B1 · 中級 チャプター 6

Direction and Movement

5 トータルルール
51 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of spatial navigation and persistence in Chinese movement.

  • Describe complex movements relative to the speaker's position.
  • Express the continuation of an ongoing action over time.
  • Use result complements to describe actions that fix or stop objects.
Move through Chinese with precision and flow.

学べること

Ready to add some serious flow to your Chinese? In this B1 chapter,

Direction and Movement: Navigation and Details,
you're going to master the art of painting vivid pictures with your words, making your sentences sound incredibly natural and precise. Forget just saying go or come—we're diving deep into directional complements like 进来 (jìnlái), 上来 (shànglái), 出去 (chūqù), and 下去 (xiàqù). You'll learn exactly how to describe movement in relation to yourself and others, whether someone is *coming in towards you*, *going up towards you*, *going out and away*, or *continuing an action downwards*. Imagine giving directions like *come up into the house* or saying *please go outside*. But wait, there's more! We'll also unlock the power of the result complement 住 (zhù), which lets you explain when something is *firmly fixed, stopped, or secured*. For instance, how to *tie your shoelaces tight* or *stop the car*—住 makes all the difference! By understanding how these complements connect, you'll upgrade your ability to give crystal-clear instructions, describe dynamic actions with ease, and genuinely sound more like a native speaker. No more vague sentences! After this chapter, you won't just understand movement; you'll *express* it with confidence and flair. Get ready to move your Chinese forward, literally!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to invite someone into a room using correct directional orientation.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to describe an action that is continuing into the future.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to explain when an object has been firmly secured or stopped.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Ready to add some serious flow to your Chinese? In this B1 Chinese grammar chapter,
Direction and Movement: Navigation and Details,
you're about to unlock a powerful way to make your sentences sound incredibly natural and precise. At the CEFR B1 level, moving beyond basic vocabulary means mastering how to describe actions in relation to space and the speaker.
Forget just saying go or come—we're diving deep into directional complements like 进来 (jìnlái), 上来 (shànglái), 出去 (chūqù), and 下去 (xiàqù). These aren't just fancy words; they're essential tools that add vivid detail and context to verbs, painting a clear picture of movement.
Understanding these complements allows you to express whether someone is *coming in towards you*, *going up towards you*, *going out and away*, or *continuing an action downwards*. Imagine giving directions like
come up into the house
or saying please go outside. These nuances are crucial for effective communication in Chinese. But wait, there's more!
We'll also unlock the power of the result complement 住 (zhù), which lets you explain when something is *firmly fixed, stopped, or secured*. For instance, how to *tie your shoelaces tight* or *stop the car*—住 (zhù) makes all the difference! By understanding how these complements connect, you'll upgrade your ability to give crystal-clear instructions, describe dynamic actions with ease, and genuinely sound more like a native speaker.
No more vague sentences! After this chapter, you won't just understand movement; you'll *express* it with confidence and flair. Get ready to move your Chinese grammar forward, literally!

How This Grammar Works

In Chinese, verbs often combine with directional complements to show both the direction and the relationship to the speaker. This is a cornerstone of B1 Chinese fluency. Let's break down the core components:
Coming In Toward You: 进来 (jìnlái)
This complement indicates movement *into* a place and *towards* the speaker. The verb precedes it.
Example

他跑进来了。(Tā pǎo jìnlái le.) (He ran in.) – Implies he ran into the speaker's location.

Example

请你把书拿进来。(Qǐng nǐ bǎ shū ná jìnlái.) (Please bring the book in.)

Directional Complement: Up Toward Speaker (上来)
上来 (shànglái) describes movement *upwards* and *towards* the speaker.
Example

她走上来了。(Tā zǒu shànglái le.) (She walked up.) – She walked up to where the speaker is.

Example

把那个箱子搬上来。(Bǎ nàge xiāngzi bān shànglái.) (Move that box up here.)

Going Out and Away (出去)
出去 (chūqù) signifies movement *out of* a place and *away* from the speaker.
Example

他开出去了。(Tā kāi chūqù le.) (He drove out.) – He drove out of the speaker's location.

Example

请你把垃圾倒出去。(Qǐng nǐ bǎ lājī dào chūqù.) (Please take the trash out.)

Continuing Action: 'Down Away' (下去)
下去 (xiàqù) indicates movement *downwards* and *away* from the speaker, or often, the continuation of an action.
Example

你可以继续说下去。(Nǐ kěyǐ jìxù shuō xiàqù.) (You can continue speaking.) – Here it means to continue.

Example

孩子们跑下去了。(Háizimen pǎo xiàqù le.) (The children ran down.) – They ran down to a place away from the speaker.

Result Complement '住' (zhù): Fixing things in place
The result complement 住 (zhù) follows a verb and indicates that an action results in something being *fixed, stopped, or held firmly in place*. This is a crucial element for precise expression in Chinese grammar.
Example

我记住了你的电话号码。(Wǒ jì zhù le nǐ de diànhuà hàomǎ.) (I remembered your phone number.) – The number is fixed in memory.

Example

请你站住。(Qǐng nǐ zhàn zhù.) (Please stop standing/stand still.) – The standing action is stopped/held.

Example

把门关住。(Bǎ mén guān zhù.) (Close the door tight.) – The door is closed and secured.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他进来。(Tā jìnlái.)
✓ Correct: 他进来了。(Tā jìnlái le.)
*Explanation:* Directional complements often combine with aspect particles like 了 (le) to indicate completion of the movement, making the sentence sound natural. Omitting 了 can make it sound incomplete or like a command.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 我把书拿来。(Wǒ bǎ shū ná lái.) (I brought the book.)
✓ Correct: 我把书拿进来了。(Wǒ bǎ shū ná jìnlái le.) OR 我把书拿来了。(Wǒ bǎ shū ná lái le.)
*Explanation:* When using 来 (lái) or 去 (qù) with a verb and an object, the object usually comes *before* the directional complement (拿进来), or the directional complement can be simplified to just 来/去 if the context is clear (e.g., 拿来了). Simply saying 拿来 without a clear direction can be ambiguous.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 我忘记住你的名字。(Wǒ wàngjì zhù nǐ de míngzi.)
✓ Correct: 我没记住你的名字。(Wǒ méi jì zhù nǐ de míngzi.)
*Explanation:* 住 (zhù) typically combines with verbs like 记 (jì - to remember), 抓 (zhuā - to grasp), 站 (zhàn - to stand), 停 (tíng - to stop), etc., to show the result of the action. 忘记 (wàngjì - to forget) already implies a lack of retention, so 住 is not used with it. Instead, you'd use 没记住 (méi jìzhù - didn't remember/retain).

Real Conversations

A

A

你什么时候回来的？(Nǐ shénme shíhou huí lái de?) (When did you come back?)
B

B

我昨天晚上才回来。(Wǒ zuótiān wǎnshang cái huí lái.) (I only came back last night.)
A

A

小心！别让杯子掉下去。(Xiǎoxīn! Bié ràng bēizi diào xiàqù.) (Be careful! Don't let the cup fall down.)
B

B

好的，我抓住了。(Hǎo de, wǒ zhuā zhù le.) (Okay, I've got a firm hold on it.)
A

A

我们可以进去了吗？(Wǒmen kěyǐ jìn qù le ma?) (Can we go in now?)
B

B

请稍等，老师马上就出来。(Qǐng shāoděng, lǎoshī mǎshàng jiù chū lái.) (Please wait a moment, the teacher will come out shortly.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the fundamental difference between 来 (lái) and 去 (qù) in directional complements?

来 (lái) indicates movement *towards* the speaker's current location or perspective, while 去 (qù) indicates movement *away* from the speaker's current location or perspective.

Q

Can 住 (zhù) be used with any verb to mean stop?

Not with *any* verb. 住 (zhù) implies stopping an action that is *ongoing* (e.g., 站住 - stop standing, 停住 - stop moving) or securing/fixing something as a result of an action (e.g., 记住 - remember firmly, 抓住 - grasp firmly). It doesn't typically combine with verbs that already imply a single, non-continuous action or a state.

Q

How do I know if I should use a simple directional complement (来/去) or a compound one (上来/下去)?

Use a compound directional complement (上来, 下去, 进来, 出去, etc.) when you want to specify both the *direction* (up, down, in, out) and the *relation to the speaker* (来 for towards, 去 for away). Simple 来/去 is often used when the direction (e.g., up/down) is already clear from context or the main verb, or when the verb itself implies direction (e.g., 回家来 - come home, 出去 - go out). Compound forms are more explicit.

Cultural Context

These directional and result complements are incredibly pervasive in everyday Chinese. Native speakers use them constantly to convey precise movement and states, often without conscious thought. Mastering them is key to sounding natural and avoiding misunderstandings, especially when giving or following directions.
They reflect a linguistic tendency to be very specific about spatial relationships and the outcome of actions, making conversations much more vivid and clear. This level of detail is a hallmark of conversational fluency in B1 Chinese.

重要な例文 (6)

1

请记住我的建议。

私のアドバイスを覚えておいてください。

結果補語「住 (zhù)」：しっかり固定・停止させる
2

他紧紧地抓住了扶手。

彼は手すりをぎゅっと掴みました。

結果補語「住 (zhù)」：しっかり固定・停止させる
3

快进来，外面很冷！

早く入って、外はすごく寒いよ！

こちらへ入ってくる：进来 (jìnlái)
4

老师走进教室来了。

先生が教室に入ってきました。

こちらへ入ってくる：进来 (jìnlái)
5

你可以说下去，我在听。

そのまま話し続けていいよ、聞いてるから。

動作の継続：下の方向へ (xiàqù)
6

这个电影太无聊了，我看不下去了。

この映画つまらなすぎて、もう見てられないよ。

動作の継続：下の方向へ (xiàqù)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

「記憶のスティック」ルール

事実や名前を脳に焼き付けるときは必ず '记住' (jìzhù) を使いましょう。 '记得' は単に覚えている状態ですが、 '记住' は意識的に記憶に留める動作です。 «请记住我的建议。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 結果補語「住 (zhù)」：しっかり固定・停止させる
💡

視点を固定しよう

「私は今どこにいる？」と自分に問いかけてみて。動きが自分の方へ上がってくるなら「上来」を使います。「«你上来吧。»」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 方向補語：話者の方へ上る (上来)
🎯

サンドイッチのルール

場所の言葉はサンドイッチの具だと思って！必ず「进」と「来」の間に置きます。 «走进教室来»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: こちらへ入ってくる：进来 (jìnlái)
⚠️

視点がすべて！

自分がどこに立っているか確認して！外で待っている人に「出てきて」と言うなら「出来」ですが、中にいる人が去るのを見送るなら「出去」です。«你出来！» と «你出去！» では意味が真逆ですよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 外に出ていく・離れていく (出去)

重要な語彙 (6)

搬 (bān) to move (heavy objects/house) 拿 (ná) to take/hold 坚持 (jiānchí) to persist/insist 记 (jì) to remember/note down 停 (tíng) to stop 跑 (pǎo) to run

Real-World Preview

truck

Helping a Friend Move

Review Summary

  • Verb + 进来 (jìnlái)
  • Verb + 上来 (shànglái)
  • Verb + 出去 (chūqù)
  • Verb + 下去 (xiàqù)
  • Verb + 住 (zhù)

よくある間違い

When there is a place object, it must be placed between 'jìn' and 'lái/qù'. You cannot put the object after the whole complement.

Wrong: 他走进房间来 (tā zǒu jìn fángjiān lái)
正解: 他走进房间来了 / 他进房间来了 (tā jìn fángjiān lái le)

Students often confuse physical ability with the 'xiàqù' complement, which specifically implies continuation or tolerance of an action.

Wrong: 我听不下去 (wǒ tīng bú xiàqù) meaning 'I can't hear it'.
正解: 我听不下去 (wǒ tīng bú xiàqù) meaning 'I can't stand listening anymore'.

Don't confuse the verb 'zhù' (to live) with the complement 'zhù' (fixed). The complement follows another verb to show stability.

Wrong: 我住在北京 (wǒ zhù zài Běijīng) used as a result complement.
正解: 我记住你的名字 (wǒ jìzhù nǐ de míngzi)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked a major level of fluency. Describing movement naturally is what separates intermediate learners from beginners. Keep moving forward!

Narrate your walk through your house using directional complements.

Write 5 things you want to '坚持下去' (persist in) this year.

Continue to: Logic, Reasons, and Suggestions

クイック練習 (10)

「そのまま話し続けてください。聞いています。」という意味になるように空欄を埋めてください。

{请___。我在听。|Qǐng ___. Wǒ zài tīng.}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 说下去
「说下去」は、相手がすでに始めている話を継続するように促す時に使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動作の継続：下の方向へ (xiàqù)

空欄を埋めてください。あなたは2階にいて、1階にいる犬を呼んでいます。

狗狗，快______！(Gǒugou, kuài ______!)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
あなたが上にいて、犬を自分の方へ呼び寄せているので、「上」と「来」を組み合わせた「上来」が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 方向補語：話者の方へ上る (上来)

正しい結果補語を選んで空欄を埋めてください。

如果你想学好汉语，一定要记____这些生词。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 住
情報をしっかり「記憶する」という意味にするには、動詞 '记' の後に補語 '住' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 結果補語「住 (zhù)」：しっかり固定・停止させる

話し手から離れて外へ行く動きに適切な補語を選んでください。

{他已经从房间里走___了。|Tā yǐjīng cóng fángjiān lǐ zǒu ___ le.}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 出去
中から外へ、かつ話し手から遠ざかる動きなので「出去」が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 外に出ていく・離れていく (出去)

車を止める文の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

看到红灯，司机把车停。 (赤信号を見て、運転手は車を止めた。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 看到红灯，司机把车停住了。
車が完全に停止した結果を表すには、結果補語 '住' と完了の '了' を組み合わせるのが最も自然です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 結果補語「住 (zhù)」：しっかり固定・停止させる

間違いを探して直しましょう。あなたと友達は山のふもとにいます。誰かが山を登っていくのを見ました。

你看，他已经跑上来了。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
あなたたちから離れて上へ行く動きなので、「来」ではなく「去」を使うのが正しい視点です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 方向補語：話者の方へ上る (上来)

「山を下りていく」という物理的な移動を表す正しい文はどれですか？

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {走下山去|zǒu xià shān qù}
物理的な方向を表し、かつ場所の目的語がある場合は「動詞 + 下 + 場所 + 去」の順になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動作の継続：下の方向へ (xiàqù)

文法的に正しい文はどれですか？

犬があなたの部屋（あなたが今いる場所）に走って入ってくる様子を正しく表しているのは？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 狗跑进房间来了。 (Gǒu pǎojìn fángjiān lái le.)
場所の「房间」が真ん中にあり、自分の方へ来るので「来」を使うのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: こちらへ入ってくる：进来 (jìnlái)

正しい形を選んで空欄を埋めてください。

雨が降ってきた！早く家の中に走って！ (話し手は家の中)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 进房子来 (jìn fángzi lái)
中にいる人が呼んでいるので「来」を使います。場所の「房子」は「进」と「来」で挟みます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: こちらへ入ってくる：进来 (jìnlái)

場所を表す「办公室（オフィス）」が正しい位置にある文はどれ？

文法的に正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他走出了办公室去。|Tā zǒu chū le bàngōngshì qù.}
目的語が場所の場合、「出」と「去」の間に置く必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 外に出ていく・離れていく (出去)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

結果補語として使われる場合、「停止」や「しっかり固定」を意味します。動作の結果、対象が動かなくなったり安定したりすることを示します。 «请停住车。»
はい、漢字は同じですが役割が違います。補語としての 住 は、住んでいる場所ではなく、動作の後の「状態」を説明しています。 «记住密码。»
「上（上へ）」と「来（来る）」を組み合わせた方向補語です。話し手がいる場所に向かって、何かが上がってくる動きを表します。「«你快上来！»」
いいえ、基本的には補語です。動作を表す動詞の後ろに置いて、「«走上来»」（歩いて上がる）のように方向を説明します。
もっと簡単になります！動詞のすぐ後に «进来» を置くだけです。例： «他跑进来» (彼は走って入ってきた)。
たまに使われます！ «登进来» (ここにログインする) と言うこともありますが、標準的には «登录» を使います。
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