A2 Questions & Negation 11 min read Easy

Asking Who and What (Qui, Que, Quoi)

Choose qui for people and que/quoi for things, adjusting based on sentence position and formality.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'Qui' for people, 'Que' for things at the start of a sentence, and 'Quoi' at the end.

  • Qui = Who: 'Qui est là?' (Who is there?)
  • Que = What (start): 'Que fais-tu?' (What are you doing?)
  • Quoi = What (end/standalone): 'Tu fais quoi?' (What are you doing?)
Qui (Person) / Que (Thing + Start) / Quoi (Thing + End)

Overview

Mastering interrogative pronouns is fundamental to fluent communication in any language. In French, asking 'who' and 'what' presents a nuanced challenge, requiring a precise selection from qui, que, and quoi. While English typically relies on just 'who' and 'what,' French differentiates based on three critical factors: whether you are referring to a person or a thing, the grammatical function of that person or thing (as the subject or object of the verb), and the desired register of speech (casual, standard, or formal).

This structured approach, rooted in French grammatical tradition, allows for greater precision and avoids ambiguity, ensuring that your questions are both grammatically correct and appropriate for the social context. Understanding these distinctions is not merely about memorizing words, but about grasping the underlying logic of French sentence structure.

How This Grammar Works

French interrogative pronouns qui, que, and quoi are not interchangeable; their usage is governed by strict rules concerning animacy (person vs. thing) and grammatical role (subject vs. object).
  • Qui (Who/Whom)
Qui is exclusively used to refer to people or animate beings. It possesses the unique characteristic of functioning as both a subject and an object within a sentence. This flexibility is a key aspect of its usage.
  • As a subject, qui directly performs the action of the verb. It is followed immediately by the verb. For instance, in Qui parle ? (Who is speaking?), qui is the subject of parle. Similarly, Qui a fait ça ? (Who did that?) places qui as the subject of a fait. When qui acts as a subject, it remains invariant.
  • As an object, qui receives the action. It can appear at the end of an informal question, as in Tu attends qui ? (Whom are you waiting for?). Crucially, when qui is an object, it can also follow a preposition, forming structures like Pour qui travailles-tu ? (For whom do you work?) or Avec qui es-tu venu ? (With whom did you come?). This placement after a preposition often signals a more formal or standard usage, especially with inversion. Unlike que, qui does not contract before a vowel, maintaining its full form, e.g., Qui est là ?.
  • Que / Qu' (What - Direct Object)
Que (and its contracted form qu') is reserved for things or inanimate objects and exclusively functions as a direct object. This means the 'what' in question is the recipient of the verb's action. A defining feature of que is that it must immediately precede the subject or verb (in inversion) in standard and formal questions.
It is never found at the end of a sentence.
  • In questions with est-ce que, que becomes qu'est-ce que for things that are direct objects: Qu'est-ce que tu manges ? (What are you eating?). Here, que is the object of manges. Another example is Qu'est-ce que vous lisez ? (What are you reading?), where que is the object of lisez. It contracts to qu' before a vowel or mute h, such as Qu'achètes-tu ? (What are you buying?). This contraction is obligatory to avoid a hiatus (a clash of vowel sounds), a fundamental phonological rule in French.
  • In formal inversion, que directly precedes the inverted verb: Que faites-vous ? (What are you doing?). Similarly, Que désirez-vous ? (What do you desire?) uses que as the object of désirez. This construction is characteristic of a higher register.
  • Quoi (What - Object, Prepositional or Final)
Quoi also refers exclusively to things and functions solely as an object. However, its usage differs significantly from que in terms of position and register. Quoi acts as a stressed, or tonic, interrogative pronoun, which allows it to appear in positions where que cannot.
  • Most commonly, quoi is used after prepositions: De quoi parlez-vous ? (What are you talking about?), À quoi penses-tu ? (What are you thinking about?). The preposition governs quoi, which maintains its stressed form.
  • Quoi is also the preferred choice for informal questions when 'what' appears at the end of a sentence: Tu fais quoi ? (What are you doing?), Tu regardes quoi ? (What are you watching?). This final position marks a distinctly casual register. This placement is grammatically impossible for que in standalone questions. Quoi can also function as a standalone exclamation in informal contexts, expressing surprise or confusion, e.g., Quoi ?! (What?!).
Understanding these distinctions—qui for people, que/quoi for things, and their respective roles as subject or object, and their appropriate positions—is critical. French's linguistic principle of maintaining clarity through form and position drives these rules, preventing ambiguity that could otherwise arise from a simpler interrogative system.

Formation Pattern

1
French questions involving qui, que, and quoi follow three primary structural patterns, each corresponding to a different level of formality. Each pattern dictates the placement and form of the interrogative pronoun. These structures are not merely stylistic choices but grammatical necessities.
2
Intonation (Casual): This is the simplest and most informal method. You state the sentence as a declarative statement, but raise your voice at the end. The interrogative pronoun (qui or quoi) typically appears at the end of the sentence.
3
Tu cherches qui ? (Who are you looking for?) - qui as object, casual.
4
Tu fais quoi ? (What are you doing?) - quoi as object, casual.
5
Note that que is never used at the end of a sentence for direct questions. This pattern applies strictly to qui and quoi when they are objects. For qui as a subject, intonation simply means Qui est là ? (Who is there?) where qui retains its initial position.
6
Est-ce que (Standard): This is a versatile and grammatically safe way to form questions, suitable for most everyday situations. Est-ce que (or est-ce qu' before a vowel) introduces the question. The interrogative pronoun precedes est-ce que.
7
For who (people):
8
Subject: Qui est-ce qui parle ? (Who is it that is speaking?). Note the use of qui est-ce qui because qui is the subject of parle.
9
Object: Qui est-ce que tu attends ? (Whom are you waiting for?). Here, qui is the object of attends.
10
For what (things):
11
Subject: Qu'est-ce qui est sur la table ? (What is it that is on the table?). Qu'est-ce qui is essential when 'what' is the subject of the verb. qu' is the contracted form of que.
12
Object: Qu'est-ce que tu manges ? (What is it that you are eating?). Qu'est-ce que is used when 'what' is the direct object.
13
This structure is very common and can simplify question formation, especially for learners who find inversion challenging.
14
Inversion (Formal): This is the most formal way to ask questions, often used in written French or polite, official speech. The subject pronoun and the verb are inverted and joined by a hyphen. If the subject is a noun, it remains before the verb, and a redundant pronoun (il, elle, ils, elles) is used after the inverted verb.
15
For who (people):
16
Subject: Qui parle ? (Who speaks?). qui remains at the beginning.
17
Object: Qui voyez-vous ? (Whom do you see?). qui is the object of voyez.
18
À qui parlez-vous ? (To whom are you speaking?). qui follows the preposition.
19
For what (things):
20
Subject: Inversion is generally not used for what as a subject (qu'est-ce qui is preferred). The structure que + verb always implies an object.
21
Object: Que faites-vous ? (What are you doing?). que is the object of faites. Note that que must be placed at the beginning of the sentence before the inverted verb.
22
De quoi avez-vous besoin ? (What do you need?). quoi follows the preposition.
23
Here is a summary table illustrating the primary patterns:
24
| Register | Person (Subject) | Person (Object) | Thing (Subject) | Thing (Object) | Thing (Object, Prepositional/Final) |
25
| :----------- | :----------------------------- | :--------------------------------- | :----------------------------------- | :------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------ |
26
| Casual | Qui vient ? | Tu vois qui ? | (Rare, often C'est quoi ?) | (Not que) | Tu fais quoi ? / À quoi tu penses ? |
27
| Standard | Qui est-ce qui vient ? | Qui est-ce que tu vois ? | Qu'est-ce qui tombe ? | Qu'est-ce que tu fais ? | (Not applicable) |
28
| Formal | Qui vient ? | Qui voyez-vous ? | (Not applicable) | Que faites-vous ? | De quoi avez-vous besoin ? |
29
This table demonstrates the interplay of animacy, grammatical function, and formality. It underscores that while the English 'who' or 'what' may seem simple, French requires a deliberate choice based on the full grammatical context.

When To Use It

Selecting the correct interrogative pronoun—qui, que, or quoi—depends entirely on what you are asking about (a person or a thing) and its role in the sentence (subject or object). Precise application avoids grammatical errors and ensures clarity.
  • Use qui for people, whether they are the subject or object of the verb.
  • When asking about the subject (the person performing the action):
  • Qui a frappé à la porte ? (Who knocked on the door?) - Direct and concise.
  • Qui est-ce qui t'a appelé ? (Who called you?) - Standard and explicit, emphasizing qui as the subject.
  • When asking about the object (the person receiving the action):
  • Tu as invité qui pour la soirée ? (Whom did you invite for the party?) - Informal usage, qui at the end.
  • Qui vois-tu dans la foule ? (Whom do you see in the crowd?) - Formal inversion.
  • Avec qui es-tu allé au cinéma ? (With whom did you go to the cinema?) - qui follows a preposition.
  • Use que (qu') for things, specifically when 'what' is the direct object and appears at the beginning of a standard or formal question.
  • As a direct object in standard questions with est-ce que:
  • Qu'est-ce que tu apprends en ce moment ? (What are you learning right now?) - Here, 'what' is the thing being learned.
  • Qu'est-ce que cela signifie ? (What does that mean?) - Asking for the meaning of a thing.
  • As a direct object in formal questions with inversion:
  • Que faites-vous pendant vos vacances ? (What are you doing during your holidays?) - A polite inquiry about activities.
  • Que désirez-vous commander ? (What do you wish to order?) - Common in service interactions.
  • Use quoi for things when 'what' is an object that follows a preposition or appears at the end of an informal question.
  • After a preposition:
  • De quoi avez-vous besoin pour ce projet ? (What do you need for this project?) - quoi is the object of de.
  • À quoi sert cet appareil ? (What is this device used for?) - quoi is the object of à.
  • At the end of an informal question:
  • Tu penses quoi de ce film ? (What do you think of this film?) - Casual opinion request.
  • Ils mangent quoi ce soir ? (What are they eating tonight?) - Simple, direct, informal question.
These guidelines provide a clear roadmap for selecting the appropriate interrogative pronoun based on the grammatical context and the nature of the entity being questioned.

When Not To Use It

Misapplying qui, que, and quoi is a common source of error for French learners. Understanding when not to use a particular form is as crucial as knowing when to use it, as incorrect usage can lead to ungrammatical sentences or miscommunication.
  • Do not use que at the end of a question. This is a fundamental rule. Que is an unstressed pronoun that must precede the verb or the subject in formal/standard questions. If 'what' appears at the end of an informal question, quoi is the correct form.
  • Incorrect: Tu regardes que ?
  • Correct: Tu regardes quoi ? (Informal) or Qu'est-ce que tu regardes ? (Standard) or Que regardes-tu ? (Formal).
  • Do not use que as the subject when asking about a thing. When 'what' acts as the subject (the thing performing the action), the construction qu'est-ce qui is mandatory. Que itself only functions as a direct object.
  • Incorrect: Que est tombé ? (Literally 'What is fallen?', grammatically incomplete).
  • Correct: Qu'est-ce qui est tombé ? (What fell down?) - qui here functions as the relative pronoun for the subject 'what'.
  • Do not use qui to refer to things or inanimate objects. Qui is strictly reserved for people (and occasionally personified animals, but rarely for inanimate objects). Using qui for a thing is a significant grammatical error.
  • Incorrect: Qui est dans ton sac ? (Implies a person is inside the bag).
  • Correct: Qu'est-ce qui est dans ton sac ? (What is in your bag?).
  • If asking

3. Interrogative Pronoun Usage

Pronoun Meaning Position Register
Qui
Who
Anywhere
Neutral
Que
What
Start
Formal
Quoi
What
End/Standalone
Informal

Elisions

Full Elided Example
Que
Qu'
Qu'est-ce que

Meanings

These pronouns are used to ask questions about the identity of people or the nature of objects/actions.

1

Subject/Object Person

Asking about a person.

“Qui est-ce ?”

“Qui a téléphoné ?”

2

Object Thing (Start)

Asking about a thing at the beginning of a sentence.

“Que veux-tu ?”

“Que regardes-tu ?”

3

Object Thing (End)

Asking about a thing at the end of a sentence.

“Tu fais quoi ?”

“Il veut quoi ?”

Reference Table

Reference table for Asking Who and What (Qui, Que, Quoi)
Form Structure Example
Qui
Qui + Verb
Qui chante ?
Que
Que + Inversion
Que faites-vous ?
Quoi
Subject + Verb + Quoi
Tu fais quoi ?
Qui
Prep + Qui
Avec qui ?
Quoi
Prep + Quoi
De quoi ?
Qu'est-ce que
Qu'est-ce que + S + V
Qu'est-ce que tu aimes ?

Formality Spectrum

Formal
Que faites-vous ?

Que faites-vous ? (Asking about activity)

Neutral
Qu'est-ce que vous faites ?

Qu'est-ce que vous faites ? (Asking about activity)

Informal
Vous faites quoi ?

Vous faites quoi ? (Asking about activity)

Slang
Tu fais quoi ?

Tu fais quoi ? (Asking about activity)

Interrogative Map

Question Words

People

  • Qui Who

Things

  • Que What (Start)
  • Quoi What (End)
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Examples by Level

1

Qui est-ce ?

Who is it?

2

C'est quoi ?

What is it?

3

Qui est là ?

Who is there?

4

Quoi ?

What?

1

Que fais-tu ?

What are you doing?

2

Tu fais quoi ?

What are you doing?

3

Qui a mangé ?

Who ate?

4

Que veux-tu ?

What do you want?

1

Avec qui sors-tu ?

Who are you going out with?

2

Qu'est-ce que tu regardes ?

What are you watching?

3

À qui parles-tu ?

Who are you talking to?

4

Il veut quoi ?

What does he want?

1

Qui est-ce que tu as invité ?

Who did you invite?

2

Que se passe-t-il ici ?

What is happening here?

3

Pour qui est ce cadeau ?

Who is this gift for?

4

Qu'est-ce qui t'arrive ?

What is happening to you?

1

Qui que ce soit, je ne veux pas le voir.

Whoever it is, I don't want to see him.

2

De quoi parlez-vous ?

What are you talking about?

3

Que ne ferait-on pas pour réussir ?

What wouldn't one do to succeed?

4

Quoi qu'il arrive, reste calme.

Whatever happens, stay calm.

1

Qui donc a pu commettre un tel acte ?

Who on earth could have committed such an act?

2

Que d'émotions dans ce discours !

What emotions in this speech!

3

À quoi bon insister ?

What's the point of insisting?

4

Qui vive ?

Who goes there?

Easily Confused

Asking Who and What (Qui, Que, Quoi) vs Que vs Quel

Both translate to 'what'.

Asking Who and What (Qui, Que, Quoi) vs Qui vs Qu'est-ce qui

Both refer to people/things.

Asking Who and What (Qui, Que, Quoi) vs Quoi vs Que

Both mean 'what'.

Common Mistakes

✗

Quoi fais-tu ?

✓

Que fais-tu ?

Quoi cannot start a sentence.
✗

Qui est ce livre ?

✓

Qu'est-ce que c'est ?

Qui is for people, not objects.
✗

Que est là ?

✓

Qui est là ?

Que is for things.
✗

Quoi est ton nom ?

✓

Quel est ton nom ?

Use Quel for identity.
✗

Tu fais que ?

✓

Tu fais quoi ?

Que is for the start.
✗

Qui veux-tu manger ?

✓

Que veux-tu manger ?

Qui is for people.
✗

Quoi est le problème ?

✓

Quel est le problème ?

Use Quel for specific nouns.
✗

Avec quoi sors-tu ?

✓

Avec qui sors-tu ?

Use Qui for people.
✗

Que est-ce que tu penses ?

✓

Qu'est-ce que tu penses ?

Elision required.
✗

Il a dit quoi ?

✓

Qu'a-t-il dit ?

Formal register requires inversion.
✗

Qui que tu es...

✓

Qui que tu sois...

Subjunctive required.
✗

Quoi que tu fais...

✓

Quoi que tu fasses...

Subjunctive required.
✗

Que est-ce qui se passe ?

✓

Qu'est-ce qui se passe ?

Elision.
✗

Qui est-ce qui tu as vu ?

✓

Qui est-ce que tu as vu ?

Qui est-ce que for objects.

Sentence Patterns

Qui ___ ?

Que ___ ?

Tu ___ quoi ?

Avec qui ___ ?

Real World Usage

Social Media constant

Qui est partant pour ce soir ?

Texting constant

Tu fais quoi ?

Job Interview common

Que pouvez-vous apporter à l'entreprise ?

Travel common

C'est quoi ce monument ?

Food Delivery occasional

Que voulez-vous commander ?

Classroom very common

Qui a la réponse ?

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💡

The 'Qui' Rule

Always use 'Qui' when the answer is a person. It never changes.
⚠️

No 'Quoi' at the start

Never start a sentence with 'Quoi'. It sounds very unnatural.
🎯

Use 'Qu'est-ce que'

If you are unsure, 'Qu'est-ce que' is a safe, standard way to ask 'what'.
💬

Casual 'Quoi'

In France, adding 'quoi' at the end of a sentence is a common filler.

Smart Tips

Always reach for 'Qui' first.

Qu'est-ce que est là ? → Qui est là ?

Use 'Que' or 'Qu'est-ce que'.

Quoi fais-tu ? → Que fais-tu ?

Use 'Quoi'.

Tu fais que ? → Tu fais quoi ?

Put the preposition before the pronoun.

Qui avec ? → Avec qui ?

Pronunciation

kə -> k

Elision

Que becomes Qu' before a vowel.

kwa

Quoi

The 'oi' sound is like 'wah'.

Rising

Tu fais quoi ? ↑

Questioning tone

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Qui is for the 'Key' people in your life. Que is for the 'Queue' at the start. Quoi is for the 'Quoi' (quiet) end.

Visual Association

Imagine a person named 'Qui' standing at the door. Imagine a 'Que' line at the start of a movie theater. Imagine a 'Quoi' sign at the exit.

Rhyme

Qui for a friend, Que for the start, Quoi at the end, learn it by heart.

Story

Qui walked into the room. He asked 'Que' (what) is happening at the start of the party? Everyone replied, 'We don't know Quoi!' at the end of the night.

Word Web

QuiQueQuoiQu'est-ce queQuelQui est-ce

Challenge

Ask 3 people 'Qui est ton acteur préféré ?' and 3 things 'C'est quoi ce bruit ?'.

Cultural Notes

French people use 'Quoi' very frequently in casual speech, often as a filler.

In Quebec, 'Quoi' is used similarly, but with a distinct accent.

In some Francophone African countries, 'Qui' is used with specific emphasis.

Derived from Latin 'quis' (who) and 'quid' (what).

Conversation Starters

“

Qui est ton meilleur ami ?

“

Que fais-tu le week-end ?

“

Qu'est-ce que tu aimes manger ?

“

De quoi parles-tu ?

Journal Prompts

Write about your best friend using 'Qui'.
Write about your daily routine using 'Que'.
Write about a mystery using 'Qui' and 'Quoi'.
Write about your dreams using 'Quoi que'.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

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Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with Qui, Que, or Quoi.

___ est ton nom ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: d
Use Quel for identity.
Choose the correct pronoun. Multiple Choice

___ fais-tu ce soir ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Que is for the start.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Quoi fais-tu ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Que at the start.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Standard order.
Translate to French. Translation

Who is there?

Answer starts with: a...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Qui for people.
Choose the correct pronoun. Multiple Choice

Avec ___ sors-tu ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Qui for people.
Fill in the blank.

Tu veux ___ ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c
Quoi at the end.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Qui est ce livre ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Qui is for people.

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with Qui, Que, or Quoi.

___ est ton nom ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: d
Use Quel for identity.
Choose the correct pronoun. Multiple Choice

___ fais-tu ce soir ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Que is for the start.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Quoi fais-tu ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Que at the start.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

fais / tu / quoi / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Standard order.
Translate to French. Translation

Who is there?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Qui for people.
Choose the correct pronoun. Multiple Choice

Avec ___ sors-tu ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Qui for people.
Fill in the blank.

Tu veux ___ ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c
Quoi at the end.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Qui est ce livre ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Qui is for people.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Translate to French: 'Who is calling?' Translation

Who is calling?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Qui appelle ?
Reorder to ask 'What are you thinking about?' Sentence Reorder

tu / À / penses / quoi / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: À quoi tu penses ?
Complete the formal question: 'What do you want?' Fill in the Blank

___ voulez-vous ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Que
Match the English to the French. Match Pairs

Match the pairs:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Who? = Qui
Fix the mistake: 'Tu regardes que ?' Error Correction

Tu regardes que ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Tu regardes quoi ?
Which one is for asking 'Who is it?' Multiple Choice

Who is it?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: C'est qui ?
Fill in the blank: 'What is happening?' Fill in the Blank

Qu'est-ce ___ se passe ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: qui
Translate: 'To whom are you speaking?' Translation

To whom are you speaking?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: À qui parles-tu ?
Which is the standard 'what' question? Multiple Choice

What are you buying?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Qu'est-ce que tu achètes ?
Reorder: 'What are you talking about?' Sentence Reorder

parles / De / quoi / tu / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: De quoi tu parles ?

Score: /10

FAQ (8)

No, never. Use 'Que' or 'Qu'est-ce que'.

No, it can be an object too, like in 'Avec qui ?'.

It's for better flow before a vowel.

Use 'Quel' when you are asking 'which' or 'what' followed by a noun.

It's informal, but not necessarily rude unless used in a specific tone.

'Que' with inversion is the most formal.

Yes, 'Qui' works for singular and plural.

'Quoi de neuf ?' is the standard expression.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

Quién/Qué

Spanish doesn't have the Que/Quoi distinction based on position.

German moderate

Wer/Was

German has case endings for 'Wer'.

Japanese low

Dare/Nani

Japanese question words are not at the start.

Arabic moderate

Man/Ma

Arabic has different structures for interrogatives.

Chinese low

Shei/Shenme

Chinese does not change word order for questions.

English high

Who/What

English 'What' is used in all positions.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
Asking Questions (Où, Quand, Comment, Pourquoi)
Next
Asking Formal Questions (Inversion)

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