A1 Sentence Structure 10 min read かんたん

形容詞の位置:まずは名詞から! (`carro azul`)

ポルトガル語は「名詞の後ろ」に説明を置くのが基本! carro azul の語順を覚えましょう。

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

In Portuguese, adjectives almost always come after the noun they describe, and they must match the noun's gender and number.

  • Place the adjective after the noun: 'carro azul' (blue car).
  • Match gender: 'casa bonita' (feminine) vs 'carro bonito' (masculine).
  • Match number: 'carros bonitos' (plural) vs 'carro bonito' (singular).
Noun (Gender/Number) + Adjective (Gender/Number)

Overview

### Overview
ポルトガル語を学び始めた皆さんが、最初に出会う大きな「壁」の一つが、この形容詞の位置です。日本語では「赤い車」のように、形容詞(赤い)が名詞(車)の前に来ますよね。英語でも「red car」と名詞の前に置きます。しかし、ポルトガル語ではルールが違います。基本的に、形容詞は名詞の「後ろ」に置くのです。つまり、「車 赤い」(carro vermelho)という語順になります。これは、ポルトガル語が「名詞を先に提示して、その後に修飾語を付け加える」という論理で動いているからです。日本語の「赤い車」という一塊の概念とは少し異なり、ポルトガル語では「まず対象物(名詞)を確定させ、その後にその性質(形容詞)を付け加える」という思考プロセスをとります。電車の中で誰かと話す時や、カフェで注文する時も、この「名詞+形容詞」のルールが基本となります。最初からこの語順に慣れておくことは、ポルトガル語らしい自然な響きを身につけるための大きな一歩です。難しく考えず、「名詞が主役で、形容詞は後から説明を加える脇役」とイメージしてください。このルールは、皆さんがこれから学ぶポルトガル語の文章構造の基礎となる非常に重要な要素です。
### How This Grammar Works
ポルトガル語は「名詞中心」の言語です。日本語では「赤い」という形容詞は、そのままで「車」を修飾できますが、ポルトガル語の形容詞は、修飾する名詞の「性(男性・女性)」と「数(単数・複数)」に合わせて、形を変化させる必要があります。これを「性数一致」と言います。例えば、「青い車」なら carro azul ですが、「青い家」なら casa azul となります。もし名詞が複数なら、形容詞も複数形にする必要があります。この「性数一致」があるからこそ、形容詞は名詞の直後に置かれることが効率的になるのです。名詞を先に言うことで、聞き手はその名詞が男性か女性か、単数か複数かを瞬時に理解し、その後の形容詞がどの名詞を指しているのかを正確に把握できます。もし形容詞を先に言ってしまうと、聞き手はまだ名詞が分からない状態で、形容詞の性数だけを記憶しなければならず、脳の処理に負担がかかってしまいます。ポルトガル語の語順は、コミュニケーションを円滑にするための非常に合理的な仕組みなのです。また、この語順は客観的な事実や性質を述べる際に最も自然です。例えば café quente(熱いコーヒー)と言う時、それはコーヒーの状態を客観的に伝えています。日本語の「熱いコーヒー」という感覚よりも、名詞の存在を強調した上で、その属性を後付けする感覚に近いと言えるでしょう。
### Formation Pattern
ポルトガル語で形容詞を使う時は、以下の手順を守りましょう。まず名詞を決め、その性別と数を確認し、形容詞をその名詞に合わせます。
| 日本語の語順 | ポルトガル語の構造 | 例 (ポルトガル語) |
|---|---|---|
| 形容詞 + 名詞 | 名詞 + 形容詞 | carro azul (青い車) |
| 形容詞 + 名詞 | 名詞 + 形容詞 | casa bonita (美しい家) |
作成ステップ:
  1. 1名詞を選ぶ: 例 livro (本・男性名詞)
  2. 2形容詞を選ぶ: 例 interessante (面白い)
  3. 3性数一致を確認: livro は男性・単数なので interessante はそのままでOK。
  4. 4語順を整える: livro interessante
もし「面白い本たち」なら、livros interessantes と両方を複数形にする必要があります。この「セットで変化させる」感覚は、日本語にはない習慣なので、最初は意識的に練習しましょう。
### When To Use It
このルールは、日常会話のほぼ全ての場面で使われます。例えば、レストランでメニューを選ぶ時、uma pizza grande(大きなピザ)や um suco gelado(冷たいジュース)のように、名詞を先に言います。また、SNSで友達の写真を褒める時も uma foto bonita(きれいな写真)と言います。なぜ名詞が先なのか?それは、ポルトガル語では「何について話しているか」をまず明確にすることが優先されるからです。形容詞が後ろに来ることで、文の焦点が名詞に当たり、その後に「どんな名詞か」という詳細情報が続くというリズムが生まれます。これは、形容詞が名詞の「定義」や「客観的な状態」を表す際に最も標準的な形です。形容詞を前に置く特別なケース(grande が「偉大な」という意味になるなど)もありますが、A1レベルの皆さんは、まずは「形容詞は後ろ!」という原則を徹底してください。そうすることで、文法的なミスを劇的に減らすことができます。特に色、国籍、大きさ、形を表す形容詞は、必ず名詞の後ろに置くと覚えておきましょう。
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1日本語の語順をそのまま持ち込む: 「青い車」を azul carro と言ってしまうミスです。これは日本語の「形容詞+名詞」という思考の干渉です。ポルトガル語では「名詞+形容詞」が基本であることを常に意識してください。
  2. 2性数一致を忘れる: casa(女性名詞)なのに bonito(男性形)を使ってしまうミスです。日本語には性別がないため、名詞の性別を意識する習慣がありません。単語を覚える時は必ず「冠詞(o/a)」と一緒に覚える癖をつけましょう。
  3. 3形容詞を複数形にしない: carros(複数)と言ったのに bonito(単数)のままにしてしまうミスです。日本語は「車」と言っても「車たち」と言っても動詞や形容詞は変わりませんが、ポルトガル語では「名詞が複数なら形容詞も複数」という厳格なルールがあります。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
日本語の修飾構造と比較してみましょう。
| 比較項目 | 日本語の構造 | ポルトガル語の構造 |
|---|---|---|
| 基本語順 | 形容詞 + 名詞 | 名詞 + 形容詞 |
| 性数一致 | なし | あり (名詞に合わせる) |
| 修飾の位置 | 常に行頭 | 基本的に名詞の後ろ |
日本語では「赤い」という言葉は、名詞が何であれ変化しません。しかしポルトガル語では o carro vermelho / a flor vermelha と変化します。この違いを理解することが、ポルトガル語上達の鍵です。
### Quick FAQ
Q1: 全ての形容詞が後ろに来ますか?
A: ほとんどの形容詞は後ろですが、bom(良い)や mau(悪い)など、前に置くと意味が少し変わるものもあります。まずは後ろに置く練習をしましょう。
Q2: 形容詞が複数ある場合はどうなりますか?
A: 名詞の後ろに並べます。um carro azul e bonito(青くて綺麗な車)のように e(と)で繋ぐのが一般的です。
Q3: なぜ性数一致がこんなに面倒なのですか?
A: 慣れれば簡単です!名詞と形容詞がペアで動くことで、文章の中でどの形容詞がどの名詞を説明しているかが明確になり、むしろ誤解が減るというメリットがあります。

Adjective Agreement Table

Noun Gender Singular Adjective Plural Adjective
Masculine
-o
-os
Feminine
-a
-as
Neutral/Invariable
-e/-l/-z
-es/-is/-zes

Meanings

This rule dictates that descriptive words (adjectives) follow the object or person (noun) they modify. It ensures grammatical agreement in gender and quantity.

1

Standard Description

Basic physical or qualitative description.

“O livro novo.”

“A mesa grande.”

2

Color/Nationality

Colors and nationalities always follow the noun.

“O carro vermelho.”

“A comida brasileira.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 形容詞の位置:まずは名詞から! (`carro azul`)
種類 位置 例文 意味
名詞の後ろ
`Caneta azul`
青いペン
国籍
名詞の後ろ
`Comida brasileira`
ブラジル料理
数字
名詞の前
`Três livros`
3冊の本
主観的な意見
名詞の前
`Bom amigo`
良い友達
状態
名詞の後ろ
`Água gelada`
冷たい水
所有
名詞の前
`Minha casa`
私の家

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
O veículo é azul.

O veículo é azul. (Describing a car.)

ニュートラル
O carro é azul.

O carro é azul. (Describing a car.)

カジュアル
O carro é azul mesmo.

O carro é azul mesmo. (Describing a car.)

スラング
O carro é mó azul.

O carro é mó azul. (Describing a car.)

名詞の前に置く言葉

名詞の前

数字

  • um, dois, três one, two, three

所有格

  • meu, seu, nosso my, your, our

よく使う意見

  • bom, mau, grande good, bad, great

位置による意味の変化

名詞の前(主観的)
Grande homem 偉大な(立派な)人
Velho amigo 昔からの(旧友)
名詞の後(客観的)
Homem grande 背が高い(大きな)人
Amigo velho 年老いた友人

形容詞はどこに置く?

1

色、形、または国籍ですか?

YES
名詞の【後ろ】に置きます。
NO
次のステップへ。
2

数字または所有を表す言葉ですか?

YES
名詞の【前】に置きます。
NO ↓

「名詞の後ろ」が基本のカテゴリー

🎨

  • azul
  • vermelho
  • verde
🌍

国籍

  • português
  • americano
  • francês
🌡️

物の状態

  • quente
  • frio
  • vazio

レベル別の例文

1

O carro é azul.

The car is blue.

2

A casa é bonita.

The house is beautiful.

3

O menino é alto.

The boy is tall.

4

A comida é boa.

The food is good.

1

Comprei sapatos novos.

I bought new shoes.

2

Ela tem olhos castanhos.

She has brown eyes.

3

Eles são amigos brasileiros.

They are Brazilian friends.

4

A aula foi interessante.

The class was interesting.

1

O problema é bastante complexo.

The problem is quite complex.

2

Aquela é uma decisão difícil.

That is a difficult decision.

3

Eles vivem em uma casa antiga.

They live in an old house.

4

O filme foi muito emocionante.

The movie was very exciting.

1

A situação econômica atual é preocupante.

The current economic situation is worrying.

2

Ele demonstrou um comportamento exemplar.

He demonstrated exemplary behavior.

3

Precisamos de soluções inovadoras.

We need innovative solutions.

4

Aquele é um lugar fascinante.

That is a fascinating place.

1

A sua atitude foi puramente egoísta.

His attitude was purely selfish.

2

Encontramos vestígios arqueológicos importantes.

We found important archaeological remains.

3

O projeto exige um esforço contínuo.

The project requires continuous effort.

4

Ela possui uma inteligência brilhante.

She possesses a brilliant intelligence.

1

Aquele é um velho amigo da família.

That is an old friend of the family.

2

A obra apresenta uma estrutura narrativa complexa.

The work presents a complex narrative structure.

3

Trata-se de uma questão social premente.

It is a pressing social issue.

4

O autor utiliza uma linguagem poética sublime.

The author uses a sublime poetic language.

間違えやすい

Where to Put Adjectives: Noun First! (`carro azul`) Ser vs Estar

Learners mix up which verb to use before the adjective.

Where to Put Adjectives: Noun First! (`carro azul`) Adjective Placement

Learners try to put adjectives before the noun.

Where to Put Adjectives: Noun First! (`carro azul`) Gender Agreement

Learners forget to change the adjective ending.

よくある間違い

Azul carro

Carro azul

Adjective must follow noun.

A casa bonito

A casa bonita

Gender mismatch.

Os carros azul

Os carros azuis

Plural mismatch.

O carro bonita

O carro bonito

Gender mismatch.

Uma pessoa inteligente

Uma pessoa inteligente

Actually correct, but learners often try to add an 'a' to 'inteligente'.

Eles são brasileiros amigos

Eles são amigos brasileiros

Adjective order.

A comida é muito bom

A comida é muito boa

Gender mismatch.

Um grande homem (meaning tall man)

Um homem grande

Pre-nominal 'grande' usually means 'great', not 'tall'.

Uma velha amiga (meaning old-aged friend)

Uma amiga velha

Pre-nominal 'velha' means 'long-time', not 'aged'.

O problema é difícil muito

O problema é muito difícil

Adverb placement.

A situação é um pouco complexa

A situação é um pouco complexa

Grammatically correct, but 'um pouco' is often misplaced.

Ele tem uma inteligência brilhante

Ele tem uma inteligência brilhante

Correct, but learners often use 'muito' instead of 'brilhante'.

A obra tem uma estrutura complexa

A obra tem uma estrutura complexa

Correct, but learners often use 'dura' instead of 'complexa'.

文型パターン

O/A ___ é ___.

Eu tenho um(a) ___ ___.

Aquele(a) ___ é muito ___.

O projeto é ___ e ___.

Real World Usage

Texting constant

Dia incrível!

Ordering food very common

Uma pizza grande, por favor.

Job interview common

Tenho experiência profissional.

Social media constant

Foto linda!

Travel common

O hotel é maravilhoso.

Shopping very common

Esta camisa é barata.

⚠️

英語のクセに注意!

英語のように「赤い家」をそのまま訳すのはNGです。言葉をひっくり返して Casa vermelha と言いましょう。
🎯

Grandeの使い分け術

大きなピザを注文するときは名詞の後ろに置くのがルールです!
Quero uma pizza grande.
💬

強調したいときのスラング

ブラジルの人は強調したいとき「とても」を後ろに付け足します。
Aquele carro é legal demais!

Smart Tips

Always pause after the noun to think of the gender.

O carro bonito O carro (masculine) -> bonito

Colors are adjectives, so they follow the noun.

Azul casa Casa azul

Check the noun's 's' and add it to the adjective.

Os carros bonito Os carros bonitos

Put 'muito' before the adjective, not the noun.

Muito carro bonito Carro muito bonito

発音

bonito (bo-NEE-too) vs bonita (bo-NEE-tah)

Adjective endings

Ensure the final vowel is clear to distinguish gender.

Declarative

O carro é azul. ↘

Falling intonation for statements.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Noun is the King, Adjective is the Knight. The King always walks in front, the Knight follows behind.

視覚的連想

Imagine a car (carro) with a blue (azul) flag attached to its back bumper. The car is the noun leading the way, and the flag is the adjective trailing behind.

Rhyme

Noun comes first, don't be a fool, put the adjective after, that's the rule!

Story

Imagine a boy named João. He has a red ball. He walks down the street. He says, 'Eu tenho uma bola vermelha.' The ball (noun) is in his hand, and the color (adjective) follows him like a shadow.

Word Web

carrocasabonitoazulgrandebrasileironovo

チャレンジ

Look around your room for 5 minutes and describe every object you see using 'O/A [noun] é [adjective]'.

文化メモ

Brazilians often use 'muito' (very) before adjectives to add emphasis in informal speech.

European Portuguese speakers are very precise with gender agreement; dropping the final vowel is common but the gender must remain clear.

Adjective usage is similar to Brazil, often incorporating local slang for emphasis.

Portuguese inherited its adjective placement from Latin, where adjectives could be placed before or after the noun, but post-nominal became the standard.

会話のきっかけ

Como é o seu carro?

Você gosta de comida brasileira?

Como você descreveria o seu trabalho?

O que você acha da situação atual?

日記のテーマ

Describe your bedroom using 5 adjectives.
Describe your best friend.
Write about a city you visited.
Describe your dream job.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解

Test Yourself

バラバラの言葉を並べ替えてみましょう。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
ポルトガル語では国籍を表す brasileira を名詞の後ろに置きます。
間違いを見つけて直しましょう。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
初心者が説明するときは、形容詞 novo を名詞の後ろに置くのが基本です。
空欄に適切な言葉を入れましょう。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
色の amarela は名詞 saia の後ろに置き、女性形に合わせます。

Score: /3

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct adjective form.

A casa é ___ (bonito).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bonita
Casa is feminine singular.
Choose the correct sentence. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O carro azul
Noun-Adjective order.
Fix the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Os carros é bonito.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Os carros são bonitos
Plural agreement.
Put the words in order. Sentence Building

casa / a / bonita / é

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A casa é bonita
Standard order.
Match the noun with the correct adjective. Match Pairs

Match: O carro, A mesa

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O carro bonito, A mesa bonita
Gender agreement.
Make the sentence plural. Sentence Transformation

O gato é preto.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Os gatos são pretos
Plural agreement.
Choose the correct adjective. 選択問題

Eles são ___ (brasileiro).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: brasileiros
Plural masculine agreement.
Fill in the blank.

Ela tem olhos ___ (castanho).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: castanhos
Plural masculine agreement.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

6 exercises
空欄を埋めてください 穴埋め問題

O gato ___ dorme muito. (white)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: branco
間違いを修正してください Error Correction

Eu tenho uma verde bolsa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu tenho uma bolsa verde.
言葉を並べ替えてください Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words: `gelada`, `uma`, `cerveja`, `Quero`

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Quero uma cerveja gelada
ポルトガル語に訳してください 翻訳

A big house.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Both are acceptable.
正しいフレーズを選んでください 選択問題

How do you say 'Spanish girl'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Menina espanhola
英語とポルトガル語を組み合わせてください Match Pairs

Match the phrases:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vinho tinto, Cão pequeno, Livro novo, Água quente

Score: /6

よくある質問 (8)

Some adjectives change meaning when placed before the noun. For A1, just stick to after.

Usually, words ending in 'o' are masculine and 'a' are feminine.

Yes, you must add an 's' to the adjective.

Yes, just put both after the noun: 'O carro azul e novo'.

Yes, the basic rule is the same everywhere.

Adjectives ending in 'e' usually don't change for gender, but they do for number.

Yes, it sounds unnatural for most descriptive adjectives.

Describe objects around you using the 'Noun + Adjective' pattern.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Sustantivo + Adjetivo

The rules are virtually identical.

French moderate

Nom + Adjectif (mostly)

French has more pre-nominal exceptions than Portuguese.

German low

Adjektiv + Substantiv

German word order is the opposite of Portuguese.

Japanese low

Adjective + Noun

Japanese structure is fundamentally different.

Arabic moderate

Noun + Adjective

Arabic agreement is more complex than Portuguese.

Chinese low

Adjective + 的 + Noun

Chinese word order is the opposite of Portuguese.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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