A2 Time Expressions 8 min read Easy

Doing it Right Away ({马上|mǎshàng})

Use {马上|mǎshàng} before a verb to express immediate action in a modern, urgent way.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use {马上|mǎshàng} before a verb to indicate an action will happen very soon.

  • Place {马上|mǎshàng} directly before the verb: {我|wǒ}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{来|lái}.
  • It implies an action is imminent, often within minutes.
  • It can be used for both future intentions and immediate predictions.
Subject + 马上 + Verb

Overview

马上 (mǎshàng) is a high-frequency Chinese adverb that conveys the meaning of "immediately," "right away," or "very soon." While its literal historical meaning, "on a horse" ( for horse, for on/upon), once signified the fastest mode of travel, its modern usage has evolved to abstractly represent promptness and immediacy in action or event. This transformation highlights how language adapts, with the urgency once associated with horseback travel now reflecting the rapid pace of contemporary life.

At the A2 level, mastering 马上 is crucial for expressing responsiveness and planning immediate future actions. It is an indispensable tool for daily communication, from casual replies to more structured commitments. The term implies a subjective sense of urgency; what constitutes "immediately" can range from a few seconds to several minutes, depending on the context and the nature of the action described.

Understanding 马上 involves grasping not just its translation but also its subtle implications for timing and social interaction.

How This Grammar Works

马上 functions primarily as an adverb of time or manner, modifying a verb or a verb phrase to indicate that an action will occur without delay. In Chinese grammar, adverbs typically precede the verb they modify, and 马上 adheres strictly to this pattern. This placement emphasizes the immediacy of the action, linking the current moment directly to the impending event.
It acts as a temporal bridge, signifying a minimal gap between intention and execution.
The core function of 马上 is to communicate a high degree of promptness. It suggests that the speaker is either about to undertake an action directly or that an event is on the verge of happening. Unlike English expressions like "soon" or "later," 马上 carries a stronger sense of urgency and commitment.
It conveys an active intention to proceed promptly, making it a powerful tool for responding to requests, confirming availability, or announcing immediate plans. For example, if someone asks you to do something, saying 我马上做 (wǒ mǎshàng zuò, I'll do it immediately) signals your readiness and respect for their request.
Consider the nuance: 马上 often implies a volitional act, something initiated by an agent. While it can describe natural occurrences that are about to happen, its primary strength lies in conveying immediate human action. This agency is a key distinction when comparing it to other time expressions.
The duration implied by 马上 is flexible; it signifies the next logical step in a sequence, irrespective of precise clock time. It could mean "in the next 30 seconds" or "in the next 5 minutes," depending on what the action realistically entails. The emphasis is on the spirit of immediacy rather than a literal timeframe.
Examples:
  • 我马上吃午饭。 (Wǒ mǎshàng chī wǔfàn.) - I’m eating lunch right away. (Implies the speaker is about to start or has just started lunch.)
  • 他马上就来了。 (Tā mǎshàng jiù lái le.) - He’s coming immediately. (Signals an imminent arrival, potentially within minutes.)
  • 我们马上开始会议。 (Wǒmen mǎshàng kāishǐ huìyì.) - We'll start the meeting right away. (Indicates the meeting will commence very shortly.)

Formation Pattern

1
Using 马上 follows a straightforward sentence structure, making it accessible for A2 learners. Its placement is consistently before the verb or verb phrase it modifies. The most common patterns involve a subject performing an immediate action.
2
Basic Pattern: Subject + 马上 + Verb/Verb Phrase (+ Object)
3
This is the most fundamental and widely used structure. The subject initiates an action that will happen without delay.
4
| Component | Chinese Example | Pinyin | English Translation |
5
| :-------- | :-------------- | :----- | :------------------ |
6
| Subject | | | I |
7
| 马上 | 马上 | mǎshàng | right away |
8
| Verb | | | go |
9
| Object | 学校 | xuéxiào | to school |
10
Example: 我马上回去。 (Wǒ mǎshàng huíqù.) - I’ll go back right away.
11
Example: 请你马上处理这件事。 (Qǐng nǐ mǎshàng chǔlǐ zhè jiàn shì.) - Please handle this matter immediately.
12
Pattern with Emphasis: Subject + 马上 + + Verb/Verb Phrase (+ Object)
13
The particle (jiù) can be added after 马上 to intensify the sense of immediacy. While 马上 alone already conveys promptness, further underscores that the action will happen then and there, emphasizing minimal delay. This combination is very common and sounds natural in spoken Chinese.
14
| Component | Chinese Example | Pinyin | English Translation |
15
| :-------- | :-------------- | :----- | :------------------ |
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| Subject | | | She |
17
| 马上 | 马上 | mǎshàng | right away |
18
| | | jiù | (then/indeed) |
19
| Verb | | lái | come |
20
Example: 她马上就到了。 (Tā mǎshàng jiù dào le.) - She's arriving right now. (Stronger than just 她马上到了)
21
Example: 我马上就给你打电话。 (Wǒ mǎshàng jiù gěi nǐ dǎ diànhuà.) - I'll call you immediately. (Emphasizes the swiftness of the call.)
22
Standalone Usage (Implied Subject/Imperative): 马上!
23
When the context makes the subject and verb clear, 马上 can be used by itself as an exclamation or a direct command. This is common in urgent situations or when responding briefly.
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Example: (Someone asks, 你什么时候过来? - When are you coming over?) - 马上! (Mǎshàng!, Right away!)
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Example: (A parent calling their child) - 马上下来! (Mǎshàng xiàlái!, Come down right now!)
26
Important Considerations:
27
马上 typically precedes a verb or verb phrase. It does not usually modify adjectives directly, unless the adjective implies an action or change of state (e.g., 马上好, mǎshàng hǎo, it'll be good/ready immediately).
28
While the particle adds emphasis, its omission does not change the core meaning of immediacy. Both forms are grammatically correct and frequently used.

When To Use It

马上 is a versatile adverb essential for conveying promptness in various situations. Its usage reflects a desire for efficiency and responsiveness, which are valued in many social contexts. Knowing when to deploy 马上 effectively can significantly enhance your communicative precision in Chinese.
1. Responding to Requests or Making Immediate Commitments:
This is perhaps the most common application of 马上. When asked to perform a task, 马上 signals that you acknowledge the request and intend to act on it without delay. It conveys a sense of responsibility and politeness, assuring the other party that their need is being addressed promptly.
  • Scenario: A colleague asks you to send a document.
好的,我马上发给你。 (Hǎo de, wǒ mǎshàng fā gěi nǐ.) - Okay, I'll send it to you right away.
  • Scenario: Your friend asks if you can help with something.
我忙完手头工作就马上帮你。 (Wǒ máng wán shǒutóu gōngzuò jiù mǎshàng bāng nǐ.) - I'll help you as soon as I finish my current task.
2. Announcing Imminent Actions or Events:
马上 is excellent for indicating that something is about to happen in the very near future, often related to your own plans or observable events. This makes it useful for coordinating with others or simply informing them of upcoming actions.
  • Scenario: You are leaving your apartment to meet a friend.
我马上出门。 (Wǒ mǎshàng chūmén.) - I'm leaving right away.
  • Scenario: Announcing the start of a meal.
饭菜马上就好了,大家准备吃饭吧。 (Fàncài mǎshàng jiù hǎo le, dàjiā zhǔnbèi chīfàn ba.) - The food will be ready immediately, everyone get ready to eat.
3. In Descriptions of Swift Succession (Past Tense with 一...就...)
While primarily used for future immediacy, 马上 can also appear in descriptions of past events when paired with the 一...就... (yī...jiù..., as soon as...then...) structure. In this context, 马上 reinforces the instantaneous connection between two sequential actions, emphasizing that the second action followed the first without any delay.
  • Scenario: Describing someone's immediate reaction.
他一听到消息,马上就哭了。 (Tā yī tīngdào xiāoxī, mǎshàng jiù kū le.) - As soon as he heard the news, he immediately cried.
  • Scenario: A child's prompt action.
孩子一放学,马上就回家了。 (Háizi yī fàngxué, mǎshàng jiù huí jiā le.) - As soon as the child finished school, they immediately went home.
4. Cultural Nuance: Politeness and Efficiency
In Chinese culture, being prompt and responsive is often seen as a sign of respect and efficiency. Using 马上 effectively can contribute to a positive impression, especially in professional or semi-formal interactions. It signals that you are attentive and take commitments seriously.
However, be mindful of over-promising; if you say 马上 but cause a significant delay, it can have the opposite effect.

Common Mistakes

Learners often encounter specific pitfalls when using 马上 due to interference from their native language or confusion with other Chinese time expressions. Being aware of these common mistakes can help you refine your usage and sound more natural.
1. Incorrect Placement in the Sentence:
The most frequent error is placing 马上 at the end of a sentence, mirroring English structures like "I'm coming right away." In Chinese, 马上 is an adverb and must precede the verb it modifies. Placing it at the end sounds unnatural and is grammatically incorrect.
  • Incorrect: 我来马上。 (Wǒ lái mǎshàng.) - (Sounds like a literal translation, not idiomatic Chinese.)
  • Correct: 我马上来。 (Wǒ mǎshàng lái.) - I'm coming right away.
2. Using 马上 for Events That Are Not Truly Immediate:
马上 implies a short temporal gap. Using it for events that are scheduled for later in the day, week, or even longer creates a semantic contradiction. While the exact duration of "immediate" is flexible, it generally implies something that can be initiated within minutes to a very short time frame, not hours or days.
  • Incorrect: 我马上要毕业了。 (Wǒ mǎshàng yào bìyè le.) - (If graduation is months away, this is incorrect.)
  • Correct: 我快要毕业了。 (Wǒ kuàiyào bìyè le.) - I'm graduating soon. (Use 快要 for events that are

Formation of Immediate Future

Subject Adverb Verb Example
马上
我马上来
马上
他马上走
我们
马上
开始
我们马上开始
大家
马上
吃饭
大家马上吃饭
马上
你马上看
马上
打电话
她马上打电话

Common Emphatic Additions

Structure Usage
马上 + 就
Adds emphasis to the speed
马上 + 就 + 了
Indicates the action is imminent

Meanings

Indicates that an action is about to take place in the immediate future.

1

Imminent Action

Something is happening in a very short time.

“{他|tā}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{走|zǒu}.”

“{饭|fàn}{马上|mǎshàng}{好|hǎo}{了|le}.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Doing it Right Away ({马上|mǎshàng})
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Subj + 马上 + Verb
我马上走
Emphatic
Subj + 马上 + 就 + Verb
我马上就走
Question
Subj + 马上 + Verb + 吗?
你马上走吗?
Negative (Rare)
Subj + 不 + 马上 + Verb
我不马上走
Future Intent
Subj + 马上 + 要 + Verb
我马上要出发
Resultative
Subj + 马上 + Verb + 了
饭马上好了

Formality Spectrum

Formal
我立刻就到。

我立刻就到。 (Arrival)

Neutral
我马上就到。

我马上就到。 (Arrival)

Informal
我马上来!

我马上来! (Arrival)

Slang
马上到!

马上到! (Arrival)

The 'Right Away' Concept

马上

Time

  • 立刻 immediately
  • 现在 now

Usage

  • 动作 action
  • 意图 intent

Examples by Level

1

{我|wǒ}{马上|mǎshàng}{来|lái}.

I'm coming right away.

2

{他|tā}{马上|mǎshàng}{走|zǒu}.

He is leaving right away.

3

{我|wǒ}{马上|mǎshàng}{吃|chī}.

I'm eating right away.

4

{你|nǐ}{马上|mǎshàng}{看|kàn}.

You look right away.

1

{我|wǒ}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{到|dào}.

I'll be there in a second.

2

{饭|fàn}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{好|hǎo}{了|le}.

The food will be ready soon.

3

{我|wǒ}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{给|gěi}{你|nǐ}{回|huí}{信息|xìnxī}.

I'll text you back right away.

4

{车|chē}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{来|lái}{了|le}.

The bus is coming right now.

1

{如果|rúguǒ}{你|nǐ}{需要|xūyào},{我|wǒ}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{能|néng}{帮|bāng}{你|nǐ}.

If you need it, I can help you right away.

2

{请|qǐng}{稍等|shāoděng},{我|wǒ}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{处理|chǔlǐ}.

Please wait, I will handle it immediately.

3

{他|tā}{说|shuō}{他|tā}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{会|huì}{到|dào}.

He said he will arrive immediately.

4

{我们|wǒmen}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{要|yào}{开始|kāishǐ}{了|le}.

We are about to start right now.

1

{别|bié}{急|jí},{问题|wèntí}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{能|néng}{解决|jiějué}.

Don't worry, the problem will be solved immediately.

2

{这|zhè}{个|gè}{项目|xiàngmù}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{要|yào}{完成|wánchéng}{了|le}.

This project is about to be finished right now.

3

{你|nǐ}{最好|zuìhǎo}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{走|zǒu}.

You had better leave right away.

4

{我|wǒ}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{会|huì}{把|bǎ}{文件|wénjiàn}{发|fā}{给|gěi}{你|nǐ}.

I will send you the file immediately.

1

{他|tā}{那|nà}{种|zhǒng}{态度|tàidù}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{会|huì}{惹|rě}{麻烦|máfan}.

His attitude will cause trouble immediately.

2

{只要|zhǐyào}{你|nǐ}{同意|tóngyì},{我们|wǒmen}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{签约|qiānyuēyuē}.

As long as you agree, we will sign the contract immediately.

3

{这|zhè}{场|chǎng}{暴雨|bàoyǔ}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{要|yào}{来|lái}{了|le}.

This rainstorm is about to hit right now.

4

{他|tā}{的|de}{决定|juédìng}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{改变|gǎibiàn}{了|le}{局势|júshì}.

His decision changed the situation immediately.

1

{若|ruò}{不|bù}{采取|cǎiqǔ}{行动},{后果|hòuguǒ}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{会|huì}{显现|xiǎnxiàn}.

If action isn't taken, the consequences will appear immediately.

2

{他|tā}{那|nà}{副|fù}{样子|yàngzi}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{让|ràng}{人|rén}{感到|gǎndào}{不适|bùshì}.

His appearance immediately made people feel uncomfortable.

3

{这|zhè}{项|xiàng}{政策|zhèngcè}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{会|huì}{产生|chǎnshēng}{影响|yǐngxiǎng}.

This policy will have an impact immediately.

4

{他|tā}{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}{会|huì}{意识到|yìshídào}{自己|zìjǐ}{的|de}{错误|cuòwù}.

He will realize his mistake immediately.

Easily Confused

Doing it Right Away ({马上|mǎshàng}) vs 马上 vs. 立刻

Both mean immediately, but {立刻|lìkè} is more formal.

Doing it Right Away ({马上|mǎshàng}) vs 马上 vs. 快要

Both imply future, but {快要|kuài}{要|yào} is for states.

Doing it Right Away ({马上|mǎshàng}) vs 马上 vs. 刚才

Learners mix up future and past.

Common Mistakes

我来马上

我马上来

Adverb must precede the verb.

马上我来

我马上来

Subject usually comes first.

我马上吃饭了

我马上吃饭

Don't mix future markers unnecessarily.

马上是吃饭

马上吃饭

Don't use 'to be' (是) with verbs.

我马上就吃完了

我马上就吃

Don't confuse immediate future with completed action.

他马上走吗?

他马上走吗? (This is correct, but add 就 for better flow)

Adding 就 makes it more natural.

马上我走

我马上走

Subject first.

马上要下雨了

快要下雨了

Use 快要 for weather/imminent states.

我马上会去

我马上就去

Avoid unnecessary modal verbs.

他马上就到了

他马上到了

Sometimes 就 is redundant with arrival verbs.

立刻马上走

立刻走

Don't double up on synonyms.

马上就去吧

马上就去

Avoid imperative particles with time markers.

他马上就正在走

他马上就走

Don't mix progressive and future.

Sentence Patterns

我___就___。

___马上就要___了。

如果___,我马上___。

请___,我马上___。

Real World Usage

Texting constant

我马上到!

Work very common

我马上处理。

Food Delivery common

外卖马上就到。

Travel common

车马上来了。

Social Media common

马上更新!

Job Interview occasional

我马上会开始。

💡

Add 就

Adding {就|jiù} makes your Chinese sound much more natural and native.
⚠️

Don't use at the end

Never put {马上|mǎshàng} at the end of a sentence.
🎯

Use for intent

Use it to show you are proactive and ready to help.
💬

Tone matters

In professional settings, use it to show efficiency, not impatience.

Smart Tips

Always add {就|jiù} after {马上|mǎshàng}.

我马上走。 我马上就走。

Use {立刻|lìkè} if you want to sound very formal and efficient.

我马上处理。 我立刻处理。

Use {快要|kuài}{要|yào} instead of {马上|mǎshàng}.

马上要下雨了。 快要下雨了。

Repeat the verb in your answer with {马上|mǎshàng}.

马上。 我马上就来。

Pronunciation

ma-shang

Tone of 马上

mǎ (3rd) shàng (4th). Keep the 3rd tone low.

Urgent

我马上来! (Rising pitch at the end)

High energy/urgency

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Imagine a horse (马) that is so fast it arrives on the spot (上) immediately.

Visual Association

Picture yourself jumping onto a horse and galloping away instantly.

Rhyme

When you want to go, say {马上|mǎshàng} so!

Story

I was late for my meeting. I told my boss, 'I am coming right away!' I jumped on my bike. I arrived in five minutes.

Word Web

马上立刻现在

Challenge

Send a text to a friend using '{马上|mǎshàng}{就|jiù}...' today.

Cultural Notes

Very common in service, but sometimes used loosely to mean 'soon' rather than 'now'.

Similar usage, but often paired with '馬上' (traditional characters).

Using {马上|mǎshàng} shows you are responsive and efficient.

Derived from 'on horseback' (马 - horse, 上 - on).

Conversation Starters

你什么时候走?

饭好了吗?

你能帮我吗?

什么时候开始会议?

Journal Prompts

Write about your morning routine using {马上|mǎshàng}.
Describe a time you were late and what you said.
Write a professional email confirming a task.
Reflect on how you manage your time.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank.

我___来。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 马上
马上 indicates immediate future.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我马上来
Adverb before verb.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

他走马上。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他马上走
Adverb before verb.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我马上就来
Subject + 马上 + 就 + Verb.
Translate to Chinese. Translation

I am eating right away.

Answer starts with: 我马上...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我马上吃
Standard order.
Match the meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Immediately
Definition match.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: 你什么时候走? B: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我马上走
Contextual fit.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use 马上, 我, 电话, 打.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我马上打电话
Subject + Adverb + Verb + Object.

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

我___来。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 马上
马上 indicates immediate future.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我马上来
Adverb before verb.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

他走马上。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他马上走
Adverb before verb.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

来 / 我 / 马上 / 就

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我马上就来
Subject + 马上 + 就 + Verb.
Translate to Chinese. Translation

I am eating right away.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我马上吃
Standard order.
Match the meaning. Match Pairs

马上

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Immediately
Definition match.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: 你什么时候走? B: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我马上走
Contextual fit.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use 马上, 我, 电话, 打.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我马上打电话
Subject + Adverb + Verb + Object.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Reorder the words to make a sentence. Sentence Reorder

{马上 / 我 / 回家 | mǎshàng / wǒ / huíjiā}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {我马上回家 | wǒ mǎshàng huíjiā}
Translate into Chinese. Translation

The meeting will start immediately.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {会议马上就要开始了。|huìyì mǎshàng jiùyào kāishǐ le.}
Match the Chinese to the English. Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: all
Complete the dialogue. Fill in the Blank

A: {快点!|kuài diǎn!} B: {我 ___ 来!|wǒ ___ lái!}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {马上|mǎshàng}
Which one shows high urgency? Multiple Choice

Choose the most urgent sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {我马上就去!|wǒ mǎshàng jiù qù!}
Fix the word order. Error Correction

{他回家马上。|tā huíjiā mǎshàng.}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他马上回家。|tā mǎshàng huíjiā.}
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

{电影 / 开始 / 马上 / 了 | diànyǐng / kāishǐ / mǎshàng / le}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {电影马上开始了 | diànyǐng mǎshàng kāishǐ le}
Translate into Chinese. Translation

I will handle it right away.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {我马上处理。|wǒ mǎshàng chǔlǐ.}
Fill in the blank. Fill in the Blank

{公共汽车 ___ 就要到了。|gōnggòng qìchē ___ jiùyào dào le.}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {马上|mǎshàng}
Pick the most natural sentence for a text message. Multiple Choice

You are 2 minutes away. What do you text?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {我马上到。|wǒ mǎshàng dào.}

Score: /10

FAQ (8)

No, {马上|mǎshàng} is strictly for future or present-future actions.

It is neutral and can be used in almost any daily situation.

It adds emphasis and makes the sentence sound more natural.

Usually {快要|kuài}{要|yào} is better for weather.

Use {我|wǒ}{不|bù}{会|huì}{马上|mǎshàng}{做|zuò}.

Historically yes, but now it's just an adverb.

{立刻|lìkè} is more formal and used in writing.

Yes, e.g., {你|nǐ}{马上|mǎshàng}{走|zǒu}{吗|ma}?

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

inmediatamente

Word order is the main difference.

French moderate

tout de suite

Structure complexity.

German high

sofort

Verb-second rule in German.

Japanese high

すぐに

Particle usage.

Arabic moderate

فوراً

Morphology.

Chinese high

立刻

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Learning Path

Prerequisites

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