A1 Sentence Structure 10 min read Easy

Where to Put Adjectives: Noun First! (`carro azul`)

Usually, place adjectives after the noun and ensure they agree in gender and number.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

In Portuguese, adjectives almost always come after the noun they describe, and they must match the noun's gender and number.

  • Place the adjective after the noun: 'carro azul' (blue car).
  • Match gender: 'casa bonita' (feminine) vs 'carro bonito' (masculine).
  • Match number: 'carros bonitos' (plural) vs 'carro bonito' (singular).
Noun (Gender/Number) + Adjective (Gender/Number)

Overview

In Portuguese, the placement of adjectives typically follows a fundamental rule that often contrasts with English: the adjective usually comes after the noun it modifies. This structure, known as post-nominal adjective placement, is a cornerstone of Portuguese grammar, especially crucial for A1 learners. While English speakers are accustomed to saying 'blue car', Portuguese naturally expresses this as carro azul (car blue).

This isn't merely a stylistic choice; it reflects a deep linguistic principle where the noun is the primary element, with descriptive qualities added subsequently. Mastering this pattern from the outset is vital for both comprehension and producing natural-sounding Portuguese.

At its core, this rule simplifies communication by first establishing what you are talking about—the noun—and then providing how it is—the adjective. Consider the phrase uma mesa grande. You first identify the object, mesa (table), and only then its quality, grande (big).

This approach provides immediate clarity, allowing the listener to grasp the essential information before absorbing the descriptive details. For beginners, embracing this 'noun-first' mindset is a significant step towards developing an intuitive understanding of the language's internal logic, moving beyond direct translation from one's native tongue.

How This Grammar Works

Portuguese functions as a noun-headed language, meaning the noun is the central and most important component of a noun phrase. Adjectives in Portuguese are not independent entities that simply precede a noun; rather, they serve as dependents that modify and agree with the noun. This agreement is critical: adjectives must match the noun in both gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural).
This principle of agreement is a key reason why adjectives predominantly follow the noun, as the noun's properties (gender, number) must first be established before the adjective can correctly adapt its form.
Syntactically, the post-nominal position allows the noun to dictate the agreement. When you say a flor (the flower), the listener immediately knows it's feminine and singular. Any subsequent adjective, like vermelha (red), must then conform to these established properties, becoming a flor vermelha.
This flow ensures grammatical cohesion and reduces ambiguity. If the adjective came first, the listener would have to hold the adjective's gender/number in mind without knowing the noun it refers to, creating a less efficient processing pathway. This mechanism is pervasive; from describing um dia ensolarado (a sunny day) to pessoas felizes (happy people), the noun sets the stage for its descriptors.
Furthermore, the post-nominal position often conveys an objective or defining characteristic. For example, um café quente (a hot coffee) describes a factual state of the coffee. This contrasts with certain pre-nominal adjectives, which can imply a more subjective or inherent quality, a nuance we will explore.
The default, however, emphasizes the noun's inherent nature, with adjectives providing empirical or observable attributes. This systematic approach contributes to the clarity and elegance of Portuguese sentence structure, making it highly logical once its core principles are understood.

Word Order Rules

The fundamental rule for adjective placement in Portuguese is straightforward: most descriptive adjectives follow the noun they modify. This is the default, and for A1 learners, it represents the safest and most frequently encountered pattern. This category includes adjectives denoting colors, nationalities, physical attributes, and general qualities.
For instance, you will consistently hear and read o carro vermelho (the red car), a mulher brasileira (the Brazilian woman), um homem alto (a tall man), and um livro interessante (an interesting book). In each case, the noun comes first, establishing the object, followed by its defining characteristic.
Common Categories of Post-Nominal Adjectives:
  • Colors: azul, verde, preto, branco (e.g., a camisa azul, os olhos verdes).
  • Nationalities: português, brasileira, americana (e.g., o aluno português, a comida brasileira).
  • Physical Qualities: grande, pequeno, alto, baixo, gordo, magro (e.g., uma casa pequena, uns meninos gordos).
  • States or Conditions: quente, frio, velho, novo (when referring to age/recency) (e.g., a água fria, o telefone velho).
  • General Descriptive Qualities: bonito, feio, inteligente, difícil, fácil, feliz, triste (e.g., um jardim bonito, uma lição difícil).
While the post-nominal position is the standard, some adjectives can, and in specific instances must, precede the noun. These pre-nominal adjectives often carry a different nuance, typically emphasizing a subjective quality, an inherent characteristic, or a figurative meaning, rather than a purely objective description. For beginners, it's crucial to first solidify the post-nominal rule before delving deeply into these exceptions to avoid confusion.
Common Categories of Pre-Nominal Adjectives (and related modifiers):
  • Determiners: Articles (o, a, os, as, um, uma, uns, umas), demonstratives (este, essa, aquele), and possessives (meu, tua, nossos). These always precede the noun and function differently from descriptive adjectives, though they also modify the noun. Example: meu carro, aquela casa.
  • Quantifiers and Numbers: dois, muitos, poucos, primeiro, último. These indicate quantity or order and always come before the noun. Example: duas irmãs, muitas pessoas, o primeiro capítulo.
  • Specific Subjective/Evaluative Adjectives: A select group of adjectives, particularly bom (good), mau (bad), grande (big/great), pequeno (small/little), novo (new/different), and velho (old/former), can change meaning depending on their position. When placed before the noun, they often convey a subjective evaluation or an inherent, sometimes figurative, quality. When placed after, they typically denote an objective, physical, or literal meaning.
| Adjective | Pre-Nominal Meaning (Subjective/Figurative) | Post-Nominal Meaning (Objective/Literal) |
| :-------- | :----------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------- |
| grande | great, important, admirable (um grande homem - a great man) | big, large (in size) (um homem grande - a big man) |
| novo | new (different, another, previously unknown) (um novo livro - a new/different book for me) | new (recently made/acquired) (um livro novo - a newly published book) |
| velho | old (former) (meu velho amigo - my old/long-time friend) | old (in age) (um amigo velho - an elderly friend) |
| pobre | unfortunate, pitiable (um pobre homem - an unfortunate man) | poor (lacking money) (um homem pobre - a man without money) |
| certo | a certain, particular (certa pessoa - a certain person) | correct, right (a resposta certa - the correct answer) |
For A1 learners, the priority is to solidify the post-nominal rule. While understanding these nuances is valuable, consistently placing descriptive adjectives after the noun is the most effective strategy for building foundational accuracy. When in doubt, place the adjective after.
Finally, adverbs that modify adjectives, such as muito (very) or tão (so), always precede the adjective itself, regardless of the adjective's position relative to the noun. For example, um carro muito rápido (a very fast car) or uma tão grande ideia (such a great idea).

Formation Pattern

1
The process of correctly forming a noun phrase with an adjective in Portuguese involves a sequence of logical steps, primarily centered on agreement in gender and number. This systematic approach ensures that your descriptions are grammatically sound.
2
Step-by-Step Guide for Adjective Placement:
3
Identify Your Noun: Start by clearly identifying the object, person, or concept you wish to describe. This is your primary element. For example, cachorro (dog), revista (magazine), alunos (students).
4
Determine Noun's Gender and Number: This is a crucial step. Determine if the noun is masculine or feminine, and singular or plural. This information will dictate the form of your adjective.
5
cachorro is masculine singular.
6
revista is feminine singular.
7
alunos is masculine plural.
8
Choose Your Descriptive Adjective: Select the quality or characteristic you want to attribute to the noun. For example, bonito (beautiful/handsome), interessante (interesting), dedicado (dedicated).
9
Ensure Adjective-Noun Agreement: The adjective must change its ending to match the gender and number of the noun. This is where Portuguese significantly differs from English, where adjectives are invariable.
10
For cachorro (masculine singular) + bonito (masculine singular) → cachorro bonito.
11
For revista (feminine singular) + interessante (feminine singular) → revista interessante. (Note: Adjectives ending in -e in their base form often do not change for gender, only number).
12
For alunos (masculine plural) + dedicado (masculine plural) → alunos dedicados.
13
Place the Adjective After the Noun: For the vast majority of descriptive adjectives, especially at the A1 level, the adjective will immediately follow the noun. This is the default and safest placement.
14
um cachorro bonito (a beautiful dog)
15
uma revista interessante (an interesting magazine)
16
os alunos dedicados (the dedicated students)
17
Table: Adjective Agreement Patterns (Regular Adjectives)
18
| Noun Gender/Number | Adjective Form Example (amarelo - yellow) |
19
| :----------------- | :----------------------------------------- |
20
| Masculine Singular | amarelo (o carro amarelo) |
21
| Feminine Singular | amarela (a flor amarela) |
22
| Masculine Plural | amarelos (os carros amarelos) |
23
| Feminine Plural | amarelas (as flores amarelas) |
24
Table: Adjective Agreement Patterns (Adjectives Ending in -e or consonant)
25
| Noun Gender/Number | Adjective Form Example (verde - green, feliz - happy) |
26
| :----------------- | :---------------------------------------------------- |
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| Masculine Singular | verde (o carro verde), feliz (o homem feliz) |
28
| Feminine Singular | verde (a flor verde), feliz (a mulher feliz) |
29
| Masculine Plural | verdes (os carros verdes), felizes (os homens felizes) |
30
| Feminine Plural | verdes (as flores verdes), felizes (as mulheres felizes) |
31
Some adjectives, particularly those describing colors derived from nouns (e.g., laranja - orange, rosa - pink, marrom - brown), are often invariable, meaning they do not change form for gender or number. For instance, saias laranja (orange skirts) and flores rosa (pink flowers).

When To Use It

The post-nominal placement of adjectives is your default strategy for a wide array of descriptive situations in Portuguese. It is the most natural and grammatically correct way to add detail to nouns in everyday conversation, writing, and formal contexts. When you are a beginner, defaulting to this structure will prevent many common errors and make your Portuguese sound more authentic.
Key Scenarios for Post-Nominal Adjective Use:
  • Objective Descriptions: Use it when you are stating a factual, observable, or inherent quality of a noun. This is the most common use. For example, to describe the color of an item: Eu quero a caneta azul (I want the blue pen). Or its size: Ele comprou uma mesa grande (He bought a big table).
  • Specifying Identity: Adjectives placed after the noun often help to differentiate one item from another. If there are multiple pens, a caneta azul specifies which one. This function is vital for clarity in communication. Consider o carro vermelho (the red car) versus o carro preto (the black car).
  • Nationality and Origin: Adjectives indicating nationality or origin are consistently placed after the noun. Ela é uma escritora brasileira (She is a Brazilian writer) or Comemos comida portuguesa (We ate Portuguese food).
  • Physical and Emotional States: When describing temporary or permanent physical/emotional conditions. O café está quente (The coffee is hot), Ela é uma pessoa feliz (She is a happy person).
  • Adjectives Ending in Invariable Forms: Adjectives that end in -e (e.g., verde, inteligente), or consonants (e.g., feliz, jovem) typically follow the noun, as their gender form doesn't change, only their number for pluralization. Um apartamento grande, uma decisão difícil.
This default post-nominal placement is applicable across various communication channels, from casual texting (O filme foi bom!) to more formal reports (Os resultados positivos foram apresentados). It is the backbone of descriptive language in Portuguese. For A1 learners, consistently applying this rule will build a strong foundation.
Even when you encounter exceptions, understanding this primary rule will make the exceptions easier to contextualize and learn, rather than being overwhelmed by variations from the start.

Common Mistakes

Portuguese learners, especially those with English as a first language, frequently encounter specific pitfalls when it comes to adjective placement. Recognizing these common errors and understanding their underlying causes is crucial for effective improvement.
  • English-Brain Interference (Pre-Nominal Placement): The most pervasive error is directly translating the English word order, leading to constructions like azul carro instead of carro azul. This happens because in English, adjectives almost always precede the noun. To overcome this, actively practice

Adjective Agreement Table

Noun Gender Singular Adjective Plural Adjective
Masculine
-o
-os
Feminine
-a
-as
Neutral/Invariable
-e/-l/-z
-es/-is/-zes

Meanings

This rule dictates that descriptive words (adjectives) follow the object or person (noun) they modify. It ensures grammatical agreement in gender and quantity.

1

Standard Description

Basic physical or qualitative description.

“O livro novo.”

“A mesa grande.”

2

Color/Nationality

Colors and nationalities always follow the noun.

“O carro vermelho.”

“A comida brasileira.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Where to Put Adjectives: Noun First! (`carro azul`)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Noun + Adjective
O carro azul
Negative
Noun + não + é + Adjective
O carro não é azul
Question
O/A + Noun + é + Adjective?
O carro é azul?
Plural Affirmative
Nouns + Adjectives
Os carros azuis
Plural Negative
Nouns + não + são + Adjectives
Os carros não são azuis

Formality Spectrum

Formal
O veículo é azul.

O veículo é azul. (Describing a car.)

Neutral
O carro é azul.

O carro é azul. (Describing a car.)

Informal
O carro é azul mesmo.

O carro é azul mesmo. (Describing a car.)

Slang
O carro é mó azul.

O carro é mó azul. (Describing a car.)

Adjective Agreement Map

Noun

Gender

  • Masculine o/um
  • Feminine a/uma

Number

  • Singular no 's'
  • Plural add 's'
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Examples by Level

1

O carro é azul.

The car is blue.

2

A casa é bonita.

The house is beautiful.

3

O menino é alto.

The boy is tall.

4

A comida é boa.

The food is good.

1

Comprei sapatos novos.

I bought new shoes.

2

Ela tem olhos castanhos.

She has brown eyes.

3

Eles são amigos brasileiros.

They are Brazilian friends.

4

A aula foi interessante.

The class was interesting.

1

O problema é bastante complexo.

The problem is quite complex.

2

Aquela é uma decisão difícil.

That is a difficult decision.

3

Eles vivem em uma casa antiga.

They live in an old house.

4

O filme foi muito emocionante.

The movie was very exciting.

1

A situação econômica atual é preocupante.

The current economic situation is worrying.

2

Ele demonstrou um comportamento exemplar.

He demonstrated exemplary behavior.

3

Precisamos de soluções inovadoras.

We need innovative solutions.

4

Aquele é um lugar fascinante.

That is a fascinating place.

1

A sua atitude foi puramente egoísta.

His attitude was purely selfish.

2

Encontramos vestígios arqueológicos importantes.

We found important archaeological remains.

3

O projeto exige um esforço contínuo.

The project requires continuous effort.

4

Ela possui uma inteligência brilhante.

She possesses a brilliant intelligence.

1

Aquele é um velho amigo da família.

That is an old friend of the family.

2

A obra apresenta uma estrutura narrativa complexa.

The work presents a complex narrative structure.

3

Trata-se de uma questão social premente.

It is a pressing social issue.

4

O autor utiliza uma linguagem poética sublime.

The author uses a sublime poetic language.

Easily Confused

Where to Put Adjectives: Noun First! (`carro azul`) vs Ser vs Estar

Learners mix up which verb to use before the adjective.

Where to Put Adjectives: Noun First! (`carro azul`) vs Adjective Placement

Learners try to put adjectives before the noun.

Where to Put Adjectives: Noun First! (`carro azul`) vs Gender Agreement

Learners forget to change the adjective ending.

Common Mistakes

✗

Azul carro

✓

Carro azul

Adjective must follow noun.
✗

A casa bonito

✓

A casa bonita

Gender mismatch.
✗

Os carros azul

✓

Os carros azuis

Plural mismatch.
✗

O carro bonita

✓

O carro bonito

Gender mismatch.
✗

Uma pessoa inteligente

✓

Uma pessoa inteligente

Actually correct, but learners often try to add an 'a' to 'inteligente'.
✗

Eles são brasileiros amigos

✓

Eles são amigos brasileiros

Adjective order.
✗

A comida é muito bom

✓

A comida é muito boa

Gender mismatch.
✗

Um grande homem (meaning tall man)

✓

Um homem grande

Pre-nominal 'grande' usually means 'great', not 'tall'.
✗

Uma velha amiga (meaning old-aged friend)

✓

Uma amiga velha

Pre-nominal 'velha' means 'long-time', not 'aged'.
✗

O problema é difícil muito

✓

O problema é muito difícil

Adverb placement.
✗

A situação é um pouco complexa

✓

A situação é um pouco complexa

Grammatically correct, but 'um pouco' is often misplaced.
✗

Ele tem uma inteligência brilhante

✓

Ele tem uma inteligência brilhante

Correct, but learners often use 'muito' instead of 'brilhante'.
✗

A obra tem uma estrutura complexa

✓

A obra tem uma estrutura complexa

Correct, but learners often use 'dura' instead of 'complexa'.

Sentence Patterns

O/A ___ é ___.

Eu tenho um(a) ___ ___.

Aquele(a) ___ é muito ___.

O projeto é ___ e ___.

Real World Usage

Texting constant

Dia incrível!

Ordering food very common

Uma pizza grande, por favor.

Job interview common

Tenho experiência profissional.

Social media constant

Foto linda!

Travel common

O hotel é maravilhoso.

Shopping very common

Esta camisa é barata.

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💡

Check the article

If you see 'o', the noun is masculine. If you see 'a', it's feminine. Use this to match your adjective.
⚠️

Don't translate word-for-word

English puts adjectives first. Stop yourself and flip it!
🎯

Pluralize everything

If the noun is plural, the adjective MUST have an 's' at the end.
💬

Emphasis

If you really want to emphasize an adjective, put 'muito' before it, not before the noun.

Smart Tips

Always pause after the noun to think of the gender.

O carro bonito → O carro (masculine) -> bonito

Colors are adjectives, so they follow the noun.

Azul casa → Casa azul

Check the noun's 's' and add it to the adjective.

Os carros bonito → Os carros bonitos

Put 'muito' before the adjective, not the noun.

Muito carro bonito → Carro muito bonito

Pronunciation

bonito (bo-NEE-too) vs bonita (bo-NEE-tah)

Adjective endings

Ensure the final vowel is clear to distinguish gender.

Declarative

O carro é azul. ↘

Falling intonation for statements.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Noun is the King, Adjective is the Knight. The King always walks in front, the Knight follows behind.

Visual Association

Imagine a car (carro) with a blue (azul) flag attached to its back bumper. The car is the noun leading the way, and the flag is the adjective trailing behind.

Rhyme

Noun comes first, don't be a fool, put the adjective after, that's the rule!

Story

Imagine a boy named João. He has a red ball. He walks down the street. He says, 'Eu tenho uma bola vermelha.' The ball (noun) is in his hand, and the color (adjective) follows him like a shadow.

Word Web

carrocasabonitoazulgrandebrasileironovo

Challenge

Look around your room for 5 minutes and describe every object you see using 'O/A [noun] é [adjective]'.

Cultural Notes

Brazilians often use 'muito' (very) before adjectives to add emphasis in informal speech.

European Portuguese speakers are very precise with gender agreement; dropping the final vowel is common but the gender must remain clear.

Adjective usage is similar to Brazil, often incorporating local slang for emphasis.

Portuguese inherited its adjective placement from Latin, where adjectives could be placed before or after the noun, but post-nominal became the standard.

Conversation Starters

“

Como é o seu carro?

“

Você gosta de comida brasileira?

“

Como você descreveria o seu trabalho?

“

O que você acha da situação atual?

Journal Prompts

Describe your bedroom using 5 adjectives.
Describe your best friend.
Write about a city you visited.
Describe your dream job.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

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Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct adjective form.

A casa é ___ (bonito).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bonita
Casa is feminine singular.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O carro azul
Noun-Adjective order.
Fix the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Os carros é bonito.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Os carros são bonitos
Plural agreement.
Put the words in order. Sentence Building

casa / a / bonita / é

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A casa é bonita
Standard order.
Match the noun with the correct adjective. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O carro bonito, A mesa bonita
Gender agreement.
Make the sentence plural. Sentence Transformation

O gato é preto.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Os gatos são pretos
Plural agreement.
Choose the correct adjective. Multiple Choice

Eles são ___ (brasileiro).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: brasileiros
Plural masculine agreement.
Fill in the blank.

Ela tem olhos ___ (castanho).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: castanhos
Plural masculine agreement.

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct adjective form.

A casa é ___ (bonito).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bonita
Casa is feminine singular.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O carro azul
Noun-Adjective order.
Fix the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Os carros é bonito.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Os carros são bonitos
Plural agreement.
Put the words in order. Sentence Building

casa / a / bonita / é

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A casa é bonita
Standard order.
Match the noun with the correct adjective. Match Pairs

Match: O carro, A mesa

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O carro bonito, A mesa bonita
Gender agreement.
Make the sentence plural. Sentence Transformation

O gato é preto.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Os gatos são pretos
Plural agreement.
Choose the correct adjective. Multiple Choice

Eles são ___ (brasileiro).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: brasileiros
Plural masculine agreement.
Fill in the blank.

Ela tem olhos ___ (castanho).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: castanhos
Plural masculine agreement.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

6 exercises
Fill in the blank Fill in the Blank

O gato ___ dorme muito. (white)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: branco
Find and fix the mistake Error Correction

Eu tenho uma verde bolsa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu tenho uma bolsa verde.
Put the words in order Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words: `gelada`, `uma`, `cerveja`, `Quero`

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Quero uma cerveja gelada
Translate to Portuguese Translation

A big house.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Both are acceptable.
Choose the correct phrase Multiple Choice

How do you say 'Spanish girl'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Menina espanhola
Match the English to Portuguese Match Pairs

Match the phrases:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vinho tinto, Cão pequeno, Livro novo, Água quente

Score: /6

FAQ (8)

Some adjectives change meaning when placed before the noun. For A1, just stick to after.

Usually, words ending in 'o' are masculine and 'a' are feminine.

Yes, you must add an 's' to the adjective.

Yes, just put both after the noun: 'O carro azul e novo'.

Yes, the basic rule is the same everywhere.

Adjectives ending in 'e' usually don't change for gender, but they do for number.

Yes, it sounds unnatural for most descriptive adjectives.

Describe objects around you using the 'Noun + Adjective' pattern.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

Sustantivo + Adjetivo

The rules are virtually identical.

French moderate

Nom + Adjectif (mostly)

French has more pre-nominal exceptions than Portuguese.

German low

Adjektiv + Substantiv

German word order is the opposite of Portuguese.

Japanese low

Adjective + Noun

Japanese structure is fundamentally different.

Arabic moderate

Noun + Adjective

Arabic agreement is more complex than Portuguese.

Chinese low

Adjective + 的 + Noun

Chinese word order is the opposite of Portuguese.

Learning Path

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