す表現の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

{我|wǒ} {听|tīng} {の|de} {懂|dǒng} {中文|zhōngwén}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {我|wǒ} {听|tīng} {得|de} {懂|dǒng} {中文|zhōngwén}。
「聞いてわかる」という可能補語の形では、動詞と結果の間に必ず「得」を入れます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 3つの「de」：的・地・得の使い分けガイド

「20歳くらい」を表す最も自然な文を選んでください。

相手の年齢を推測する時の自然な表現は？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他二十岁左右。
「数字 + 量詞（歳） + 左右」のパターンが基本です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 数字のぼかし方：{左右|zuǒyòu} の使い方 (〜くらい / 〜前後)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

歴史的には発音が異なりましたが、数百年かけて軽声の「de」に統合されました。 «这三个字的发音完全一样。»
通常は使いません。 «快地跑» とは言わず、 «他正在飞快地跑步。» のように重ねるか別の形を使います。
«刚» は動詞を修飾する「副詞」で、 «刚才» は特定の時間を指す「名詞」です。 この品詞の違いが、文の中での位置や使い方のルールをすべて決めています。 «我刚走» （今出たところ）と «刚才我走了» （さっき私は出かけた）の違いですね。
いいえ、それでは不自然に聞こえる場面が多いです。 例えば「来て3日だ」と言いたいときに «我刚才来三天» とは言えません。 必ず «我刚来三天» と言う必要があり、 «刚» の習得は必須です。
はい、«次» は汎用性が高い言葉で、ほとんどの場面で使えます。«遍» は「全行程」を強調したい時に使う、より専門的な言葉です。 «我去过三次。»
いいえ。食事は「出来事」とみなされるので、«次» か、食事専用の量詞 «顿» (dùn) を使います。 «吃了一顿饭。»
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Describing Results and Extent
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