C2 Formal Register 7 min read 어려움

저널리즘 힌디어: 수동태와 객관적 스타일 (Karma Vachya)

힌디어 저널리스트처럼 객관적이고 권위 있게 말하고 싶다면 «수동태», «객관적 문체», Karma Vachya를 마스터해보세요!

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use the passive voice in Hindi to shift focus from the doer to the action, essential for formal and journalistic writing.

  • Use 'ke dwara' (by) or 'se' (from) to denote the agent.
  • The main verb becomes a past participle + 'jana' (to go) in the appropriate tense.
  • The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
Object + Verb(participle) + Jana (conjugated)

Overview

힌디어의 객관적인 저널리즘 스타일은 '행위자'(Karta)를 제거하고 '행동'이나 '결과'에 집중하는 것입니다...
(Full Korean translation...)

Passive Voice Conjugation (Past Tense)

Subject (Object) Verb Auxiliary (Jana) Result
Kaam (M)
kiya
gaya
Kaam kiya gaya
Baat (F)
ki
gayi
Baat ki gayi
Kaam (Pl)
kiye
gaye
Kaam kiye gaye

Meanings

The passive voice (Karma Vachya) in Hindi is used to emphasize the action or the recipient of the action rather than the agent. It is a hallmark of formal, objective, and journalistic writing.

1

Formal Reporting

Used in news to report events without naming the specific actor.

“कानून पारित किया गया।”

“बैठक बुलाई गई।”

Reference Table

Reference table for 저널리즘 힌디어: 수동태와 객관적 스타일 (Karma Vachya)
시제 능동태 구성 수동태 구성 (객관적) 저널리즘 활용 예시
단순 과거
उसने रिपोर्ट लिखी (그가 보고서를 썼다)
रिपोर्ट लिखी गई (보고서가 작성되었다)
तथ्यों की जाँच की गई (사실이 확인되었다)
현재 진행
वे सड़क बना रहे हैं (그들이 길을 만들고 있다)
सड़क बनाई जा रही है (길이 만들어지고 있다)
न야 कानून लागू किया जा रहा है (새 법이 시행되고 있다)
단순 미래
सरकार मदद करेगी (정부가 도울 것이다)
मदद की जाएगी (도움이 제공될 것이다)
घोषणा जल्द की जाएगी (발표가 곧 있을 것이다)
현재 완료
पुलिस ने उसे पकड़ा है (경찰이 그를 잡았다)
उसे पकड़ा गया है (그가 잡혔다)
संदिग्ध को हिरासत में लिया गया है (용의자가 구금되었다)
명령/공식
सावधानी बरतें (주의하세요)
सावधानी बरती जानी चाहिए (주의가 요구됩니다)
नियमों का पालन किया जाना अनिवार्य है (규정 준수가 필수입니다)
과거 진행
वे जाँच कर रहे थे (그들이 조사하고 있었다)
जाँच की जा रही थी (조사가 진행되고 있었다)
मामले की समीक्षा की जा रही थी (사건이 검토되고 있었다)

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
रिपोर्ट प्रस्तुत की गई।

रिपोर्ट प्रस्तुत की गई। (Office environment)

중립
रिपोर्ट जमा कर दी गई।

रिपोर्ट जमा कर दी गई। (Office environment)

비격식체
रिपोर्ट दे दी।

रिपोर्ट दे दी। (Office environment)

속어
रिपोर्ट डाल दी।

रिपोर्ट डाल दी। (Office environment)

힌디어 저널리즘의 구성 요소

객관적 문체

언어적 도구

  • 수동태 Karma Vachya
  • 보조 동사 Jana Helper Verb

표식어

  • Kaha jata hai It is said
  • Mana jata hai It is believed

능동태 vs 저널리즘 수동태

능동태 (개인적)
मैंने खबर लिखी 내가 뉴스를 썼다
वे काम कर रहे हैं 그들이 일을 하고 있다
수동태 (객관적)
खबर लिखी गई 뉴스가 작성되었다
काम किया जा रहा है 업무가 진행되고 있다

언제 수동태를 사용할까요?

1

행위자가 누구인지가 중요한가요?

YES
능동태 사용
NO
수동태로 이동
2

공식 뉴스나 보고서인가요?

YES
저널리즘 수동태 사용
NO ↓

수동태가 쓰이는 현대적 상황

📱

기술 및 뉴스

  • 앱 출시
  • 업데이트 완료
  • 기능 추가
🏛️

공식 행정

  • 법안 통과
  • 정책 발표
  • 조사 명령
💬

소셜 미디어

  • 게시물 삭제
  • 계정 인증
  • 스팸 신고

수준별 예문

1

मैं खाना खाता हूँ।

I eat food.

1

काम किया गया।

The work was done.

1

पत्र लिखा गया।

The letter was written.

1

सरकार द्वारा निर्णय लिया गया।

The decision was taken by the government.

1

यह पुस्तक प्रसिद्ध लेखकों द्वारा लिखी गई है।

This book has been written by famous authors.

1

अतीत की घटनाओं का विश्लेषण विशेषज्ञों द्वारा किया जाना चाहिए।

The events of the past should be analyzed by experts.

혼동하기 쉬운

Journalistic Hindi: Passive Voice & Objective Style (Karma Vachya) Intransitive 'ho gaya'

Learners confuse 'ho gaya' (happened) with 'kiya gaya' (was done).

Journalistic Hindi: Passive Voice & Objective Style (Karma Vachya) Active Voice

Learners use active voice when passive is required for formality.

Journalistic Hindi: Passive Voice & Objective Style (Karma Vachya) Perfect Tense

Learners add 'hai' to passive.

자주 하는 실수

Main kiya gaya.

Mere dwara kiya gaya.

Agent must be marked with 'dwara'.

Kaam ki gayi.

Kaam kiya gaya.

Gender agreement error.

Woh gaya kaam.

Kaam kiya gaya.

Word order error.

Kaam kiya hai.

Kaam kiya gaya.

Missing passive auxiliary.

Police ne pakda gaya.

Police dwara pakda gaya.

Mixing active and passive.

Gayi kaam.

Kaam kiya gaya.

Incorrect word order.

Kaam kiya jate.

Kaam kiya gaya.

Incorrect conjugation.

Maine bola gaya.

Mere dwara bola gaya.

Incorrect agent marker.

Kaam kiya gaya hai.

Kaam kiya gaya.

Overusing perfect tense.

Usne kaam kiya gaya.

Uske dwara kaam kiya gaya.

Agent case error.

Yeh kaam mere se kiya gaya.

Yeh kaam mere dwara kiya gaya.

Register mismatch.

Gayi thi kaam.

Kaam kiya gaya tha.

Word order.

Kaam ho gaya.

Kaam kiya gaya.

Intransitive vs passive.

문장 패턴

___ dwara ___ kiya gaya.

Kya ___ ___ gaya?

___ nahi kiya gaya.

___ ko ___ dwara kiya gaya.

Real World Usage

News Report constant

घटना की जांच की जा रही है।

Official Email very common

यह पत्र आपको भेजा गया है।

Academic Paper common

डेटा का विश्लेषण किया गया।

Legal Document common

कानून पारित किया गया।

Social Media (Formal) occasional

यह निर्णय लिया गया है।

Public Announcement common

बैठक बुलाई गई है।

🎯

행위자 생략하기

진짜 기자처럼 들리려면 'ke dwara'(~에 의해)는 과감히 빼고 사건에만 집중해서 말해보세요: «तथ्यों की जाँच की गई»
⚠️

성별 일치의 함정

목적어의 성별을 틀리면 수동태 구조가 바로 무너지니까 문장 만들기 전에 꼭 확인하세요: «फाइल खो गई है»
💬

출처 밝히기

정보의 출처를 밝힐 때 '소식통에 따르면'이라는 표현을 쓰면 훨씬 전문적으로 보여요: «सूत्रों के हवाले से»

Smart Tips

Use passive voice to sound objective.

Maine report likhi. Report mere dwara likhi gayi.

Focus on the event, not the person.

Police ne chor pakda. Chor ko pakda gaya.

Use passive for each step.

Maine kaam shuru kiya. Kaam shuru kiya gaya.

Avoid 'I' or 'we'.

Humne data dekha. Data ka vishleshan kiya gaya.

발음

jaa-naa

Jana

Pronounced as 'jaa-naa'.

Formal

Sentence ends with a slight downward pitch.

Authority and objectivity.

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'Jana' as the 'Go' button for passive voice.

시각적 연상

Imagine a news anchor pointing at a screen where the action is happening, but the person who did it is hidden behind a curtain.

Rhyme

Action is the star, the doer is far, add 'jana' to the verb, and you'll go far.

Story

The king ordered a bridge. The bridge was built. The builders were never mentioned. The passive voice keeps the focus on the bridge.

Word Web

dwarajanakiya gayagayigayekarm

챌린지

Rewrite three active sentences from today's news into passive voice.

문화 노트

Passive voice is the standard for news reporting to ensure neutrality.

Derived from Sanskrit passive structures.

대화 시작하기

क्या यह काम कल किया गया था?

क्या रिपोर्ट जमा की गई है?

क्या नए नियम लागू किए गए हैं?

क्या इस विषय पर चर्चा की जानी चाहिए?

일기 주제

Write a short news report about a local event.
Describe a project you completed using passive voice.
Discuss a historical event using passive voice.
Write an official complaint letter.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답

Test Yourself

빈칸에 알맞은 수동태 형태를 채워보세요.

अपराधी को कल जेल ___ ।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: भेजा गया
'अपराधी'(범죄자)는 남성 단수이므로 수동태 동사인 'भेजा गया'도 남성 단수 형태여야 해요.
객관적인 저널리즘 스타일을 따르는 문장은 무엇인가요?

가장 전문적인 버전을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: खबर सुनी गई है।
수동태 형태인 'खबर सुनी गई है'는 개인보다 사건 자체에 집중하므로 객관적인 문체에 적합해요.
성별 일치 오류를 찾아 수정해보세요.

नई नीति (policy) लागू किया गया है.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: नई नीति लागू की गई है।
'नीति'(정책)는 여성 명사이기 때문에 수동태 동사는 'लागू की गई है'가 되어야 맞아요.

Score: /3

연습 문제

8 exercises
Fill in the correct form of 'jana'.

Kaam kiya ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gaya
Kaam is masculine singular.
Choose the correct passive sentence. 객관식

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kaam kiya gaya.
Requires past participle + jana.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Kaam kiya gayi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kaam kiya gaya.
Gender agreement.
Change to passive. Sentence Transformation

Police ne chor pakda.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Chor police dwara pakda gaya.
Agent + dwara + passive.
Is this passive? True False Rule

Main khana khata hoon.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
This is active voice.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Report jama hui? B: Haan, ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: jama ki gayi
Passive construction.
Order the words. Sentence Building

gaya / kaam / kiya

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kaam kiya gaya
Correct word order.
Match active to passive. Match Pairs

Maine kaam kiya -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kaam mere dwara kiya gaya
Correct transformation.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
단어를 재배열하여 수동태 문장을 만드세요. Sentence Reorder

गया / पुरस्कार / को / दिया / लेखक

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: लेखक को पुरस्कार दिया गया
수동태를 사용하여 힌디어로 번역하세요. 번역

The decision was taken by the board.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: बोर्ड द्वारा निर्णय लिया गया।
능동태 문장과 그에 대응하는 수동태 문장을 연결하세요. Match Pairs

짝을 맞추세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Active: पुलिस चोर को पकड़ती है -> Passive: चोर पकड़ा जाता है
올바른 보조 동사를 고르세요. 빈칸 채우기

पुल का निर्माण किया ___ रहा है।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जा
격식 있는 저널리즘 수동태 문장을 선택하세요. 객관식

뉴스 헤드라인처럼 들리는 문장은?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: एक नई ग्रह की खोज की गई है।
이 보도문의 시제 오류를 수정하세요. Error Correction

कल हड़ताल (strike) समाप्त की जाती है।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: कल हड़ताल समाप्त की गई।
번역하세요: '인플레이션이 오를 것이라고 전해집니다.' 번역

Translate the journalistic phrase.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: कहा जाता है कि मुद्रास्फीति बढ़ेगी।
빈칸을 채우세요. 빈칸 채우기

सभी सीटों को बुक ___ ।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: कर लिया गया है
단어를 재배열하세요. Sentence Reorder

सूचना / गई / दी / सबको

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: सबको सूचना दी गई
어느 것이 더 객관적인가요? 객관식

가장 객관적인 옵션을 선택하세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: गलती स्वीकार की गई है।

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

Use it in formal, academic, or journalistic writing to maintain objectivity.

No, it is very formal and sounds unnatural in daily conversation.

Use 'dwara' (by) after the agent.

Yes, it must agree with the gender and number of the subject.

Yes, but it is less common than past tense passive.

Forgetting to use 'dwara' or misusing the gender of 'jana'.

Yes, but Hindi uses 'jana' instead of 'to be'.

Use passive voice in your formal reports and emails.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

Pasiva refleja

Hindi uses an explicit auxiliary verb.

French moderate

Voix passive

Hindi conjugation is more complex.

German moderate

Passiv

German word order is stricter.

Japanese partial

Ukemi

Hindi is analytic, Japanese is agglutinative.

Arabic moderate

Majhul

Arabic is morphological.

Chinese moderate

Bei-structure

Chinese 'bei' is a prepositional marker.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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