B1 · 중급 챕터 6

Direction and Movement

5 총 규칙
51 예문
6 분
이 챕터의 규칙 빠른 연습

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of spatial navigation and persistence in Chinese movement.

  • Describe complex movements relative to the speaker's position.
  • Express the continuation of an ongoing action over time.
  • Use result complements to describe actions that fix or stop objects.
Move through Chinese with precision and flow.

배울 내용

Ready to add some serious flow to your Chinese? In this B1 chapter,

Direction and Movement: Navigation and Details,
you're going to master the art of painting vivid pictures with your words, making your sentences sound incredibly natural and precise. Forget just saying go or come—we're diving deep into directional complements like 进来 (jìnlái), 上来 (shànglái), 出去 (chūqù), and 下去 (xiàqù). You'll learn exactly how to describe movement in relation to yourself and others, whether someone is *coming in towards you*, *going up towards you*, *going out and away*, or *continuing an action downwards*. Imagine giving directions like *come up into the house* or saying *please go outside*. But wait, there's more! We'll also unlock the power of the result complement 住 (zhù), which lets you explain when something is *firmly fixed, stopped, or secured*. For instance, how to *tie your shoelaces tight* or *stop the car*—住 makes all the difference! By understanding how these complements connect, you'll upgrade your ability to give crystal-clear instructions, describe dynamic actions with ease, and genuinely sound more like a native speaker. No more vague sentences! After this chapter, you won't just understand movement; you'll *express* it with confidence and flair. Get ready to move your Chinese forward, literally!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to invite someone into a room using correct directional orientation.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to describe an action that is continuing into the future.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to explain when an object has been firmly secured or stopped.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Ready to add some serious flow to your Chinese? In this B1 Chinese grammar chapter,
Direction and Movement: Navigation and Details,
you're about to unlock a powerful way to make your sentences sound incredibly natural and precise. At the CEFR B1 level, moving beyond basic vocabulary means mastering how to describe actions in relation to space and the speaker.
Forget just saying go or come—we're diving deep into directional complements like 进来 (jìnlái), 上来 (shànglái), 出去 (chūqù), and 下去 (xiàqù). These aren't just fancy words; they're essential tools that add vivid detail and context to verbs, painting a clear picture of movement.
Understanding these complements allows you to express whether someone is *coming in towards you*, *going up towards you*, *going out and away*, or *continuing an action downwards*. Imagine giving directions like
come up into the house
or saying please go outside. These nuances are crucial for effective communication in Chinese. But wait, there's more!
We'll also unlock the power of the result complement 住 (zhù), which lets you explain when something is *firmly fixed, stopped, or secured*. For instance, how to *tie your shoelaces tight* or *stop the car*—住 (zhù) makes all the difference! By understanding how these complements connect, you'll upgrade your ability to give crystal-clear instructions, describe dynamic actions with ease, and genuinely sound more like a native speaker.
No more vague sentences! After this chapter, you won't just understand movement; you'll *express* it with confidence and flair. Get ready to move your Chinese grammar forward, literally!

How This Grammar Works

In Chinese, verbs often combine with directional complements to show both the direction and the relationship to the speaker. This is a cornerstone of B1 Chinese fluency. Let's break down the core components:
Coming In Toward You: 进来 (jìnlái)
This complement indicates movement *into* a place and *towards* the speaker. The verb precedes it.
Example

他跑进来了。(Tā pǎo jìnlái le.) (He ran in.) – Implies he ran into the speaker's location.

Example

请你把书拿进来。(Qǐng nǐ bǎ shū ná jìnlái.) (Please bring the book in.)

Directional Complement: Up Toward Speaker (上来)
上来 (shànglái) describes movement *upwards* and *towards* the speaker.
Example

她走上来了。(Tā zǒu shànglái le.) (She walked up.) – She walked up to where the speaker is.

Example

把那个箱子搬上来。(Bǎ nàge xiāngzi bān shànglái.) (Move that box up here.)

Going Out and Away (出去)
出去 (chūqù) signifies movement *out of* a place and *away* from the speaker.
Example

他开出去了。(Tā kāi chūqù le.) (He drove out.) – He drove out of the speaker's location.

Example

请你把垃圾倒出去。(Qǐng nǐ bǎ lājī dào chūqù.) (Please take the trash out.)

Continuing Action: 'Down Away' (下去)
下去 (xiàqù) indicates movement *downwards* and *away* from the speaker, or often, the continuation of an action.
Example

你可以继续说下去。(Nǐ kěyǐ jìxù shuō xiàqù.) (You can continue speaking.) – Here it means to continue.

Example

孩子们跑下去了。(Háizimen pǎo xiàqù le.) (The children ran down.) – They ran down to a place away from the speaker.

Result Complement '住' (zhù): Fixing things in place
The result complement 住 (zhù) follows a verb and indicates that an action results in something being *fixed, stopped, or held firmly in place*. This is a crucial element for precise expression in Chinese grammar.
Example

我记住了你的电话号码。(Wǒ jì zhù le nǐ de diànhuà hàomǎ.) (I remembered your phone number.) – The number is fixed in memory.

Example

请你站住。(Qǐng nǐ zhàn zhù.) (Please stop standing/stand still.) – The standing action is stopped/held.

Example

把门关住。(Bǎ mén guān zhù.) (Close the door tight.) – The door is closed and secured.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他进来。(Tā jìnlái.)
✓ Correct: 他进来了。(Tā jìnlái le.)
*Explanation:* Directional complements often combine with aspect particles like 了 (le) to indicate completion of the movement, making the sentence sound natural. Omitting 了 can make it sound incomplete or like a command.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 我把书拿来。(Wǒ bǎ shū ná lái.) (I brought the book.)
✓ Correct: 我把书拿进来了。(Wǒ bǎ shū ná jìnlái le.) OR 我把书拿来了。(Wǒ bǎ shū ná lái le.)
*Explanation:* When using 来 (lái) or 去 (qù) with a verb and an object, the object usually comes *before* the directional complement (拿进来), or the directional complement can be simplified to just 来/去 if the context is clear (e.g., 拿来了). Simply saying 拿来 without a clear direction can be ambiguous.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 我忘记住你的名字。(Wǒ wàngjì zhù nǐ de míngzi.)
✓ Correct: 我没记住你的名字。(Wǒ méi jì zhù nǐ de míngzi.)
*Explanation:* 住 (zhù) typically combines with verbs like 记 (jì - to remember), 抓 (zhuā - to grasp), 站 (zhàn - to stand), 停 (tíng - to stop), etc., to show the result of the action. 忘记 (wàngjì - to forget) already implies a lack of retention, so 住 is not used with it. Instead, you'd use 没记住 (méi jìzhù - didn't remember/retain).

Real Conversations

A

A

你什么时候回来的？(Nǐ shénme shíhou huí lái de?) (When did you come back?)
B

B

我昨天晚上才回来。(Wǒ zuótiān wǎnshang cái huí lái.) (I only came back last night.)
A

A

小心！别让杯子掉下去。(Xiǎoxīn! Bié ràng bēizi diào xiàqù.) (Be careful! Don't let the cup fall down.)
B

B

好的，我抓住了。(Hǎo de, wǒ zhuā zhù le.) (Okay, I've got a firm hold on it.)
A

A

我们可以进去了吗？(Wǒmen kěyǐ jìn qù le ma?) (Can we go in now?)
B

B

请稍等，老师马上就出来。(Qǐng shāoděng, lǎoshī mǎshàng jiù chū lái.) (Please wait a moment, the teacher will come out shortly.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the fundamental difference between 来 (lái) and 去 (qù) in directional complements?

来 (lái) indicates movement *towards* the speaker's current location or perspective, while 去 (qù) indicates movement *away* from the speaker's current location or perspective.

Q

Can 住 (zhù) be used with any verb to mean stop?

Not with *any* verb. 住 (zhù) implies stopping an action that is *ongoing* (e.g., 站住 - stop standing, 停住 - stop moving) or securing/fixing something as a result of an action (e.g., 记住 - remember firmly, 抓住 - grasp firmly). It doesn't typically combine with verbs that already imply a single, non-continuous action or a state.

Q

How do I know if I should use a simple directional complement (来/去) or a compound one (上来/下去)?

Use a compound directional complement (上来, 下去, 进来, 出去, etc.) when you want to specify both the *direction* (up, down, in, out) and the *relation to the speaker* (来 for towards, 去 for away). Simple 来/去 is often used when the direction (e.g., up/down) is already clear from context or the main verb, or when the verb itself implies direction (e.g., 回家来 - come home, 出去 - go out). Compound forms are more explicit.

Cultural Context

These directional and result complements are incredibly pervasive in everyday Chinese. Native speakers use them constantly to convey precise movement and states, often without conscious thought. Mastering them is key to sounding natural and avoiding misunderstandings, especially when giving or following directions.
They reflect a linguistic tendency to be very specific about spatial relationships and the outcome of actions, making conversations much more vivid and clear. This level of detail is a hallmark of conversational fluency in B1 Chinese.

주요 예문 (4)

1

请记住我的建议。

제 제안을 꼭 기억해 두세요.

결과 보어 '住 (zhù)': 단단히 고정하거나 멈추기
2

他紧紧地抓住了扶手。

그는 손잡이를 꽉 붙잡았어요.

결과 보어 '住 (zhù)': 단단히 고정하거나 멈추기
3

快进来，外面很冷！

얼른 들어와, 밖이 정말 추워!

나에게로 들어오기: 进来 (jìnlái)
4

老师走进教室来了。

선생님이 교실로 걸어 들어오셨어.

나에게로 들어오기: 进来 (jìnlái)

팁과 요령 (4)

🎯

기억의 '메모리 스틱' 규칙

단순히 기억하고 있는 상태는 '记得'지만, 의식적으로 머리에 꽉 박아 넣을 때는 «记住»를 써야 해요. «请记住이 비밀번호.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 결과 보어 '住 (zhù)': 단단히 고정하거나 멈추기
💡

내 위치를 먼저 확인하세요!

항상 '지금 내가 어디에 있지?'라고 자문해 보세요. 동작이 내가 있는 위쪽으로 향한다면 «上来»가 정답이고, 나에게서 멀어지면 «上去»예요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 방향 보어: 화자를 향해 위로 (上来)
🎯

샌드위치 법칙

장소는 샌드위치 속재료라고 생각하세요! 반드시 进과 来 사이에 넣어야 자연스러워요. «走进教室来»처럼 말이죠.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 나에게로 들어오기: 进来 (jìnlái)
⚠️

말하는 사람의 위치가 핵심!

내가 어디 있는지에 따라 달라요. 친구가 밖으로 나가는 걸 안에서 보고 있다면 «出去», 내가 밖에서 친구를 기다린다면 «出来»를 써야 해요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 밖으로 나감 (멀어짐) (出去)

핵심 어휘 (6)

搬 (bān) to move (heavy objects/house) 拿 (ná) to take/hold 坚持 (jiānchí) to persist/insist 记 (jì) to remember/note down 停 (tíng) to stop 跑 (pǎo) to run

Real-World Preview

truck

Helping a Friend Move

Review Summary

  • Verb + 进来 (jìnlái)
  • Verb + 上来 (shànglái)
  • Verb + 出去 (chūqù)
  • Verb + 下去 (xiàqù)
  • Verb + 住 (zhù)

자주 하는 실수

When there is a place object, it must be placed between 'jìn' and 'lái/qù'. You cannot put the object after the whole complement.

Wrong: 他走进房间来 (tā zǒu jìn fángjiān lái)
정답: 他走进房间来了 / 他进房间来了 (tā jìn fángjiān lái le)

Students often confuse physical ability with the 'xiàqù' complement, which specifically implies continuation or tolerance of an action.

Wrong: 我听不下去 (wǒ tīng bú xiàqù) meaning 'I can't hear it'.
정답: 我听不下去 (wǒ tīng bú xiàqù) meaning 'I can't stand listening anymore'.

Don't confuse the verb 'zhù' (to live) with the complement 'zhù' (fixed). The complement follows another verb to show stability.

Wrong: 我住在北京 (wǒ zhù zài Běijīng) used as a result complement.
정답: 我记住你的名字 (wǒ jìzhù nǐ de míngzi)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked a major level of fluency. Describing movement naturally is what separates intermediate learners from beginners. Keep moving forward!

Narrate your walk through your house using directional complements.

Write 5 things you want to '坚持下去' (persist in) this year.

Continue to: Logic, Reasons, and Suggestions

빠른 연습 (6)

차를 멈춘 상황에 대한 문장에서 틀린 부분을 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

看到红灯，司机把车停。 (빨간불을 보고 운전사가 차를 멈췄다.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 看到红灯，司机把车停住了。
차가 완전히 멈춰 선 결과를 나타내기 위해 결과보어 '住'와 완료의 '了'를 함께 써야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 결과 보어 '住 (zhù)': 단단히 고정하거나 멈추기

도둑을 잡았을 때 가장 자연스러운 문장은?

다음 중 맞는 문장을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我抓住了小偷。
'抓住'는 도둑을 꽉 붙잡아서 도망가지 못하게 고정했다는 느낌을 줍니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 결과 보어 '住 (zhù)': 단단히 고정하거나 멈추기

문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아보세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

다음 중 틀린 부분은?: 朋友带了礼物进来我家。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我家 (우리 집)의 위치
장소인 '우리 집(我家)'은 进来 뒤에 올 수 없어요. '带进我家来'라고 샌드위치처럼 만들어야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 나에게로 들어오기: 进来 (jìnlái)

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

강아지가 당신의 방(당신이 있는 곳)으로 뛰어 들어오는 상황을 설명한 것은?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 狗跑进房间来了。 (Gǒu pǎojìn fángjiān lái le.)
장소(房间)는 중간에 위치해야 하고, 나에게 다가오는 것이므로 来를 써야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 나에게로 들어오기: 进来 (jìnlái)

빈칸에 알맞은 결과보어를 넣으세요.

如果你想学好汉语，一定要记____这些生词。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 住
정보를 머릿속에 '고정'하여 외우는 것이므로 보어 '住'가 가장 적절해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 결과 보어 '住 (zhù)': 단단히 고정하거나 멈추기

빈칸에 알맞은 형태를 골라보세요.

비가 오네! 얼른 집 안으로 뛰어 들어와! (말하는 사람은 집 안)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 进房子来 (jìn fángzi lái)
안에 있는 사람 쪽으로 오는 것이므로 来를 쓰고, 장소(房子)는 进과 来 사이에 넣어야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 나에게로 들어오기: 进来 (jìnlái)

Score: /6

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

결과보어로 쓰이면 '정지'나 '고정'을 의미해요. 동작의 결과가 안정적으로 고정된 상태를 보여주죠. 예를 들어 «拿住»는 그냥 드는 게 아니라 꽉 쥐는 거예요.
네, 한자는 같지만 보어로 쓰일 때는 상태를 설명해요. «记住»는 기억이 머리에 사는 게 아니라 '박히는' 느낌이랍니다.
上来는 위를 뜻하는 上과 오다를 뜻하는 来가 합쳐진 방향보어예요. 말하는 사람 쪽으로 올라오는 동작을 의미하죠.
아니요, 보통은 走上来(걸어 올라오다)처럼 동작 동사 뒤에 붙어서 방향을 설명해 주는 역할을 해요.
그럴 땐 아주 간단해요! 동사 바로 뒤에 {进来|jìnlái}를 붙이면 됩니다. 예: {他跑进来|tā pǎo jìnlái} (그가 뛰어 들어왔어).
가끔 사용해요! {登进来|dēng jìnlái} (여기로 로그인해 들어오다)라고 할 수 있지만, {登录|dēnglù}가 더 표준적인 기술 용어예요.
이전 챕터
Mastering Result and Experience
다음 챕터
Logic, Reasons, and Suggestions
로드맵으로 돌아가기