저널리즘 힌디어: 수동태와 객관적 스타일 (Karma Vachya)
Karma Vachya를 마스터해보세요!
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use the passive voice in Hindi to shift focus from the doer to the action, essential for formal and journalistic writing.
- Use 'ke dwara' (by) or 'se' (from) to denote the agent.
- The main verb becomes a past participle + 'jana' (to go) in the appropriate tense.
- The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
Overview
Passive Voice Conjugation (Past Tense)
| Subject (Object) | Verb | Auxiliary (Jana) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Kaam (M)
|
kiya
|
gaya
|
Kaam kiya gaya
|
|
Baat (F)
|
ki
|
gayi
|
Baat ki gayi
|
|
Kaam (Pl)
|
kiye
|
gaye
|
Kaam kiye gaye
|
Meanings
The passive voice (Karma Vachya) in Hindi is used to emphasize the action or the recipient of the action rather than the agent. It is a hallmark of formal, objective, and journalistic writing.
Formal Reporting
Used in news to report events without naming the specific actor.
“कानून पारित किया गया।”
“बैठक बुलाई गई।”
Reference Table
| 시제 | 능동태 구성 | 수동태 구성 (객관적) | 저널리즘 활용 예시 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
단순 과거
|
उसने रिपोर्ट लिखी (그가 보고서를 썼다)
|
रिपोर्ट लिखी गई (보고서가 작성되었다)
|
तथ्यों की जाँच की गई (사실이 확인되었다)
|
|
현재 진행
|
वे सड़क बना रहे हैं (그들이 길을 만들고 있다)
|
सड़क बनाई जा रही है (길이 만들어지고 있다)
|
न야 कानून लागू किया जा रहा है (새 법이 시행되고 있다)
|
|
단순 미래
|
सरकार मदद करेगी (정부가 도울 것이다)
|
मदद की जाएगी (도움이 제공될 것이다)
|
घोषणा जल्द की जाएगी (발표가 곧 있을 것이다)
|
|
현재 완료
|
पुलिस ने उसे पकड़ा है (경찰이 그를 잡았다)
|
उसे पकड़ा गया है (그가 잡혔다)
|
संदिग्ध को हिरासत में लिया गया है (용의자가 구금되었다)
|
|
명령/공식
|
सावधानी बरतें (주의하세요)
|
सावधानी बरती जानी चाहिए (주의가 요구됩니다)
|
नियमों का पालन किया जाना अनिवार्य है (규정 준수가 필수입니다)
|
|
과거 진행
|
वे जाँच कर रहे थे (그들이 조사하고 있었다)
|
जाँच की जा रही थी (조사가 진행되고 있었다)
|
मामले की समीक्षा की जा रही थी (사건이 검토되고 있었다)
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
रिपोर्ट प्रस्तुत की गई। (Office environment)
रिपोर्ट जमा कर दी गई। (Office environment)
रिपोर्ट दे दी। (Office environment)
रिपोर्ट डाल दी। (Office environment)
힌디어 저널리즘의 구성 요소
언어적 도구
- 수동태 Karma Vachya
- 보조 동사 Jana Helper Verb
표식어
- Kaha jata hai It is said
- Mana jata hai It is believed
능동태 vs 저널리즘 수동태
언제 수동태를 사용할까요?
행위자가 누구인지가 중요한가요?
공식 뉴스나 보고서인가요?
수동태가 쓰이는 현대적 상황
기술 및 뉴스
- • 앱 출시
- • 업데이트 완료
- • 기능 추가
공식 행정
- • 법안 통과
- • 정책 발표
- • 조사 명령
소셜 미디어
- • 게시물 삭제
- • 계정 인증
- • 스팸 신고
수준별 예문
मैं खाना खाता हूँ।
I eat food.
काम किया गया।
The work was done.
पत्र लिखा गया।
The letter was written.
सरकार द्वारा निर्णय लिया गया।
The decision was taken by the government.
यह पुस्तक प्रसिद्ध लेखकों द्वारा लिखी गई है।
This book has been written by famous authors.
अतीत की घटनाओं का विश्लेषण विशेषज्ञों द्वारा किया जाना चाहिए।
The events of the past should be analyzed by experts.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners confuse 'ho gaya' (happened) with 'kiya gaya' (was done).
Learners use active voice when passive is required for formality.
Learners add 'hai' to passive.
자주 하는 실수
Main kiya gaya.
Mere dwara kiya gaya.
Kaam ki gayi.
Kaam kiya gaya.
Woh gaya kaam.
Kaam kiya gaya.
Kaam kiya hai.
Kaam kiya gaya.
Police ne pakda gaya.
Police dwara pakda gaya.
Gayi kaam.
Kaam kiya gaya.
Kaam kiya jate.
Kaam kiya gaya.
Maine bola gaya.
Mere dwara bola gaya.
Kaam kiya gaya hai.
Kaam kiya gaya.
Usne kaam kiya gaya.
Uske dwara kaam kiya gaya.
Yeh kaam mere se kiya gaya.
Yeh kaam mere dwara kiya gaya.
Gayi thi kaam.
Kaam kiya gaya tha.
Kaam ho gaya.
Kaam kiya gaya.
문장 패턴
___ dwara ___ kiya gaya.
Kya ___ ___ gaya?
___ nahi kiya gaya.
___ ko ___ dwara kiya gaya.
Real World Usage
घटना की जांच की जा रही है।
यह पत्र आपको भेजा गया है।
डेटा का विश्लेषण किया गया।
कानून पारित किया गया।
यह निर्णय लिया गया है।
बैठक बुलाई गई है।
행위자 생략하기
성별 일치의 함정
출처 밝히기
Smart Tips
Use passive voice to sound objective.
Focus on the event, not the person.
Use passive for each step.
Avoid 'I' or 'we'.
발음
Jana
Pronounced as 'jaa-naa'.
Formal
Sentence ends with a slight downward pitch.
Authority and objectivity.
암기하기
기억법
Think of 'Jana' as the 'Go' button for passive voice.
시각적 연상
Imagine a news anchor pointing at a screen where the action is happening, but the person who did it is hidden behind a curtain.
Rhyme
Action is the star, the doer is far, add 'jana' to the verb, and you'll go far.
Story
The king ordered a bridge. The bridge was built. The builders were never mentioned. The passive voice keeps the focus on the bridge.
Word Web
챌린지
Rewrite three active sentences from today's news into passive voice.
문화 노트
Passive voice is the standard for news reporting to ensure neutrality.
Derived from Sanskrit passive structures.
대화 시작하기
क्या यह काम कल किया गया था?
क्या रिपोर्ट जमा की गई है?
क्या नए नियम लागू किए गए हैं?
क्या इस विषय पर चर्चा की जानी चाहिए?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
अपराधी को कल जेल ___ ।
가장 전문적인 버전을 고르세요:
नई नीति (policy) लागू किया गया है.
Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercisesKaam kiya ___.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Kaam kiya gayi.
Police ne chor pakda.
Main khana khata hoon.
A: Report jama hui? B: Haan, ___.
gaya / kaam / kiya
Maine kaam kiya -> ?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesगया / पुरस्कार / को / दिया / लेखक
The decision was taken by the board.
짝을 맞추세요:
पुल का निर्माण किया ___ रहा है।
뉴스 헤드라인처럼 들리는 문장은?
कल हड़ताल (strike) समाप्त की जाती है।
Translate the journalistic phrase.
सभी सीटों को बुक ___ ।
सूचना / गई / दी / सबको
가장 객관적인 옵션을 선택하세요:
Score: /10
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
Use it in formal, academic, or journalistic writing to maintain objectivity.
No, it is very formal and sounds unnatural in daily conversation.
Use 'dwara' (by) after the agent.
Yes, it must agree with the gender and number of the subject.
Yes, but it is less common than past tense passive.
Forgetting to use 'dwara' or misusing the gender of 'jana'.
Yes, but Hindi uses 'jana' instead of 'to be'.
Use passive voice in your formal reports and emails.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Pasiva refleja
Hindi uses an explicit auxiliary verb.
Voix passive
Hindi conjugation is more complex.
Passiv
German word order is stricter.
Ukemi
Hindi is analytic, Japanese is agglutinative.
Majhul
Arabic is morphological.
Bei-structure
Chinese 'bei' is a prepositional marker.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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