Portuguese Indefinite Articles: A, An, and Some (um, uma)
um, uma, uns, or umas to the gender and number of your noun.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
In Portuguese, 'um' and 'uma' mean 'a' or 'an', and they must match the gender of the noun they describe.
- Use 'um' for masculine singular nouns: 'um carro' (a car).
- Use 'uma' for feminine singular nouns: 'uma casa' (a house).
- Use 'uns' and 'umas' for plural 'some': 'uns amigos' (some friends).
Overview
Portuguese indefinite articles—um, uma, uns, and umas—are the direct equivalents of the English “a,” “an,” and “some.” At the A1 level, mastering them is non-negotiable. They are used to introduce a noun that is non-specific, unknown to the listener, or being mentioned for the first time. For example, Eu li um livro means “I read a book,” without specifying which one.
Without them, your speech will sound unnatural and robotic, as nouns in Portuguese are rarely left to stand alone.
The core principle that governs indefinite articles is agreement (in Portuguese, concordância). Unlike in English, where “a” or “an” is chosen based on pronunciation, Portuguese articles must match the gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) of the noun they modify. This reflects a fundamental aspect of the language's structure: grammatical gender is embedded into the DNA of almost every noun.
Understanding this concept is your first major step toward thinking in Portuguese, distinguishing between any object (uma cadeira – a chair) and a specific one (a cadeira – the chair).
How This Grammar Works
a mesa, is feminine, while a glass, o copo, is masculine. The indefinite article acts as a prefix that must adopt the gender and number of the noun it describes.um carro novo (a new car), both the article um and the adjective novo are in their masculine singular forms to match the masculine singular noun carro.uns and umas, translate to “some” or “a few,” but they carry a unique nuance not found in English articles. They are frequently used to express approximation or an estimate, especially with numbers. A phrase like uns dez minutos doesn't just mean “some ten minutes,” but rather “about ten minutes,” a subtle but extremely common feature of everyday speech.Formation Pattern
um | uma |
uns | umas |
um (Masculine Singular): Used before a single masculine noun.
Preciso de um casaco novo. (I need a new coat.)
Ele comprou um bilhete para o concerto. (He bought a ticket for the concert.)
uma (Feminine Singular): Used before a single feminine noun.
Ela tem uma pergunta. (She has a question.)
Vamos ver uma série na Netflix. (Let's watch a series on Netflix.)
uns (Masculine Plural): Used before multiple masculine nouns or a mixed-gender group.
Convidei uns amigos para a festa. (I invited some friends to the party.)
Tenho uns problemas para resolver. (I have some problems to solve.)
umas (Feminine Plural): Used before multiple feminine nouns.
Comprei umas calças novas. (I bought some new pants.)
Ela escreveu umas canções bonitas. (She wrote some beautiful songs.)
um and uns is nasal in both Brazilian and European Portuguese. It's a sound that doesn't fully exist in English, similar to the "oon" in "soon" but produced more in the nasal cavity, without a hard 'n' at the end. In contrast, uma and umas have a clear, open vowel sound, like "oo-mah."
Gender & Agreement
- Masculine Nouns (
um/uns) often end in: -o:um livro(a book),um carro(a car),um copo(a glass). This is the most common masculine ending.-or:um motor(an engine),um professor(a male teacher).-lor-r:um hospital(a hospital),um açúcar(a sugar).-ma(words of Greek origin):um problema(a problem),um poema(a poem),um cli**ma(a climate).
- Feminine Nouns (
uma/umas) often end in: -a:uma casa(a house),uma mesa(a table),uma cadeira(a chair). This is the most common feminine ending.-dade:uma cidade(a city),uma verdade(a truth).-ção,-são:uma nação(a nation),uma decisão(a decision),uma canção(a song).-gem:uma viagem(a trip),uma garagem(a garage).
- Masculine nouns ending in
-a:um dia(a day),um mapa(a map),um sofá(a sofa). These must be memorized. - Feminine nouns ending in
-oor other letters:uma foto(a photo, short forfotografia),uma moto(a motorcycle, short formotocicleta),uma mão(a hand),uma flor(a flower). - Mixed-Gender Groups: When referring to a group of people or objects that includes at least one masculine noun, the masculine plural form
unsis always used. For example, a group of one boy and five girls is still referred to asuns meninosoruns amigos. This is a fundamental rule in Portuguese. Na sala, há um rapaz e dez raparigas. São uns estudantes.(In the room, there is one boy and ten girls. They are some students.)
When To Use It
- 1To Introduce a Noun for the First Time: When you mention something new to your listener, you introduce it with
umoruma.
Eu vi um filme ótimo ontem.(I saw a great movie yesterday.) The listener doesn't know which movie yet.Ela comprou uma saia nova.(She bought a new skirt.)
- 1To Refer to a Non-Specific Member of a Group: When you need something, but any instance of it will suffice.
Você tem uma caneta para me emprestar?(Do you have a pen you can lend me?) - Any pen will do.Preciso de um táxi para o aeroporto.(I need a taxi to the airport.) - It doesn't matter which taxi company.
- 1To Express "Some" or "A Few" (Plural): This is the direct use of
unsandumasfor countable nouns.
Tenho uns livros que te podem interessar.(I have some books that might interest you.)Na festa havia umas pessoas que eu não conhecia.(At the party there were some people I didn't know.)
- 1To Express Approximation (Especially with Numbers): This is a highly common, idiomatic usage that distinguishes Portuguese from English.
Uns/umasbefore a number means "about," "around," or "approximately."
A viagem demora uns 40 minutos.(The trip takes about 40 minutes.)Ela deve ter uns 30 anos.(She must be around 30 years old.)O livro custou umas 20 libras.(The book cost about 20 pounds.)
- 1For Emphasis or to Categorize with a Strong Quality: Sometimes,
um/umacan be used to add emphasis, similar to saying "He is such a..." or "That was quite a..." in English.
Que golo! Foi uma obra de arte!(What a goal! It was a work of art!)Ele é um génio!(He is a genius!)
Common Mistakes
- 1Mistake: Omitting the Article Entirely.
- Incorrect:
*Eu quero carro novo. - Correct:
Eu quero um carro novo. - Reason: In English, we can say "I want a new car" or "I want new shoes." In Portuguese, a singular countable noun nearly always requires an article. Leaving it out is one of the clearest signs of a non-native speaker.
- 1Mistake: Using the Wrong Gender.
- Incorrect:
*Tenho uma problema. - Correct:
Tenho um problema. - Reason:
problemais a masculine noun, despite its-aending. This is the single most common error. There is no shortcut; you must learn the gender of each noun. When in doubt, look it up.
- 1Mistake: Confusing
uns/umaswith "some" for Uncountable Nouns.
- Incorrect:
Gostaria de umas informações.orQuero uma água. - Correct:
Gostaria de informação./Quero água. - Reason:
unsandumasare used for countable things (friends, books, chairs). For uncountable nouns (water, information, time, money), you either use no article or a different structure. You can sayum copo de água(a glass of water) becausecopois countable, but not*uma águaon its own unless you're ordering a single unit, like a bottle.
- 1Mistake: Forgetting the
dePreposition after Verbs likeprecisar.
- Incorrect:
*Eu preciso um favor. - Correct:
Eu preciso de um favor. - Reason: Some Portuguese verbs require a preposition before their object.
Precisar(to need) is a key one; it's alwaysprecisar de. Thedeis required whether you use an indefinite article (de um) or a definite one (do).
Common Collocations
ter um(a)...(to have a...):ter uma boa ideia(to have a good idea),ter um mau pressentimento(to have a bad feeling).ser um(a)...(to be a...):Isto é uma vergonha(This is a disgrace),Ele é um bom rapaz(He's a good guy).há um(a)...(there is a...):Há um multibanco aqui perto?(Is there an ATM nearby?). This is the most common way to say "there is/are."dar um(a)...(to give a...):dar uma volta(to go for a walk/ride),dar uma ajuda(to give a hand),dar uma olhada(to take a look).- Phrases with numbers:
mais ou menos uns cinquenta(more or less around fifty),cerca de umas duas horas(about two hours). - Idiomatic expressions:
de uma vez por todas(once and for all),um dia destes(one of these days).
Real Conversations
Textbook examples are clean, but real language is messy. Here’s how these articles appear in natural, everyday contexts.
Scenario 1
> Ana: E aí, vamos fazer alguma coisa no fds?
> (Hey, are we doing anything on the weekend?)
> Beto: Opa! Pensei em fazer um churrasco lá em casa. Chamar uns amigos.
> (Yeah! I was thinking of having a barbecue at my place. Inviting some friends.)
> Ana: Perfeito! Posso levar uma sobremesa? Vi uma receita de torta de limão que parece ótima.
> (Perfect! Can I bring a dessert? I saw a lime pie recipe that looks great.)
Notice how um churrasco introduces the idea, uns amigos refers to a non-specific group, and uma receita brings up a new piece of information.*
Scenario 2
> Customer: Boa tarde. Queria ver uns sapatos que vi na montra, por favor.
> (Good afternoon. I'd like to see some shoes I saw in the window display, please.)
> Clerk: Claro. Os castanhos? Temos um modelo parecido com um preço mais baixo, se tiver interesse.
> (Of course. The brown ones? We have a similar model at a lower price, if you're interested.)
> Customer: Ah, sim? Pode mostrar-me, por favor? E preciso também de umas meias.
> (Oh, really? Can you show me, please? And I also need some socks.)
Here, uns sapatos and umas meias refer to “some” in a general sense, while um modelo and um preço introduce new, singular options.*
Quick FAQ
um the same word as the number one?Tenho um livro can mean "I have a book" or "I have one book." Context usually makes the meaning clear. The key difference is that as a number, it agrees in gender: Tenho um irmão e uma irmã (I have one brother and one sister).dois (two), do not change for gender, though dois becomes duas for feminine nouns.Sou estudante instead of *Sou um estudante?ser, you omit the article. So, it's Ela é médica (She is a doctor) and Ele é canadiano (He is Canadian).Ela é uma médica muito competente (She is a very competent doctor).um if I don't know the gender?Indefinite Articles Table
| Gender | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
|
Masculine
|
um
|
uns
|
|
Feminine
|
uma
|
umas
|
Meanings
Indefinite articles are used to introduce a noun that is not specific or previously mentioned.
Singular Indefinite
Referring to one non-specific item.
“Eu vi um gato.”
“Ela tem uma ideia.”
Plural Indefinite
Referring to an unspecified quantity (some/a few).
“Comprei umas maçãs.”
“Vi uns amigos na rua.”
Reference Table
| Type | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
um/uma + Noun
|
Eu tenho um gato.
|
|
Negative
|
não + um/uma + Noun
|
Não tenho um gato.
|
|
Question
|
um/uma + Noun + ?
|
Você tem um gato?
|
|
Plural
|
uns/umas + Noun
|
Tenho uns gatos.
|
|
Approximation
|
uns/umas + Number
|
Tenho uns dez gatos.
|
|
Omission
|
Verb + Profession
|
Ele é médico.
|
Formality Spectrum
Eu tenho uma pergunta. (Professional/Social)
Tenho uma pergunta. (Professional/Social)
Tenho uma dúvida. (Professional/Social)
Tô com uma dúvida. (Professional/Social)
Article Gender Map
Masculine
- um a (masc)
- uns some (masc)
Feminine
- uma a (fem)
- umas some (fem)
Examples by Level
Eu tenho um carro.
I have a car.
Ela é uma aluna.
She is a student.
Comprei um livro.
I bought a book.
É uma casa bonita.
It is a beautiful house.
Vi uns amigos ontem.
I saw some friends yesterday.
Ela tem umas ideias ótimas.
She has some great ideas.
Preciso de uns minutos.
I need a few minutes.
Comi umas frutas.
I ate some fruits.
Ele é um médico muito dedicado.
He is a very dedicated doctor.
Encontrei umas chaves no chão.
I found some keys on the floor.
Há um problema aqui.
There is a problem here.
Ela escreveu umas cartas longas.
She wrote some long letters.
Ele tem uns trinta anos.
He is about thirty years old.
Foi uma decisão difícil.
It was a difficult decision.
Tive umas experiências interessantes.
I had some interesting experiences.
É um projeto de grande escala.
It is a large-scale project.
É um artista de renome mundial.
He is a world-renowned artist.
Senti umas vibrações estranhas.
I felt some strange vibes.
Foi uma surpresa inesperada.
It was an unexpected surprise.
Ele tem uns modos peculiares.
He has some peculiar manners.
Uma verdade absoluta não existe.
An absolute truth does not exist.
Uns tantos problemas surgiram.
A few problems arose.
É uma questão de perspectiva.
It is a matter of perspective.
Ele é um homem de palavra.
He is a man of his word.
Easily Confused
Learners mix 'o/a' (the) with 'um/uma' (a/an).
Learners use 'um' for feminine nouns.
Learners forget to pluralize the article.
Common Mistakes
um casa
uma casa
uma carro
um carro
um amigos
uns amigos
uma livros
uns livros
tenho umas carro
tenho uns carros
ele é um bom
ele é um bom homem
quero uma café
quero um café
ele é um professor
ele é professor
tenho uma dúvida
tenho uma dúvida
vi uns 10 pessoas
vi umas 10 pessoas
é um verdade
é uma verdade
ele tem umas modos
ele tem uns modos
uma problema
um problema
Sentence Patterns
Eu tenho ___ ___.
Você quer ___ ___?
Ele é ___ ___.
Tenho ___ ___ anos.
Real World Usage
Um café, por favor.
Tenho um amigo aqui.
Quero uma camisa.
Tenho uma pergunta.
Postei uma foto.
Preciso de um táxi.
Check the ending
Don't translate 'some'
Professions
Brazilian usage
Smart Tips
Look at the last letter. -o = masculine, -a = feminine.
Omit the article for simple professions.
Use 'uns' to mean 'about'.
Always use 'uns/umas' for 'some'.
Pronunciation
Nasalization
The 'um' and 'uns' have a nasal sound.
Statement
Tenho um carro. ↘
Falling intonation for facts.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Um is for the Sun (Masculine), Uma is for the Moon (Feminine).
Visual Association
Imagine a big 'Um' umbrella for a man and a 'Uma' flower for a woman.
Rhyme
Um for the boy, Uma for the girl, use these words to describe the world.
Story
João bought 'um' carro. Maria bought 'uma' bicicleta. They both bought 'uns' presentes for their friends.
Word Web
Challenge
Label 5 items in your room with 'um' or 'uma' on sticky notes.
Cultural Notes
In Brazil, 'uns' is often used to mean 'about' for numbers.
Usage is similar, but pronunciation of 'um' is more closed.
Standard usage follows the same gender rules.
Derived from the Latin 'unus' (one).
Conversation Starters
Você tem um animal de estimação?
Você tem umas dicas para aprender português?
Você conhece um bom restaurante?
Você tem umas metas para este ano?
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
Eu tenho ___ carro.
___ casa.
Find and fix the mistake:
Eu tenho um casa.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
I have some friends.
Answer starts with: Ten...
___ problemas.
Ela tem ___ ideias.
Find and fix the mistake:
Ele é um médico.
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercisesEu tenho ___ carro.
___ casa.
Find and fix the mistake:
Eu tenho um casa.
tenho / um / carro / eu
I have some friends.
___ problemas.
Ela tem ___ ideias.
Find and fix the mistake:
Ele é um médico.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesPreciso de ___ ajuda com o dever.
umas / eu / comprei / flores
I have a problem.
Select the correct approximation:
Ela é uma professora excelente.
Match these:
Você tem ___ minuto?
Which is correct?
Some friends (mixed group)
São um três horas.
Score: /10
FAQ (8)
Because 'carro' is a masculine noun in Portuguese.
No, the article matches the noun, not the person.
Most words ending in 'o' are masculine, 'a' are feminine.
Yes, it means 'some' or 'a few'.
Usually no, unless you add an adjective.
It's a Greek-origin word ending in 'a' but it's masculine.
The rules are the same, though pronunciation varies.
With professions or when talking about general categories.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
un/una
Gender agreement is mostly the same.
un/une
French has more silent letters.
ein/eine
Portuguese lacks a neuter article.
none
Japanese lacks gendered articles entirely.
none
Arabic uses tanwin (nunation).
yī (one)
Chinese does not have gendered articles.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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