B1 Prepositions & Connectors 6 min read Easy

Using 'Según' (According to / It depends)

Use según to cite sources or show dependency, remembering to use subject pronouns like yo and .

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'según' to express perspective or dependence, meaning 'according to' or 'it depends' depending on the context.

  • Use 'según' + noun/pronoun to cite a source: 'Según mi madre' (According to my mother).
  • Use 'según' as an adverbial phrase meaning 'it depends': '¿Vamos? Según.' (Are we going? It depends).
  • Never use 'según' with subject pronouns like 'yo' or 'tú'; use 'mí' or 'ti' instead.
Según + [Source/Person] OR Según = [It depends]

Overview

The Spanish preposition según is a highly versatile tool used to introduce the source of information, express an opinion, or indicate proportionality and dependence. It typically translates to "according to," "as per," or "depending on." Mastering según allows B1-level Spanish learners to attribute statements, soften claims, or imply conditions with greater precision, enhancing communication in both formal and informal contexts. This preposition is grammatically distinct, particularly in its interaction with pronouns, which sets it apart from most other Spanish prepositions.

A thorough understanding of según is crucial for grasping how native speakers convey various perspectives and conditional relationships in daily discourse.

How This Grammar Works

At its core, según functions by establishing a clear connection between a piece of information or an action and its origin or underlying condition. Unlike the majority of Spanish prepositions (e.g., para, con, sin), which consistently require prepositional pronouns (, ti, , nosotros/as, vosotros/as, ellos/as), según is a notable exception. This preposition exclusively pairs with subject pronouns (yo, , él, ella, usted, nosotros/as, vosotros/as, ustedes, ellos, ellas).
Consequently, constructions such as según mí or según ti are grammatically incorrect in modern Spanish and immediately identify a non-native speaker.
This unique grammatical behavior stems from según's historical evolution from the Latin secundum, meaning "following" or "in agreement with." Its semantic role is to introduce a perspective or source for a statement, rather than indicating a direct object or recipient of an action. For instance, in Hablan de mí (They speak of me), is the object of de. However, Según yo, el plan es bueno (According to me, the plan is good) positions yo as the viewpoint or origin of the assessment, not a grammatical object.
This semantic function dictates its pairing with subject pronouns. Beyond personal pronouns, según flexibly introduces diverse sources, including inanimate objects, abstract concepts, and entire clauses, acting as a crucial structural bridge. It frames the subsequent information by grounding it in a specified reference point.

Formation Pattern

1
The structure for employing según is precise. Según invariably precedes the source of information or the condition being referenced, functioning as an invariant word that does not inflect for gender or number. It is crucial to remember that según requires an accent mark on the u.
2
1. Según + Subject Pronoun:
3
This is the most distinguishing pattern, where según combines directly with the same pronouns used as subjects of verbs. This structure is common for expressing personal opinions or attributing information to individuals. It implies "in my/your/his/her opinion."
4
| Subject Pronoun | Example with según | English Translation |
5
| :-------------- | :------------------- | :---------------------------------- |
6
| yo | según yo | according to me; in my opinion |
7
| | según tú | according to you; in your opinion |
8
| usted | según usted | according to you (formal); in your opinion |
9
| él/ella | según él/ella | according to him/her; in his/her opinion |
10
| nosotros/as | según nosotros/as | according to us; in our opinion |
11
| vosotros/as | según vosotros/as | according to you (plural, Spain); in your opinion |
12
| ustedes | según ustedes | according to you (plural, LatAm/formal); in your opinion |
13
| ellos/ellas | según ellos/ellas | according to them; in their opinion |
14
Example: Según tú, ¿cuál es la mejor película del año? (According to you, what's the best film of the year?)
15
Example: Ellos cambiaron el horario según ellos mismos. (They changed the schedule according to themselves.)
16
Example: Según nosotros, el proyecto va por buen camino. (According to us, the project is on track.)
17
2. Según + Noun or Noun Phrase:
18
This is the most frequent usage for citing impersonal sources, organizations, or named individuals. Según directly precedes the noun or noun phrase without any intervening prepositions such as de or a.
19
Example: Según el último estudio, el cambio climático es urgente. (According to the latest study, climate change is urgent.)
20
Example: Según la Ministra de Sanidad, las nuevas medidas son necesarias. (According to the Minister of Health, the new measures are necessary.)
21
Example: Según mi hermano, la exposición es muy interesante. (According to my brother, the exhibition is very interesting.)
22
3. Según lo que + Clause (Verb):
23
When the source is an action, a verbal statement, or a detailed event, según lo que (according to what) introduces a subordinate clause. This construction is vital for referring to narrated information or conditions conveyed through verbs.
24
Example: Organizaremos el evento según lo que decidan los participantes. (We will organize the event according to what the participants decide.)
25
Example: Según lo que prometió, el paquete llegará mañana. (According to what he promised, the package will arrive tomorrow.)
26
Example: Debemos actuar según lo que nos dicte la conciencia. (We must act according to what our conscience tells us.)
27
4. Según (Standalone):
28
In informal contexts, especially in spoken Spanish and digital messaging, según can stand alone as a concise reply meaning "it depends" or "maybe, depending on the circumstances." This is a highly colloquial and idiomatic usage.
29
Example: —¿Vienes a la reunión? —Según. (—Are you coming to the meeting? —It depends.)
30
Example: —¿Crees que lloverá? —Según. (—Do you think it will rain? —It depends.)

When To Use It

Según is an exceptionally versatile preposition, essential for adding precision and depth to your Spanish. Its applications range from formal attribution to casual expressions of uncertainty.
1. Citing Sources and Attributing Information:
This is según's primary and most common function. You use it to introduce the origin of a statement, fact, or opinion, indicating that the information comes from a particular source. This is fundamental in academic writing, journalism, and everyday conversations where providing context or provenance is important.
  • Según la Constitución, todos los ciudadanos tienen derecho a voto. (According to the Constitution, all citizens have the right to vote.)
  • Según un nuevo informe de la ONU, la población mundial superará los 10 mil millones. (According to a new UN report, the world population will exceed 10 billion.)
  • La tienda abre a las nueve, según el horario en la puerta. (The store opens at nine, according to the schedule on the door.)
2. Expressing Personal Opinion or Perspective:
Using según with a subject pronoun (según yo, según tú, según él) allows you to present a personal viewpoint without directly stating "I believe" (creo que). This construction subtly shifts the emphasis from a direct assertion of belief to an attribution of that belief to a specific perspective. It implicitly means "from my point of view" or "in my opinion."
  • Según yo, la nueva estrategia no funcionará. (In my opinion/According to me, the new strategy won't work.)
  • No estoy seguro, pero según él, el plazo se ha extendido. (I'm not sure, but according to him, the deadline has been extended.)
  • Según tú, ¿cuál es el mayor desafío que enfrentamos? (In your opinion/According to you, what is the biggest challenge we face?)
3. Indicating Proportionality or Dependence:
In this usage, según conveys that something varies or is determined by another factor. It translates to "depending on," "according to," or "as per," highlighting a conditional relationship between two elements.
  • La intensidad del dolor varía según el tipo de lesión. (The intensity of the pain varies depending on the type of injury.)
  • Te pagaré según el volumen de ventas que consigas. (I will pay you according to/depending on the sales volume you achieve.)
  • Podemos comer en casa o fuera, según tu preferencia. (We can eat at home or out, depending on your preference.)
4. The "It Depends" Shorthand:
As detailed in the formation section, según used on its own is a very common, informal response to questions that have conditional or indeterminate answers. It implies "it depends on the circumstances" or "I need more information."
  • —¿Vas a estudiar en el extranjero? —Según. (—Are you going to study abroad? —It depends.)
  • —¿Te apetece salir esta noche? —Según, si no hace mucho frío. (—Do you fancy going out tonight? —It depends, if it's not too cold.)
5. Expressing Conformity or Compliance:
In more formal or administrative contexts, según can mean "in accordance with" or "in conformity with." This usage often overlaps with de acuerdo con but maintains según's inherent conciseness.
  • Los datos se procesaron según la normativa de protección. (The data was processed in accordance with the protection regulations.)
  • Debemos actuar según lo estipulado en el contrato. (We must act according to what is stipulated in the contract.)
  • Según las instrucciones del manual, la instalación es sencilla. (According to the manual's instructions, installation is simple.)

Common Mistakes

Despite its frequent use, según often leads to specific errors among Spanish learners due to its unique grammatical features. Avoiding these common pitfalls will significantly enhance your accuracy and naturalness.
1. Using Prepositional Pronouns Instead of Subject Pronouns:
This is the most common and easily identifiable mistake. While most prepositions take prepositional pronouns (, ti, etc.), según is a crucial exception that requires subject pronouns.
  • Incorrect: *Según mí, el resultado es justo.
  • Incorrect: *Según ti, deberíamos irnos.
  • Correct: Según yo, el resultado es justo. (According to me, the result is fair.)
  • Correct: Según tú, deberíamos irnos. (According to you, we should leave.)
Why it's wrong: Según introduces a source's perspective, not an object. The subject pronoun maintains this sense of agency. Memorize the pattern según yo, según tú, según él, etc.
2. Inserting the Preposition de:
Learners sometimes insert de between según and its complement (e.g., *según de el informe). Según is a self-sufficient preposition and does not require de to introduce the noun or noun phrase that follows it.
  • Incorrect: *Según de la investigación, el fenómeno es raro.
  • Incorrect: *Según de mi madre, tengo que limpiar mi habitación.
  • Correct: Según la investigación, el fenómeno es raro. (According to the investigation, the phenomenon is rare.)
  • Correct: Según mi madre, tengo que limpiar mi habitación. (According to my mother, I have to clean my room.)
Why it's wrong: This error might stem from analogy with other constructions. Según directly connects to its source without an intermediary preposition.
3. Omitting the Accent Mark on ú:
The accent mark on the u in según is mandatory. It indicates the stressed syllable and is a fundamental part of the word's orthography.
  • Incorrect: *Segun los expertos, es un buen momento.
  • Correct: Según los expertos, es un buen momento. (According to the experts, it's a good time.)
Why it's wrong: While often understood, missing accent marks are grammatical errors. In formal writing, they affect credibility. In casual digital communication, it's less critical but still technically incorrect.
4. Redundancy with mi opinión:
While not grammatically catastrophic, *según mi opinión is redundant and sounds awkward. Según yo or en mi opinión are the natural and preferred alternatives.
  • Awkward/Redundant: *Según mi opinión, deberíamos esperar.
  • Better: Según yo, deberíamos esperar. (In my opinion, we should wait.)
  • Alternatively: En mi opinión, deberíamos esperar. (In my opinion, we should wait.)
Why it's wrong: Según yo already conveys "according to my perspective/opinion." Adding mi opinión creates a repetitive phrase, essentially "according to my opinion, my opinion..." Choose one for conciseness.
5. Confusing Según with De Acuerdo Con or Conforme a:
While these terms can often be interchangeable in meaning, especially when expressing conformity, they carry different registers and are used in specific contexts.
  • Según is the most flexible, concise, and widely used in all registers.
  • De acuerdo con is slightly more formal and often implies agreement with a rule, person, or established fact. It literally means "in agreement with."
  • Conforme a is considerably more formal, often reserved for legal, administrative, or highly official documents, meaning "in conformity with" or "pursuant to."
Table: Según vs. Similar Structures
| Structure | Primary Use | Register | Example |
| :---------------- | :-------------------------- | :------------ | :------------------------------------------------- |
| Según | General attribution, proportionality, personal opinion, "it depends" | All | Según el pronóstico, hará sol. |
| De acuerdo con | Agreement, compliance, formal attribution | Formal/Semi-formal | De acuerdo con el contrato, te corresponde. |
| Conforme a | Strict compliance, legal/administrative | Very Formal | Se actuará conforme a la ley vigente. |
Why it's wrong to misuse: Using a highly formal term like conforme a in a casual conversation sounds unnatural, similar to using overly legalistic jargon in everyday English. Select the structure that best matches the formality and context of your communication.

Real Conversations

To truly master según, observing its application in authentic Spanish communication is paramount. Here's how native speakers integrate según across various modern contexts, illustrating its adaptability and expressive power.

1. Digital Communication (Texts, Social Media):

In informal digital exchanges, según offers an efficient way to attribute information concisely or express conditional uncertainty. The standalone Según. is particularly common.

- Text Message: ¿Vienes al concierto? —Según. Si consigo entradas. (—Are you coming to the concert? —It depends. If I get tickets.)

- Social Media Post: Según los últimos memes, el lunes es el día más largo. 😩 #Humor (According to the latest memes, Monday is the longest day. 😩 #Humor)

- Chat App: ¿Ya salió el nuevo videojuego? —Según la página oficial, sí. (—Has the new video game been released? —According to the official page, yes.)

2. Workplace and Academic Settings:

In professional and academic environments, según is indispensable for precise referencing of documents, instructions, research, or colleagues' input, maintaining clarity and professionalism.

- Email to Team: Según el cronograma revisado, la presentación final es el 20. (According to the revised schedule, the final presentation is on the 20th.)

- Meeting Discussion: Necesitamos ajustar el presupuesto según las nuevas estimaciones. (We need to adjust the budget according to the new estimates.)

- Academic Paper: Según los principios de la termodinámica, la energía no se crea ni se destruye. (According to the principles of thermodynamics, energy is neither created nor destroyed.)

3. Everyday Dialogue:

In casual conversations, según frequently softens statements, shares perspectives, or clarifies conditions without sounding overly formal, fitting seamlessly into daily interactions.

- Discussing News: Según la radio, mañana va a nevar en la sierra. (According to the radio, it's going to snow in the mountains tomorrow.)

- Sharing Opinions: Según mi amiga, el nuevo café del centro es delicioso. (According to my friend, the new coffee shop downtown is delicious.)

- Making Plans: Podemos hacer la excursión el sábado o el domingo, según el tiempo. (We can go on the excursion on Saturday or Sunday, depending on the weather.)

4. Cultural and Regional Observations:

While the core meaning and grammatical rules of según are consistent across the Spanish-speaking world, subtle differences in frequency or nuance can exist.

- The standalone Según. for "it depends" is universally understood and used in both Spain and Latin America. However, its prevalence as a quick, almost single-word response may be slightly more pronounced in certain Latin American regions.

- When expressing personal opinion, según yo is very natural and frequently heard in Latin America. In Spain, en mi opinión or simply yo creo que might be marginally more common, though según yo is still perfectly understood and used. These are subtle tendencies rather than strict divergences.

Quick FAQ

Q: Can según be used to introduce a direct quote?

Yes, según introduces the source of the information, and the direct quote typically follows. For example: Según el portavoz, "La empresa está comprometida con la sostenibilidad." (According to the spokesperson, "The company is committed to sustainability.") It sets up the attribution for the following quote.

Q: Is según lo que always necessary before a verb or clause?

Yes, when you are referring to a verbal action or a full clause that serves as the source or condition. You cannot say *Según dice la gente...; instead, you must use Según lo que dice la gente... (According to what people say...) or, less commonly, restructure to Según la gente, dice... (According to people, it says...), but the lo que construction is most natural and frequent.

Q: Does según imply agreement with the source's statement?

Not inherently. Según primarily implies attribution or reporting. You are stating who said something or where the information originated, without necessarily endorsing its truth or agreeing with it. To express agreement, you would explicitly say Estoy de acuerdo con... (I agree with...). Según simply presents the information from a particular viewpoint.

Q: Can según appear in the middle of a sentence?

Absolutely. While often sentence-initial for emphasis or clear attribution, según can be placed mid-sentence to introduce the source or condition more fluidly, especially if the main idea is presented first.

  • El informe es correcto, según los auditores. (The report is correct, according to the auditors.)
  • Modificaremos el horario del evento, según sea la disponibilidad de los ponentes. (We will modify the event schedule, depending on the availability of the speakers.)
Q: What's the difference between según and depende de when translating "it depends"?

When used as a standalone "it depends," según is more colloquial and broad, implying "it depends on various (often unstated) factors." Depende de explicitly states the dependency on a specific factor.

  • —¿Vienes a la fiesta? —Según. (—Are you coming to the party? —It depends [on factors like time, mood, other plans].)
  • —¿Vienes a la fiesta? —Depende de si termina mi trabajo. (—Are you coming to the party? —It depends on if my work finishes.)
Depende de requires specifying what the dependency is. Según (standalone) does not need to.
Q: Are there any common fixed expressions with según?

Yes, two common ones are:

  • Según y cómo: Often used in Spain, reinforcing conditionality and meaning "it depends" or "it depends on how."
  • —¿Iremos de vacaciones? —Según y cómo estén los precios. (—Will we go on holiday? —It depends on what the prices are like.)
  • Según parece: Means "apparently" or "as it seems," introducing an observation based on appearances or general knowledge.
  • Según parece, la economía está mejorando. (Apparently, the economy is improving.)
Q: Does según have a more formal equivalent for legal or highly official documents?

While según is often perfectly acceptable even in formal contexts, for extreme precision in legal or highly official documents, phrases like conforme a lo dispuesto en (in accordance with what is stipulated in), en virtud de (by virtue of), or de conformidad con (in conformity with) might be used to convey a stronger sense of legal compliance or formal authority. However, for most academic or professional writing, según or de acuerdo con are sufficient and commonly used.

Pronoun Usage with Según

Subject Prepositional Form Example
Yo
Según mí
ti
Según ti
Él/Ella/Usted
él/ella/usted
Según él
Nosotros
nosotros
Según nosotros
Vosotros
vosotros
Según vosotros
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
ellos/ellas/ustedes
Según ellos

Meanings

A versatile preposition used to attribute information to a source or to indicate that a situation is conditional.

1

Attribution

According to / In the opinion of

“Según Juan, es tarde.”

“Según las noticias, habrá huelga.”

2

Dependence

It depends / Depending on

“¿Te gusta el cine? Según.”

“El precio cambia según la temporada.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Using 'Según' (According to / It depends)
Usage Spanish Pattern English Meaning
Citing a source
según {el|m} artículo
according to the article
Personal opinion
según yo
according to me / in my view
Addressing someone
según tú
according to you
Uncertain condition
según sea
depending on how it is
Known condition
según dice
depending on what he/she says
Standalone
¡Según!
It depends!

Formality Spectrum

Formal
Según la ley vigente

Según la ley vigente (Legal)

Neutral
Según la ley

Según la ley (Legal)

Informal
Según la ley

Según la ley (Legal)

Slang
Según la ley

Según la ley (Legal)

The World of Según

según

Sources

  • la prensa the press
  • el mapa the map

Opinions

  • yo me (subject)
  • you (subject)

Según vs. Depende de

Según
Según el clima According to the weather
Según digas Depending on what you say
Depende de
Depende del clima It depends on the weather
Depende de ti It depends on you

Choosing the right Pronoun/Verb

1

Is it a pronoun?

YES
Use Yo/Tú (Subject)
NO
Is it a verb?
2

Is the verb uncertain?

YES
Use Subjunctive
NO ↓

Common Contexts for Según

📱

Digital Life

  • Según el GPS
  • Según el post
  • Según Google
💬

Daily Talk

  • Según yo
  • Según parece
  • ¡Según!

Examples by Level

1

Según mi padre, es bueno.

According to my father, it is good.

1

Según el libro, es verdad.

According to the book, it is true.

2

¿Vamos hoy? Según.

Are we going today? It depends.

1

Según tú, todo es fácil.

According to you, everything is easy.

2

El precio varía según el tamaño.

The price varies depending on the size.

1

Según los expertos, la economía mejorará.

According to experts, the economy will improve.

2

Actuaremos según sea necesario.

We will act as necessary.

1

Según se informa, el evento fue un éxito.

According to reports, the event was a success.

2

Todo depende según el contexto.

Everything depends according to the context.

1

Según lo previsto, llegaremos a tiempo.

As planned, we will arrive on time.

Easily Confused

Using 'Según' (According to / It depends) vs Según vs Depender de

Both express dependence.

Common Mistakes

Según yo

Según mí

Use prepositional pronouns.

Según dice

Según él

Don't use verbs after según.

Depende según el caso

Depende del caso

Avoid redundancy.

Según de que

Según

Según is not followed by 'de'.

Sentence Patterns

Según ___, la situación es clara.

Real World Usage

News constant

Según las autoridades...

Texting common

¿Vamos? Según.

⚠️

The Pronoun Trap

Never use 'mí' or 'ti' after 'según'. It's one of the few exceptions where you must use 'yo' and 'tú'.
🎯

Standalone Power

If you're not sure about a plan, just say 'Según'. It sounds very natural and gives you time to think!
💬

According to who?

In many Spanish-speaking countries, 'Según yo' is the standard way to soften an opinion, making it sound less like a fact and more like a perspective.

Smart Tips

Use 'según mí'.

Según yo Según mí

Pronunciation

seh-GOON

Stress

The stress is on the 'ú'.

Question response

¿Vas? ↗ Según ↘

Indicates uncertainty.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Según is like a 'Sign' pointing to a source.

Visual Association

Imagine a judge pointing to a book (the source) and saying 'Según esto'.

Rhyme

Para citar a alguien, usa según, y si es 'it depends', también es común.

Story

Maria asked if it would rain. I said 'Según'. She checked the app. 'Según el pronóstico', she said, 'no lloverá'.

Word Web

SegúnOpiniónDependerFuentePerspectivaCaso

Challenge

Write 3 sentences using 'Según' to describe what your friends think about a movie.

Cultural Notes

Used frequently in 'Según tú' to sound sarcastic.

Commonly used in news reporting.

Often used in 'Según qué' to mean 'it depends on what'.

From Latin 'secundum', meaning 'following'.

Conversation Starters

¿Qué dice el pronóstico del tiempo?

¿Es difícil aprender español?

Journal Prompts

Describe your day using 'según' to cite your feelings or others.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct pronoun.

Según _____, este restaurante es el mejor de la ciudad.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: yo
After 'según', we use subject pronouns like 'yo' instead of prepositional pronouns like 'mí'.
Which sentence is correct? Multiple Choice

Choose the grammatically correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Según las noticias, va a llover.
'Según' is a preposition and does not need 'de' or 'a' after it.
Find and fix the mistake Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Según ti, ¿cuál es la mejor canción de Rosalía?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Según tú, ¿cuál es la mejor canción de Rosalía?
You must use 'tú' instead of 'ti' after 'según'.

Score: /3

Practice Exercises

1 exercises
Fill in the blank.

Según ___ (me), es tarde.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
Use prepositional pronoun.

Score: /1

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Complete the sentence. Fill in the Blank

Cocinaremos _____ lo que compremos en el mercado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: según
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Reorder

yo / el / es / Según / mejor / este

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Según yo este es el mejor
Translate to Spanish. Translation

According to the teacher, the exam is easy.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Según el profesor, el examen es fácil.
Choose the correct form for an uncertain future. Multiple Choice

Iré a la fiesta según _____ tiempo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tenga
Match the English to the Spanish. Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: According to me | Según yo
Fix the mistake. Error Correction

Según de la aplicación, el bus llega en 5 minutos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Según la aplicación, el bus llega en 5 minutos.
Fill in the blank. Fill in the Blank

Todo es diferente _____ se mire.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: según
Which is the most natural standalone response? Multiple Choice

—¿Es caro el hotel? —_____.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Según
Translate: 'According to him, it is true.' Translation

According to him, it is true.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Según él, es verdad.
Reorder the sentence. Sentence Reorder

según / Las / varían / tarifas / la / temporada

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Las tarifas varían según la temporada

Score: /10

FAQ (1)

No, use 'Según mí'.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English high

According to

English doesn't use it as a standalone 'it depends'.

French high

Selon

French doesn't use it as 'it depends'.

German moderate

Gemäß

German has strict case requirements.

Japanese partial

Ni yotte

Japanese is postpositional.

Arabic moderate

Wafqan

Arabic is highly formal.

Chinese moderate

Genju

Chinese lacks the 'it depends' adverbial usage.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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