A1 Nouns & Articles 12 min read Easy

Portuguese Indefinite Articles: A, An, and Some (um, uma)

Always match um, uma, uns, or umas to the gender and number of your noun.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

In Portuguese, 'um' and 'uma' mean 'a' or 'an', and they must match the gender of the noun they describe.

  • Use 'um' for masculine singular nouns: 'um carro' (a car).
  • Use 'uma' for feminine singular nouns: 'uma casa' (a house).
  • Use 'uns' and 'umas' for plural 'some': 'uns amigos' (some friends).
um/uma + Noun (Gender Match)

Overview

Portuguese indefinite articles—um, uma, uns, and umas—are the direct equivalents of the English “a,” “an,” and “some.” At the A1 level, mastering them is non-negotiable. They are used to introduce a noun that is non-specific, unknown to the listener, or being mentioned for the first time. For example, Eu li um livro means “I read a book,” without specifying which one.

Without them, your speech will sound unnatural and robotic, as nouns in Portuguese are rarely left to stand alone.

The core principle that governs indefinite articles is agreement (in Portuguese, concordância). Unlike in English, where “a” or “an” is chosen based on pronunciation, Portuguese articles must match the gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) of the noun they modify. This reflects a fundamental aspect of the language's structure: grammatical gender is embedded into the DNA of almost every noun.

Understanding this concept is your first major step toward thinking in Portuguese, distinguishing between any object (uma cadeira – a chair) and a specific one (a cadeira – the chair).

How This Grammar Works

At its heart, the system of Portuguese articles is a logic of labeling. Every noun in the language has an inherent grammatical gender—it is either masculine or feminine. This gender is often arbitrary and has little to do with the physical nature of the object.
A table, a mesa, is feminine, while a glass, o copo, is masculine. The indefinite article acts as a prefix that must adopt the gender and number of the noun it describes.
This system of agreement is the engine of Portuguese grammar. The article is the first signal of the noun's properties, and this agreement often extends to adjectives as well. For instance, in the phrase um carro novo (a new car), both the article um and the adjective novo are in their masculine singular forms to match the masculine singular noun carro.
This chain of agreement provides clarity and structure to the sentence.
The plural forms, uns and umas, translate to “some” or “a few,” but they carry a unique nuance not found in English articles. They are frequently used to express approximation or an estimate, especially with numbers. A phrase like uns dez minutos doesn't just mean “some ten minutes,” but rather “about ten minutes,” a subtle but extremely common feature of everyday speech.

Formation Pattern

1
There are four and only four forms of the indefinite article. Your choice is determined entirely by the noun that follows. The pattern is simple and consistent: Indefinite Article + Noun. The article always comes directly before the noun or before any adjectives describing the noun.
2
Here is the complete pattern, which you should commit to memory:
3
| | Masculine | Feminine |
4
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
5
| Singular (a / an) | um | uma |
6
| Plural (some) | uns | umas |
7
Let’s see each one in action:
8
um (Masculine Singular): Used before a single masculine noun.
9
Preciso de um casaco novo. (I need a new coat.)
10
Ele comprou um bilhete para o concerto. (He bought a ticket for the concert.)
11
uma (Feminine Singular): Used before a single feminine noun.
12
Ela tem uma pergunta. (She has a question.)
13
Vamos ver uma série na Netflix. (Let's watch a series on Netflix.)
14
uns (Masculine Plural): Used before multiple masculine nouns or a mixed-gender group.
15
Convidei uns amigos para a festa. (I invited some friends to the party.)
16
Tenho uns problemas para resolver. (I have some problems to solve.)
17
umas (Feminine Plural): Used before multiple feminine nouns.
18
Comprei umas calças novas. (I bought some new pants.)
19
Ela escreveu umas canções bonitas. (She wrote some beautiful songs.)
20
Pronunciation Note: The sound of um and uns is nasal in both Brazilian and European Portuguese. It's a sound that doesn't fully exist in English, similar to the "oon" in "soon" but produced more in the nasal cavity, without a hard 'n' at the end. In contrast, uma and umas have a clear, open vowel sound, like "oo-mah."

Gender & Agreement

Gender and number agreement is the most crucial concept for using articles correctly. Every noun has a gender, and your article choice is not optional. While there are many exceptions, you can use some general patterns to predict a noun's gender.
As a beginner, your primary goal should be to memorize the gender of each new noun you learn.
General Rules for Identifying Noun Gender:
  • Masculine Nouns (um/uns) often end in:
  • -o: um livro (a book), um carro (a car), um copo (a glass). This is the most common masculine ending.
  • -or: um motor (an engine), um professor (a male teacher).
  • -l or -r: um hospital (a hospital), um açúcar (a sugar).
  • -ma (words of Greek origin): um problema (a problem), um poema (a poem), um cli**ma (a climate).
  • Feminine Nouns (uma/umas) often end in:
  • -a: uma casa (a house), uma mesa (a table), uma cadeira (a chair). This is the most common feminine ending.
  • -dade: uma cidade (a city), uma verdade (a truth).
  • -ção, -são: uma nação (a nation), uma decisão (a decision), uma canção (a song).
  • -gem: uma viagem (a trip), uma garagem (a garage).
Important Exceptions and Special Cases:
  • Masculine nouns ending in -a: um dia (a day), um mapa (a map), um sofá (a sofa). These must be memorized.
  • Feminine nouns ending in -o or other letters: uma foto (a photo, short for fotografia), uma moto (a motorcycle, short for motocicleta), uma mão (a hand), uma flor (a flower).
  • Mixed-Gender Groups: When referring to a group of people or objects that includes at least one masculine noun, the masculine plural form uns is always used. For example, a group of one boy and five girls is still referred to as uns meninos or uns amigos. This is a fundamental rule in Portuguese.
  • Na sala, há um rapaz e dez raparigas. São uns estudantes. (In the room, there is one boy and ten girls. They are some students.)

When To Use It

Your decision to use an indefinite article hinges on whether the noun is being presented as a generic, new, or approximate item. If you can ask "which one?" and the answer is "it doesn't matter" or "I don't know yet," you need an indefinite article.
  1. 1To Introduce a Noun for the First Time: When you mention something new to your listener, you introduce it with um or uma.
  • Eu vi um filme ótimo ontem. (I saw a great movie yesterday.) The listener doesn't know which movie yet.
  • Ela comprou uma saia nova. (She bought a new skirt.)
  1. 1To Refer to a Non-Specific Member of a Group: When you need something, but any instance of it will suffice.
  • Você tem uma caneta para me emprestar? (Do you have a pen you can lend me?) - Any pen will do.
  • Preciso de um táxi para o aeroporto. (I need a taxi to the airport.) - It doesn't matter which taxi company.
  1. 1To Express "Some" or "A Few" (Plural): This is the direct use of uns and umas for countable nouns.
  • Tenho uns livros que te podem interessar. (I have some books that might interest you.)
  • Na festa havia umas pessoas que eu não conhecia. (At the party there were some people I didn't know.)
  1. 1To Express Approximation (Especially with Numbers): This is a highly common, idiomatic usage that distinguishes Portuguese from English. Uns/umas before a number means "about," "around," or "approximately."
  • A viagem demora uns 40 minutos. (The trip takes about 40 minutes.)
  • Ela deve ter uns 30 anos. (She must be around 30 years old.)
  • O livro custou umas 20 libras. (The book cost about 20 pounds.)
  1. 1For Emphasis or to Categorize with a Strong Quality: Sometimes, um/uma can be used to add emphasis, similar to saying "He is such a..." or "That was quite a..." in English.
  • Que golo! Foi uma obra de arte! (What a goal! It was a work of art!)
  • Ele é um génio! (He is a genius!)

Common Mistakes

English speakers make several predictable errors with indefinite articles. Being aware of them is the first step to avoiding them.
  1. 1Mistake: Omitting the Article Entirely.
  • Incorrect: *Eu quero carro novo.
  • Correct: Eu quero um carro novo.
  • Reason: In English, we can say "I want a new car" or "I want new shoes." In Portuguese, a singular countable noun nearly always requires an article. Leaving it out is one of the clearest signs of a non-native speaker.
  1. 1Mistake: Using the Wrong Gender.
  • Incorrect: *Tenho uma problema.
  • Correct: Tenho um problema.
  • Reason: problema is a masculine noun, despite its -a ending. This is the single most common error. There is no shortcut; you must learn the gender of each noun. When in doubt, look it up.
  1. 1Mistake: Confusing uns/umas with "some" for Uncountable Nouns.
  • Incorrect: Gostaria de umas informações. or Quero uma água.
  • Correct: Gostaria de informação. / Quero água.
  • Reason: uns and umas are used for countable things (friends, books, chairs). For uncountable nouns (water, information, time, money), you either use no article or a different structure. You can say um copo de água (a glass of water) because copo is countable, but not *uma água on its own unless you're ordering a single unit, like a bottle.
  1. 1Mistake: Forgetting the de Preposition after Verbs like precisar.
  • Incorrect: *Eu preciso um favor.
  • Correct: Eu preciso de um favor.
  • Reason: Some Portuguese verbs require a preposition before their object. Precisar (to need) is a key one; it's always precisar de. The de is required whether you use an indefinite article (de um) or a definite one (do).

Common Collocations

Indefinite articles appear in countless fixed phrases and common verbal pairings. Learning these chunks will make your speech more fluent.
  • ter um(a)... (to have a...): ter uma boa ideia (to have a good idea), ter um mau pressentimento (to have a bad feeling).
  • ser um(a)... (to be a...): Isto é uma vergonha (This is a disgrace), Ele é um bom rapaz (He's a good guy).
  • há um(a)... (there is a...): um multibanco aqui perto? (Is there an ATM nearby?). This is the most common way to say "there is/are."
  • dar um(a)... (to give a...): dar uma volta (to go for a walk/ride), dar uma ajuda (to give a hand), dar uma olhada (to take a look).
  • Phrases with numbers: mais ou menos uns cinquenta (more or less around fifty), cerca de umas duas horas (about two hours).
  • Idiomatic expressions: de uma vez por todas (once and for all), um dia destes (one of these days).

Real Conversations

Textbook examples are clean, but real language is messy. Here’s how these articles appear in natural, everyday contexts.

S

Scenario 1

Casual Text Exchange (Brazilian Portuguese)

> Ana: E aí, vamos fazer alguma coisa no fds?

> (Hey, are we doing anything on the weekend?)

> Beto: Opa! Pensei em fazer um churrasco lá em casa. Chamar uns amigos.

> (Yeah! I was thinking of having a barbecue at my place. Inviting some friends.)

> Ana: Perfeito! Posso levar uma sobremesa? Vi uma receita de torta de limão que parece ótima.

> (Perfect! Can I bring a dessert? I saw a lime pie recipe that looks great.)

Notice how um churrasco introduces the idea, uns amigos refers to a non-specific group, and uma receita brings up a new piece of information.*

S

Scenario 2

At a Shop (European Portuguese)

> Customer: Boa tarde. Queria ver uns sapatos que vi na montra, por favor.

> (Good afternoon. I'd like to see some shoes I saw in the window display, please.)

> Clerk: Claro. Os castanhos? Temos um modelo parecido com um preço mais baixo, se tiver interesse.

> (Of course. The brown ones? We have a similar model at a lower price, if you're interested.)

> Customer: Ah, sim? Pode mostrar-me, por favor? E preciso também de umas meias.

> (Oh, really? Can you show me, please? And I also need some socks.)

Here, uns sapatos and umas meias refer to “some” in a general sense, while um modelo and um preço introduce new, singular options.*

Quick FAQ

Q: Is um the same word as the number one?
A: Yes, they are identical. Tenho um livro can mean "I have a book" or "I have one book." Context usually makes the meaning clear. The key difference is that as a number, it agrees in gender: Tenho um irmão e uma irmã (I have one brother and one sister).
Other numbers, like dois (two), do not change for gender, though dois becomes duas for feminine nouns.
Q: Why do people say Sou estudante instead of *Sou um estudante?
A: This is a major exception in Portuguese. When you state your profession, nationality, or religion using the verb ser, you omit the article. So, it's Ela é médica (She is a doctor) and Ele é canadiano (He is Canadian).
However, the moment you add an adjective or descriptive clause, the article returns: Ela é uma médica muito competente (She is a very competent doctor).
Q: Can I just default to using um if I don't know the gender?
A: You can, and a native speaker might understand you, but it will be immediately obvious that you are a learner. It's the equivalent of saying "a apple" in English—grammatically incorrect and jarring. There is no substitute for learning the gender along with the noun.
It's a fundamental part of the word's identity.
Q: Is there a difference in usage between Brazil and Portugal?
A: No, the grammatical rules for indefinite articles are identical in both countries. Pronunciation of the vowels may differ slightly depending on the regional accent, but the function, spelling, and agreement rules are exactly the same. This is one piece of grammar that is completely standardized.

Indefinite Articles Table

Gender Singular Plural
Masculine
um
uns
Feminine
uma
umas

Meanings

Indefinite articles are used to introduce a noun that is not specific or previously mentioned.

1

Singular Indefinite

Referring to one non-specific item.

“Eu vi um gato.”

“Ela tem uma ideia.”

2

Plural Indefinite

Referring to an unspecified quantity (some/a few).

“Comprei umas maçãs.”

“Vi uns amigos na rua.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Portuguese Indefinite Articles: A, An, and Some (um, uma)
Type Structure Example
Affirmative
um/uma + Noun
Eu tenho um gato.
Negative
não + um/uma + Noun
Não tenho um gato.
Question
um/uma + Noun + ?
Você tem um gato?
Plural
uns/umas + Noun
Tenho uns gatos.
Approximation
uns/umas + Number
Tenho uns dez gatos.
Omission
Verb + Profession
Ele é médico.

Formality Spectrum

Formal
Eu tenho uma pergunta.

Eu tenho uma pergunta. (Professional/Social)

Neutral
Tenho uma pergunta.

Tenho uma pergunta. (Professional/Social)

Informal
Tenho uma dúvida.

Tenho uma dúvida. (Professional/Social)

Slang
Tô com uma dúvida.

Tô com uma dúvida. (Professional/Social)

Article Gender Map

Indefinite Articles

Masculine

  • um a (masc)
  • uns some (masc)

Feminine

  • uma a (fem)
  • umas some (fem)

Examples by Level

1

Eu tenho um carro.

I have a car.

2

Ela é uma aluna.

She is a student.

3

Comprei um livro.

I bought a book.

4

É uma casa bonita.

It is a beautiful house.

1

Vi uns amigos ontem.

I saw some friends yesterday.

2

Ela tem umas ideias ótimas.

She has some great ideas.

3

Preciso de uns minutos.

I need a few minutes.

4

Comi umas frutas.

I ate some fruits.

1

Ele é um médico muito dedicado.

He is a very dedicated doctor.

2

Encontrei umas chaves no chão.

I found some keys on the floor.

3

Há um problema aqui.

There is a problem here.

4

Ela escreveu umas cartas longas.

She wrote some long letters.

1

Ele tem uns trinta anos.

He is about thirty years old.

2

Foi uma decisão difícil.

It was a difficult decision.

3

Tive umas experiências interessantes.

I had some interesting experiences.

4

É um projeto de grande escala.

It is a large-scale project.

1

É um artista de renome mundial.

He is a world-renowned artist.

2

Senti umas vibrações estranhas.

I felt some strange vibes.

3

Foi uma surpresa inesperada.

It was an unexpected surprise.

4

Ele tem uns modos peculiares.

He has some peculiar manners.

1

Uma verdade absoluta não existe.

An absolute truth does not exist.

2

Uns tantos problemas surgiram.

A few problems arose.

3

É uma questão de perspectiva.

It is a matter of perspective.

4

Ele é um homem de palavra.

He is a man of his word.

Easily Confused

Portuguese Indefinite Articles: A, An, and Some (um, uma) vs Definite vs Indefinite

Learners mix 'o/a' (the) with 'um/uma' (a/an).

Portuguese Indefinite Articles: A, An, and Some (um, uma) vs Gender Agreement

Learners use 'um' for feminine nouns.

Portuguese Indefinite Articles: A, An, and Some (um, uma) vs Pluralization

Learners forget to pluralize the article.

Common Mistakes

um casa

uma casa

Casa is feminine.

uma carro

um carro

Carro is masculine.

um amigos

uns amigos

Plural agreement is required.

uma livros

uns livros

Wrong gender and number.

tenho umas carro

tenho uns carros

Must match gender.

ele é um bom

ele é um bom homem

Article needs a noun.

quero uma café

quero um café

Café is masculine.

ele é um professor

ele é professor

Omit article for professions.

tenho uma dúvida

tenho uma dúvida

Correct, but ensure agreement.

vi uns 10 pessoas

vi umas 10 pessoas

Pessoas is feminine.

é um verdade

é uma verdade

Verdade is feminine.

ele tem umas modos

ele tem uns modos

Modos is masculine.

uma problema

um problema

Problema is masculine.

Sentence Patterns

Eu tenho ___ ___.

Você quer ___ ___?

Ele é ___ ___.

Tenho ___ ___ anos.

Real World Usage

Ordering coffee constant

Um café, por favor.

Meeting someone very common

Tenho um amigo aqui.

Shopping common

Quero uma camisa.

Job interview common

Tenho uma pergunta.

Social media very common

Postei uma foto.

Travel common

Preciso de um táxi.

💡

Check the ending

Look at the last letter of the noun. If it's 'o', use 'um'. If it's 'a', use 'uma'.
⚠️

Don't translate 'some'

In English, 'some' is often omitted. In Portuguese, you must use 'uns/umas'.
🎯

Professions

Remember: 'Sou professor' (no article) vs 'Sou um professor excelente' (with article).
💬

Brazilian usage

Brazilians use 'uns' for approximations very frequently.

Smart Tips

Look at the last letter. -o = masculine, -a = feminine.

um mesa uma mesa

Omit the article for simple professions.

Ele é um professor. Ele é professor.

Use 'uns' to mean 'about'.

Ele tem 20 anos. Ele tem uns 20 anos.

Always use 'uns/umas' for 'some'.

Tenho amigos. Tenho uns amigos.

Pronunciation

oon / oons

Nasalization

The 'um' and 'uns' have a nasal sound.

Statement

Tenho um carro. ↘

Falling intonation for facts.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Um is for the Sun (Masculine), Uma is for the Moon (Feminine).

Visual Association

Imagine a big 'Um' umbrella for a man and a 'Uma' flower for a woman.

Rhyme

Um for the boy, Uma for the girl, use these words to describe the world.

Story

João bought 'um' carro. Maria bought 'uma' bicicleta. They both bought 'uns' presentes for their friends.

Word Web

umumaunsumasartigoindefinido

Challenge

Label 5 items in your room with 'um' or 'uma' on sticky notes.

Cultural Notes

In Brazil, 'uns' is often used to mean 'about' for numbers.

Usage is similar, but pronunciation of 'um' is more closed.

Standard usage follows the same gender rules.

Derived from the Latin 'unus' (one).

Conversation Starters

Você tem um animal de estimação?

Você tem umas dicas para aprender português?

Você conhece um bom restaurante?

Você tem umas metas para este ano?

Journal Prompts

Describe your room using 'um' and 'uma'.
List some things you want to buy.
Describe a dream you had.
Write about a challenge you faced.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank.

Eu tenho ___ carro.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: um
Carro is masculine.
Choose the correct article. Multiple Choice

___ casa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Uma
Casa is feminine.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Eu tenho um casa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu tenho uma casa
Agreement error.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu tenho um carro
Standard SVO order.
Translate to Portuguese. Translation

I have some friends.

Answer starts with: Ten...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Tenho uns amigos
Plural masculine.
Choose the correct article. Multiple Choice

___ problemas.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Uns
Problemas is masculine plural.
Fill in the blank.

Ela tem ___ ideias.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: umas
Ideias is feminine plural.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ele é um médico.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele é médico
Omit article for profession.

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

Eu tenho ___ carro.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: um
Carro is masculine.
Choose the correct article. Multiple Choice

___ casa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Uma
Casa is feminine.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Eu tenho um casa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu tenho uma casa
Agreement error.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

tenho / um / carro / eu

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu tenho um carro
Standard SVO order.
Translate to Portuguese. Translation

I have some friends.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Tenho uns amigos
Plural masculine.
Choose the correct article. Multiple Choice

___ problemas.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Uns
Problemas is masculine plural.
Fill in the blank.

Ela tem ___ ideias.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: umas
Ideias is feminine plural.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ele é um médico.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele é médico
Omit article for profession.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Fill in the blank Fill in the Blank

Preciso de ___ ajuda com o dever.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: uma
Put the words in the correct order Sentence Reorder

umas / eu / comprei / flores

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu comprei umas flores.
Translate to Portuguese Translation

I have a problem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu tenho um problema.
Which one means 'about 20 euros'? Multiple Choice

Select the correct approximation:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Uns 20 euros
Find the error Error Correction

Ela é uma professora excelente.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: No error.
Match the article to the noun Match Pairs

Match these:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Um -> Carro
Fill in the blank Fill in the Blank

Você tem ___ minuto?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: um
Pick the feminine plural option Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Umas garrafas
Translate to Portuguese Translation

Some friends (mixed group)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Uns amigos
Fix the time expression Error Correction

São um três horas.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: São umas três horas.

Score: /10

FAQ (8)

Because 'carro' is a masculine noun in Portuguese.

No, the article matches the noun, not the person.

Most words ending in 'o' are masculine, 'a' are feminine.

Yes, it means 'some' or 'a few'.

Usually no, unless you add an adjective.

It's a Greek-origin word ending in 'a' but it's masculine.

The rules are the same, though pronunciation varies.

With professions or when talking about general categories.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

un/una

Gender agreement is mostly the same.

French high

un/une

French has more silent letters.

German moderate

ein/eine

Portuguese lacks a neuter article.

Japanese low

none

Japanese lacks gendered articles entirely.

Arabic low

none

Arabic uses tanwin (nunation).

Chinese low

yī (one)

Chinese does not have gendered articles.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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