B1 Sentence Structure 9 min read 中等

印地语的“Jo-Vo”句型:如何表达“那个……的人/物”

印地语使用像 jo-vo 这样的“成对代词”来连接想法,习惯先给出描述,再揭晓主语。

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'Jo' (who/which) to start a description and 'Vo' (that/he/she) to point to the person or thing.

  • Start the relative clause with 'Jo' (e.g., Jo ladka...)
  • Follow with the main clause starting with 'Vo' (e.g., ...vo mera bhai hai).
  • Ensure the verb in the 'Jo' clause matches the subject of that clause.
Jo (Subject) + [Verb] + , + Vo (Object/Subject) + [Verb]

Overview

### Overview
在学习印地语的过程中,jo-vo (जो-वो) 结构是通向中高级水平的必经之路。对于我们中文母语者来说,理解这个结构其实有一个很好的切入点。在中文里,我们习惯用“定语+的+名词”来修饰,比如“那个唱歌的女孩”。但在印地语中,这种复杂的修饰关系通常需要通过“关系代词”来连接,这就是所谓的“相关连词结构”(Correlative Construction)。
与英语不同,印地语倾向于将修饰性的从句(即 jo 从句)放在主句(即 vo 从句)之前。这在逻辑上非常类似于中文里的“如果……就……”或者“凡是……都……”的句式结构。对于中文母语者,这种“先铺垫,后总结”的语序其实非常自然。掌握 jo-vo 不仅能让你告别简单的陈述句,还能让你在表达复杂观点时更加地道。如果你在大学里或者职场上需要描述某件具体的事情,或者想表达“凡是……的人”,这个结构就是你的“万能钥匙”。
### How This Grammar Works
jo (जो) 和 vo (वो) 是印地语中的“关系代词对”。你可以把 jo 理解为“那个……的人/事”,把 vo 理解为“他/它(指代前面提到的那个)”。
在中文语法中,我们没有这种严格的“关系代词对”对应,我们通常用“……的……”来连接。但在印地语中,jo 引导从句,vo 引导主句,两者缺一不可。这就是所谓的“呼应”。
最让中文学习者头疼的是印地语的“斜格”(Oblique Case)。在中文里,无论你是主语、宾语还是介词宾语,代词本身是不变的(比如“他”永远是“他”)。但在印地语中,如果 jovo 后面接了后置词(Postpositions,相当于中文的介词,如“在……里”、“给……”),它们必须变形成斜格。例如 jo 变成 jis-vo 变成 us-。这是印地语语法中最核心的逻辑,必须通过大量练习来形成肌肉记忆。
### Formation Pattern
构建 jo-vo 句子的核心口诀是:“先描述,后指代”。
| 语法成分 | 作用 | 对应中文理解 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| jo 从句 | 提供背景/限定范围 | “凡是……的”、“那个……的” |
| vo 从句 | 给出结论/主要动作 | “那个人/那件事……” |
以下是基本句型表:
| 结构位置 | 语法组成 | 示例 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 第一部分 (从句) | jo + 名词 + 动词 | Jo ladka... (那个男孩...) |
| 第二部分 (主句) | vo + 名词 + 动词 | ...vo mera dost hai. (...他是我的朋友) |
例如:Jo ladka yahan baitha hai, vo mera bhai hai. (那个坐在那里的男孩,他是我弟弟。)
### When To Use It
  1. 1精准定位:当你需要在人群中指认某人时。比如在咖啡厅,你想说“那个穿红衣服的女生是我的同事”,你会用到 joJo ladki ne laal kapde pehne hain, vo meri colleague hai.
  1. 1表达普遍规律:当你想说“凡是……的人,都会……”时。比如“凡是努力学习的人,都会成功”。印地语习惯用 jo-vo 来表达这种因果逻辑:Jo mehnat karta hai, vo safal hota hai.
  1. 1回顾事件:当你对发生的事情进行评价时。比如“刚才发生的事,太糟糕了”。Jo hua, vo bahut bura tha.
这种结构在印地语口语中非常高频,它能让你的表达显得非常有逻辑性,不再是零散的短句。
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1语序倒置(中文/英语干扰):中文习惯说“那个人是谁”,英语习惯说 The boy who...。很多初学者会写出 *Vo ladka jo aaya mera dost hai. 这种句子。记住:在印地语中,jo 从句必须放在前面,这是硬性规定。
  1. 1忽略斜格变形(最常见的错误):中文没有格的变化,所以我们很容易忘记。比如想说“那个吃东西的人(主语)付了钱”,正确是 Jisne khaya, usne paise diye.。很多初学者会错误地写成 *Jo ne khaya, vo ne paise diye.。请记住,只要后面有 ne, ko, se 等词,jovo 必须变形!
  1. 1漏掉 vo 部分:中文里我们常省略主语,比如“(那个)去超市的人,(他)没买牛奶”。印地语如果漏掉 vo 部分,句子会显得非常不完整,听起来像没说完话。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
为了让你更清楚,我们对比一下中文的定语从句:
| 中文结构 | 印地语结构 | 逻辑差异 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 那个唱歌的女孩很漂亮 | Jo ladki gaati hai, vo sundar hai. | 印地语将修饰语拆分为从句 |
| 凡是迟到的人都要罚款 | Jo der se aayega, use fine dena hoga. | 印地语使用呼应代词强调条件 |
### Quick FAQ
  1. 1问:jovo 必须同时出现吗?
答:是的,在大多数标准句式中,它们是“一对”,缺一不可。
  1. 1问:如果指代复数怎么办?
答:jo 的复数形式依然是 jo,但动词要变;vo 的复数是 ve,斜格是 un- 系列(如 unhone, unko)。
  1. 1问:为什么有时候用 jinhone 而不是 jisne
答:jinhone 是复数形式,或者用于表示尊敬(单数尊称)。这和 aap 的用法逻辑是一样的。

Jo-Vo Structure Table

Relative (Jo) Main Clause (Vo) Example
Jo ladka
Vo ladka
Jo ladka khel raha hai, vo mera bhai hai.
Jo ladki
Vo ladki
Jo ladki ga rahi hai, vo meri behen hai.
Jo log
Ve log
Jo log aaye hain, ve mere dost hain.
Jo kitaab
Vo kitaab
Jo kitaab tumne di, vo achi hai.
Jo ghar
Vo ghar
Jo ghar bada hai, vo mera hai.
Jo kaam
Vo kaam
Jo kaam tumne kiya, vo sahi hai.

Common Variations

Full Form Shortened/Casual
Jo ladka hai
Jo ladka
Jo log hain
Jo log

Meanings

The 'Jo-Vo' construction is used to create relative clauses in Hindi, linking a specific person or object to a description or action.

1

Identifying a person

Specifying a person by an action or attribute.

“Jo aadmi kal aaya tha, vo doctor hai.”

“Jo ladka khel raha hai, vo mera beta hai.”

2

Identifying an object

Specifying an object by its state or location.

“Jo kitaab tumne di thi, vo bahut achi hai.”

“Jo gaadi lal hai, vo meri hai.”

3

Generalizing

Referring to anyone who fits a description.

“Jo mehnat karta hai, vo safal hota hai.”

“Jo sach bolta hai, vo darta nahi.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 印地语的“Jo-Vo”句型:如何表达“那个……的人/物”
代词角色 直格 (主格) 斜格 (+ ko/se/mein) 施格 (+ ne)
关系代词 (单数)
जो (jo)
जिसे / जिसको (jise / jisko)
जिसने (jisne)
关联代词 (单数)
वो / वह (vo / vah)
उसे / उसको (use / usko)
उसने (usne)
关系代词 (复数/尊称)
जो (jo)
जिन्हें / जिनको (jinhein / jinko)
जिन्होंने (jinhonne)
关联代词 (复数/尊称)
वो / वे (vo / ve)
उन्हें / उनको (unhein / unko)
उन्होंने (unhonne)
时间变体
जब (jab)
不适用
不适用
地点变体
जहाँ (jahan)
不适用
不适用

正式程度

正式
Jo vyakti bol rahe hain, ve mere shikshak hain.

Jo vyakti bol rahe hain, ve mere shikshak hain. (Describing someone)

中性
Jo aadmi bol raha hai, vo mera teacher hai.

Jo aadmi bol raha hai, vo mera teacher hai. (Describing someone)

非正式
Jo banda bol raha hai, vo mera teacher hai.

Jo banda bol raha hai, vo mera teacher hai. (Describing someone)

俚语
Jo bhai bol raha hai, vo mera teacher hai.

Jo bhai bol raha hai, vo mera teacher hai. (Describing someone)

Jo-Vo 代词系统

जो - वो 模式

直格

  • जो (jo) 哪个/谁
  • वो (vo) 那个/他/她

斜格 (+ ne)

  • जिसने (jisne) 做过某事的那个
  • उसने (usne) 他/她 (做了)

斜格 (+ ko)

  • जिसे (jise) 被...的那个人
  • उसे (use) 他/她/它 (宾语)

英语 vs 印地语语序

英语:主旨先行
He is my friend (主要动作)
who is singing. (描述)
印地语:描述先行
jo gaa raha hai, (描述以 jo 开头)
vo mera dost hai. (主要动作以 vo 结尾)

选择正确的形式

1

代词后面有后置词吗?(ne, ko, se)

YES
查看斜格形式
NO
使用直格:जो (jo) / वो (vo)
2

是单数还是复数/尊称?

YES
单数:जिसने (jisne) / उसने (usne)
NO
复数:जिन्होंने (jinhonne) / उन्होंने (unhonne)

其他关联词对

时间

  • जब (jab) - 当...时
  • तब (tab) - 那时
📍

地点

  • जहाँ (jahan) - 在哪儿
  • वहाँ (vahan) - 在那儿
🎭

方式

  • जैसा (jaisa) - 像怎样
  • वैसा (vaisa) - 像那样
⚖️

数量

  • जितना (jitna) - 多少
  • उतना (utna) - 那么多

按水平分级的例句

1

Jo ladka khel raha hai, vo mera bhai hai.

The boy who is playing is my brother.

2

Jo gaadi wahan hai, vo meri hai.

The car that is there is mine.

3

Jo khana garam hai, vo mera hai.

The food that is hot is mine.

4

Jo kitab achi hai, vo mujhe do.

Give me the book that is good.

1

Jo log kal aaye the, ve mere dost hain.

The people who came yesterday are my friends.

2

Jo kaam tumne kiya, vo bahut mushkil tha.

The work you did was very difficult.

3

Jo ladki ga rahi hai, vo meri behen hai.

The girl who is singing is my sister.

4

Jo ghar purana hai, vo bik gaya.

The house that is old has been sold.

1

Jo faisla tumne liya, vo sabke liye sahi hai.

The decision you took is right for everyone.

2

Jo rasta seedha station jata hai, vo band hai.

The road that goes straight to the station is closed.

3

Jo mehnat karta hai, vo hamesha safal hota hai.

The one who works hard is always successful.

4

Jo kapde tumne pasand kiye, ve bahut mehenge hain.

The clothes you liked are very expensive.

1

Jo niyam banaye gaye hain, unka palan karna hoga.

The rules that have been made must be followed.

2

Jo baat tumne kal kahi, vo mujhe samajh nahi aayi.

The thing you said yesterday, I didn't understand it.

3

Jo log yahan kaam karte hain, ve bahut mehnti hain.

The people who work here are very hardworking.

4

Jo samasya tumne batayi, vo hal ho gayi hai.

The problem you mentioned has been solved.

1

Jo bhi tumne socha hai, us par amal karo.

Whatever you have thought, act upon it.

2

Jo vyakti sach bolta hai, vo kisi se nahi darta.

The person who speaks the truth fears no one.

3

Jo sthiti abhi hai, vo pehle kabhi nahi thi.

The situation that exists now never existed before.

4

Jo bhi yahan aayega, use swagat milega.

Whoever comes here will be welcomed.

1

Jo kuch bhi maine dekha, vo ek sapne jaisa tha.

Whatever I saw was like a dream.

2

Jo log itihas badalte hain, ve aksar akela chalte hain.

Those who change history often walk alone.

3

Jo bhi ho jaye, hum peeche nahi hatenge.

Whatever may happen, we will not step back.

4

Jo vichar tumne rakhe, ve atyant prabhavshali hain.

The thoughts you presented are extremely influential.

容易混淆

The 'Jo-Vo' Connection: Saying 'The One Who' in Hindi 对比 Wala vs Jo-Vo

Learners use 'wala' for everything.

The 'Jo-Vo' Connection: Saying 'The One Who' in Hindi 对比 Jo vs Jo bhi

Learners don't know when to add 'bhi'.

The 'Jo-Vo' Connection: Saying 'The One Who' in Hindi 对比 Jo-Vo vs Agar-Toh

Both use correlative pairs.

常见错误

Jo ladka khel raha hai, mera bhai hai.

Jo ladka khel raha hai, VO mera bhai hai.

Missing the correlative pronoun 'Vo'.

Jo ladka khel raha hai, vo mera bhai.

Jo ladka khel raha hai, vo mera bhai HAI.

Missing the verb in the main clause.

Jo ladki khel raha hai...

Jo ladki khel RAHI hai...

Gender mismatch.

Vo ladka jo khel raha hai...

Jo ladka khel raha hai, vo...

Incorrect word order.

Jo log khel raha hai...

Jo log khel RAHE hain...

Number mismatch (plural).

Jo kitab tumne diya...

Jo kitab tumne DI...

Gender mismatch with object.

Jo ladka khelta hai, vo mera bhai hai.

Jo ladka khel RAHA hai, vo mera bhai hai.

Tense mismatch.

Jo ladka kal aaya, vo mera bhai hai.

Jo ladka kal AAYA THA, vo mera bhai hai.

Missing past perfect marker.

Jo faisla liya, vo sahi hai.

Jo faisla MENE liya, vo sahi hai.

Missing subject in relative clause.

Jo ladka khel raha hai, ve mera bhai hai.

Jo ladka khel raha hai, VO mera bhai hai.

Pronoun mismatch (singular vs plural).

Jo bhi tumne socha, usko karo.

Jo bhi tumne socha, US PAR AMAL karo.

Incorrect case usage.

Jo sthiti hai, vo pehle nahi thi.

Jo sthiti ABHI hai, vo pehle nahi thi.

Missing temporal marker.

句型

Jo ___ , vo ___ .

Jo ___ , kya vo ___ ?

Jo ___ , ve ___ .

Jo bhi ___ , us par ___ .

Real World Usage

Texting very common

Jo photo bheji, vo dekh lo.

Job Interview common

Jo project maine lead kiya, vo successful raha.

Ordering Food occasional

Jo dish spicy hai, vo mat lana.

Travel common

Jo train Delhi jati hai, vo kab aayegi?

Social Media very common

Jo log mujhe follow karte hain, ve best hain.

Academic common

Jo siddhant humne padha, vo bahut mahatvapurn hai.

💡

逗号是关键

jo 从句和 vo 主句之间一定要有微小的停顿。书写时记得加逗号,这能制造出印地语母语者习惯的“悬念与揭晓”节奏。«जो लड़का वहाँ है, वो मेरा भाई है।»
⚠️

千万别说 'Jo Ne'

如果 jo 从句中的主语在过去时里做了某个动作,必须把 'jo' + 'ne' 合并为 jisne。直接说 'jo ne' 听起来非常不自然。«जिसने खाना खाया, वो सो गया。»
💬

谚语与宝莱坞

这种结构在印度流行文化中随处可见。著名谚语:
Jaisi karni, vaisi bharni
(种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆)。宝莱坞情歌里几乎每句词都会用到 «jo... vo...»!
🎯

格位不匹配也很正常

前后的 jovo 不需要格位完全一致。你可以用直格的 jo 配上斜格的 use。只要每个代词符合它所在半句的语法就行!«जो लड़का आया, मैंने उसे देखा。»

Smart Tips

Always check if you need to use 'Ve' for plural.

Jo log aaye, vo mere dost hain. Jo log aaye, VE mere dost hain.

Use 'Jo' to introduce the topic clearly.

Project accha tha. Jo project humne discuss kiya, vo bahut accha tha.

Focus on the comma pause.

Jo ladka khel raha hai vo mera bhai hai. Jo ladka khel raha hai, vo mera bhai hai.

Use the Jo-Vo pair for maximum impact.

Mehnat karo, safal ho jao. Jo mehnat karta hai, vo safal hota hai.

发音

/dʒoʊ/

Jo

Pronounced like 'Joe' in English.

/voʊ/

Vo

Pronounced like 'Woh' with a soft 'v'.

Comma Pause

Jo ladka khel raha hai [pause] vo mera bhai hai.

The pause is essential to separate the relative clause from the main clause.

记住它

记忆技巧

Jo is the 'Joiner' (starts the clause), Vo is the 'Viewer' (points to the result).

视觉联想

Imagine a bridge. 'Jo' is the left side of the bridge, and 'Vo' is the right side. You cannot cross the bridge without both parts.

Rhyme

Jo se shuru, Vo par khatam, Hindi grammar, ab hai dam!

Story

Imagine a boy named Rahul. You say 'Jo Rahul khel raha hai' (The Rahul who is playing). Then you point to him and say 'Vo mera bhai hai' (He is my brother). By linking them, you've told a complete story.

Word Web

JoVoJaisaVaisaJitnaUtnaJahanVahan

挑战

Write 3 sentences today using 'Jo-Vo' to describe people you see in your house or office.

文化笔记

This structure is used heavily in formal Hindi and literature.

Often mixed with English words like 'Jo project maine kiya'.

More likely to use 'Jaisa-Vaisa' proverbs.

Derived from Sanskrit relative pronouns 'ya' (who) and 'ta' (that).

对话开场白

Jo movie tumne kal dekhi, vo kaisi thi?

Jo kaam tum abhi kar rahe ho, kya vo mushkil hai?

Jo log tumhare saath kaam karte hain, kya ve acche hain?

Jo faisla tumne liya, kya tum usse khush ho?

日记主题

Describe a friend using the Jo-Vo structure.
Write about a difficult task you completed recently.
Reflect on a life lesson you learned.
Describe a change in your city.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

将单词排序,组成一个自然的印地语句子。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
始终以描述物体的 'jo'(关系)从句开始,后面跟逗号,然后是 'vo'(关联)从句。
找出并纠正语序或语法错误。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
直接翻译英语语序是常见错误。在自然的印地语中,描述性的 'jo' 从句必须排在前面。
在空格处填入正确的斜格代词。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
因为主语在过去时执行了一个动作(打电话),我们需要 'jo' + 'ne',它们完美结合成了 jisne

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct pronoun.

Jo ladka khel raha hai, ___ mera bhai hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: vo
The correlative pronoun for 'Jo' is 'Vo'.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jo ladki ga rahi hai, vo meri behen hai.
This follows the standard Jo-Vo structure.
Find the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Jo log aaye hai, ve mera dost hain.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Aaye hai -> aaye hain
Plural verb agreement is required.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

hai / mera / vo / raha / khel / Jo / ladka

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jo ladka khel raha hai, vo mera bhai hai.
Correct structure: Jo [Subj] [Verb], Vo [Subj] [Verb].
Translate to Hindi. 翻译

The book that I bought is good.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jo kitab maine kharidi, vo achi hai.
Standard correlative structure.
Match the Jo-Vo parts. Match Pairs

Match the clauses.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All of the above
All pairs are grammatically correct.
Conjugate the verb. Conjugation Drill

Jo ladka (khelna) ____, vo mera bhai hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: khel raha
Present continuous is needed.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use 'Jo' and 'Vo' to describe a teacher.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jo teacher padha rahe hain, ve acche hain.
Correct correlative structure.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

15 exercises
将单词按顺序排列。 Sentence Reorder

排序单词:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जिसने पैसे चुराए, पुलिस ने उसे पकड़ लिया
填入匹配的关联代词。 填空

जो ड्रेस तुमने पहनी है, ___ बहुत महँगी लग रही है।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: वो
找出语法错误。 Error Correction

जो ने पिज़्ज़ा खाया, वो बीमार हो गया。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जिसने पिज़्ज़ा खाया, वो बीमार हो गया。
使用 jo-vo 模式将英语句子翻译成印地语。 翻译

坐在那里的那个男孩是我的朋友。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जो लड़का वहाँ बैठा है, वो मेरा दोस्त है。
选择最自然的印地语回答。 多项选择

怎么说:'拉黑那个给你发短信的人'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जिसने तुम्हें टेक्स्ट किया, उसे ब्लॉक करो。
将关系代词与其正确的关联词配对。 Match Pairs

哪个词自然地与 'जब' (jab - 当...时) 配对?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: तब (tab)
填入复数尊称形式。 填空

___ यह घर बनाया, वे बहुत अमीर हैं。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जिन्होंने
修正格位不匹配的问题。 Error Correction

जिसको मैंने कॉल किया, वोने फ़ोन नहीं उठाया。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जिसे मैंने कॉल किया, उसने फ़ोन नहीं उठाया。
将单词按顺序排列。 Sentence Reorder

排序单词:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जितना तुम पढ़ोगे, उतने नंबर आएँगे
翻译成印地语。 翻译

我买的那个笔记本电脑非常快。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जो लैपटॉप मैंने ख़रीदा, वो बहुत फ़ास्ट है。
选择正确的正式句子。 多项选择

表达“早来的人有座位”的正确方式是什么?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जो लोग जल्दी आए, उन्हें सीट मिल गई。
填入正确的地点标记词。 填空

___ तुम जाओगे, मैं भी वहीं आऊँगा。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जहाँ
修正结构。 Error Correction

मैं उस आदमी को जानता हूँ जो वहाँ खड़ा है。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जो आदमी वहाँ खड़ा है, मैं उसे जानता हूँ。
将关系代词与其正确的关联词配对。 Match Pairs

哪个词自然地与 'जैसा' (jaisa - 像...一样) 配对?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: वैसा (vaisa)
为这个礼貌的句子排序单词。 Sentence Reorder

排序单词:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जिन्हें मदद चाहिए, वे मुझे बताएँ

Score: /15

常见问题 (8)

In very casual speech, sometimes, but it's better to keep it for clarity.

It can mean 'who', 'which', or 'that' depending on the noun.

Use 'Ve' instead of 'Vo'.

Yes, it is very common in formal and literary Hindi.

'Wala' is for simple attributes; 'Jo-Vo' is for actions.

Yes, by adding 'kya' in the main clause.

It takes practice, but the pattern is very consistent.

Yes, like 'Jaisa-Vaisa' and 'Jitna-Utna'.

Scaffolded Practice

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Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

el que / la que

Spanish puts the relative clause after the noun.

French moderate

celui qui / celle qui

French is SVO; Hindi is SOV.

German high

derjenige, der

German requires specific case endings for the relative pronoun.

Japanese partial

relative clauses before nouns

Japanese lacks the 'Vo' anchor.

Arabic moderate

alladhi / allati

Arabic is post-nominal.

Chinese low

de structure

Chinese has no correlative pronoun system.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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