B1 Pronouns 18 min read 中等

印地语关系代词:'Jo...Voh' 的配对用法

记住这个黄金搭档:总是把像 «जो» 这样的 J 开头词与像 «वो» 这样的 V 开头词配对,就能写出高级的描述性长句。

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'Jo' (who/which) to introduce a relative clause and 'Voh' (that/he/she) to complete the thought.

  • Jo always starts the relative clause: 'Jo ladka yahan hai...' (The boy who is here...)
  • Voh follows in the main clause: '...voh mera bhai hai.' (...he is my brother.)
  • The pair must agree in number and gender: 'Jo ladki...' needs 'voh...'
Jo + [Clause A] + Voh + [Clause B]

Overview

### Overview
在学习印地语的过程中,你一定会发现,当句子变得稍微复杂一点时,印地语并不会像英语那样简单地使用“who”、“which”或“that”来引导从句。相反,印地语使用一种非常独特且严谨的“相关代词对”系统,即 जो...वह (jo...voh) 结构。对于我们母语者来说,这其实是一个非常有逻辑的框架。在中文里,我们习惯说“那个人是我的朋友”,但在印地语中,为了表达“那个正在喝咖啡的人是我的朋友”,我们需要把句子拆解为两部分:首先定义主体(那个正在喝咖啡的人),然后对这个主体进行描述(那个人是我的朋友)。
这种 जो (jo,相当于“谁/哪个”) 和 वह (voh,相当于“那个人/那个”) 的搭配,就像是我们中文里的“凡是...的,都...”或者“那个...的...”。它能够帮助你在描述事物时,精准地锁定对象。对于B1级别的学习者来说,掌握这个结构是迈向高级表达的关键,它能让你摆脱支离破碎的短句,写出像地道印度人那样逻辑连贯、层次分明的长句。无论是在德里的咖啡厅点餐,还是在微信上跟朋友描述某件发生的事情,这种结构都是必不可少的。
### How This Grammar Works
जो...वह 结构的运作逻辑其实非常像中文的“定语从句”,但它在形式上更具对称美。我们可以把它看作是一个“锁定-说明”系统。जो 系列词汇负责引导从句,提供关于某个名词的补充信息;而 वह 系列词汇则负责引导主句,作为对前面提到的名词的指代。这与中文的语序有很大的不同:在中文里,我们倾向于把定语放在名词前面(例如:那个穿红衣服的女孩),而印地语则是先用 जो 开启从句,交代背景,再用 वह 承接主句。
你可以把 जो 看作是“定位器”,把 वह 看作是“指代器”。举个例子:जो लड़का यहाँ बैठा है, वह मेरा भाई है。 (那个坐在这里的男孩,他是我的弟弟)。在中文里,我们直接说“坐在这里的男孩是我弟弟”,主语和定语是合在一起的。但在印地语里,这种拆分结构让你能够处理更长的信息量。如果定语从句很长,印地语的这种结构反而能保持句子的清晰度,不会让主语和谓语离得太远。你需要特别注意的是,जोवह 在性别、数(单复数)和格(主格、宾格、斜格)上必须保持高度的一致性。这其实就是一种“语法契约”,一旦你习惯了这种成对出现的思维,你会发现印地语的逻辑其实非常严密。
### Formation Pattern
构建 जो...वह 句子时,请记住这个口诀:“先定后指,格数统一”。
| 结构组成 | 作用 | 中文类比 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| जो 从句 (Relative Clause) | 设定背景/锁定对象 | “凡是...的” 或 “那个...的” |
| वह 主句 (Main Clause) | 承接描述/给出结论 | “那个人/那个东西...” |
以下是几种常见的组合模式:
  1. 1直接格(基本描述):जो + 名词 + 动词, वह + 名词 + 动词。
例如:जो गाड़ी लाल है, वह मेरी है。 (那辆红色的车,是我的。)
  1. 1斜格(涉及宾格或后置词):当名词在从句中作为间接宾语或有后置词时,जो 变为 जिसवह 变为 उस
例如:जिस लड़के से मैं मिला, वह बहुत होशियार है。 (我见到的那个男孩,他非常聪明。)
### When To Use It
你需要在以下几种场景中使用这个结构:
  1. 1精准定位:当你需要从一群人或事物中特指某一个时。例如在地铁站找人:जो आदमी नीली शर्ट पहने है, वह मेरा दोस्त है。 (那个穿蓝色衬衫的男人,是我的朋友)。
  2. 2因果与条件描述:当你需要表达“凡是...的人,都...”这种带有普遍性或特定性的逻辑时。例如:जो मेहनत करता है, वह सफल होता है। (凡是努力的人,都会成功)。
  3. 3详细描述背景:在讲述故事时,为了让听者清楚你指的是哪一个对象,你需要先用 जो 铺垫,再用 वह 展开。例如:जो घर कल बिका, वह बहुत पुराना था। (昨天卖掉的那栋房子,非常古老)。
这种结构的使用能让你的语言显得非常有条理,不再是简单的陈述,而是具有了逻辑的深度。
### Common Mistakes
作为中文母语者,我们在学习时经常会因为语言习惯的干扰(L1 Interference)产生以下错误:
  1. 1忽略“格”的变化(斜格错误):中文没有格的变化,所以我们习惯直接用 जोवह。但在印地语中,一旦后面有后置词(如 से, को, में),必须使用斜格 जिस-उस-。错误:जो आदमी के साथ मैं गया... (正确:जिस आदमी के साथ मैं गया...)。
  2. 2语序混乱:受中文“定语+中心语”习惯影响,有时会尝试把从句塞进主句中间。印地语的 जो...वह 必须是“从句在前,主句在后”的结构,否则语义会断裂。
  3. 3数的一致性缺失:中文名词没有复数变化,我们很容易忽略 वे (复数) 和 वह (单数) 的区别。如果前文指的是复数名词,主句必须用 वेउन,否则听起来会非常别扭。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
| 比较维度 | 印地语 जो...वह | 中文对应结构 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 结构位置 | 从句在前,主句在后 | 定语在前,中心语在后 |
| 语法标记 | 成对出现 (जो/वह) | 通过“的”字连接 |
| 逻辑重心 | 强调对对象的定义和后续说明 | 强调修饰关系 |
### Quick FAQ
  1. 1问:जोवो 是同一个意思吗?
答:जो 是标准写法,वो 是口语中 वह 的变体。在对话中,人们经常用 वो 代替 वह,但 जो 依然保持不变。
  1. 1问:如果我想表达“那个...的”,是不是一定要用 जो
答:不一定。简单的形容词修饰可以直接用形容词。只有当你需要引导一个包含动词的从句时,才必须使用 जो...वह
  1. 1问:斜格变化太难记了,有什么窍门吗?
答:记住 जिसउस 是好伙伴。只要你看到 जो 后面有后置词,直接把 जो 换成 जिसवह 换成 उस,这就像是给句子加了一个“斜格开关”。

Jo-Voh Correlative Pairs

Relative (Jo) Correlative (Voh) Meaning
Jo
Voh
Who/Which/That
Jisko
Usko
Whom/To whom
Jisne
Usne
The one who (ergative)
Jiske
Uske
Whose/Of whom
Jahan
Wahan
Where/There
Jab
Tab
When/Then

Common Variations

Form Usage
Jo bhi
Whoever/Whatever
Jaisa
Waisa (As/So)

Meanings

This structure links a relative clause to a main clause, identifying a specific person or object by describing them first.

1

Identifying people

Specifying a person by a trait or action.

“Jo ladka kal aaya tha, voh mera dost hai.”

“Jo log yahan baithe hain, voh mere rishtedar hain.”

2

Identifying objects

Specifying an object by a quality or origin.

“Jo gaadi tumne kharidi, voh bahut mehengi hai.”

“Jo khana maa ne banaya, voh swadisht hai.”

3

Generalizing

Referring to whoever or whatever.

“Jo hoga, voh dekha jayega.”

“Jo tum chaho, voh karo.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 印地语关系代词:'Jo...Voh' 的配对用法
格 (Case) 关系词 (J-形式) 接应词 (V-形式) 含义
主格
जो (Jo)
वह / वो (Voh/Vo)
那个...的人/物
施事格 (过去时)
जिसने (Jisne)
उसने (Usne)
那个(做了某事)的人
与格
जिसे / जिसको (Jise/Jisko)
उसे / उसको (Use/Usko)
给那个...的人
属格
जिसका (Jiska)
उसका (Uska)
那个人的 / 那个东西的
处格
जिसमें (Jisme)
उसमें (Usme)
在那个...里面
复数主格
जो (Jo)
वे / वो (Ve/Vo)
那些...的人们
复数与格
जिन्हें (Jinhe)
उन्हें (Unhe)
给那些...的人们

正式程度

正式
Jo vyakti ne call kiya tha, ve yahan hain.

Jo vyakti ne call kiya tha, ve yahan hain. (Arrival)

中性
Jisne call kiya tha, voh yahan hai.

Jisne call kiya tha, voh yahan hai. (Arrival)

非正式
Jisne call kiya, voh aa gaya.

Jisne call kiya, voh aa gaya. (Arrival)

俚语
Jisne call maara, voh aa gaya.

Jisne call maara, voh aa gaya. (Arrival)

印地语中的 'J-V' 关联

जो (Jo)

身份

  • जो (Jo) 那个...的人/物
  • वह (Voh) 那一个

所有关系

  • जिसका (Jiska) 谁的
  • उसका (Uska) 他的/她的

施事者 (过去时)

  • जिसने (Jisne) 那个(做了某事)的人
  • उसने (Usne) 那个人(做了)

提问 vs. 描述

疑问词 (提问)
कौन (Kaun)? 谁?
किसका (Kiska)? 谁的?
关系词 (描述)
जो (Jo) 那个...的人
जिसका (Jiska) 那个...的人的

选择正确的 'J' 形式

1

后面有后置词吗 (ka/ko/me)?

YES
使用斜格 (Jis/Jin)
NO
使用直接格 (Jo)
2

是复数或尊称吗?

YES
使用 Jin (जिन्होंने/जिनका)
NO ↓

常见关系接应词对

👤

人/物

  • जो...वह (Jo...Voh)
  • जिसने...उसने (Jisne...Usne)
📍

时间/地点

  • जब...तब (Jab...Tab)
  • जहाँ...वहाँ (Jahan...Vahan)
⚖️

性质/数量

  • जैसा...वैसा (Jaisa...Vaisa)
  • जितना...उतना (Jitna...Utna)

按水平分级的例句

1

Jo ladka yahan hai, voh mera bhai hai.

The boy who is here is my brother.

2

Jo kitab achi hai, voh meri hai.

The book that is good is mine.

3

Jo khana garam hai, voh kha lo.

The food that is hot, eat that.

4

Jo ghar bada hai, voh mera hai.

The house that is big is mine.

1

Jo log kal aaye the, voh mere dost hain.

The people who came yesterday are my friends.

2

Jo gaadi lal hai, voh meri hai.

The car that is red is mine.

3

Jo tumne kaha, voh maine suna.

What you said, I heard.

4

Jo ladki ga rahi hai, voh meri behen hai.

The girl who is singing is my sister.

1

Jo kaam tumne kal shuru kiya tha, voh aaj khatam ho gaya.

The work that you started yesterday is finished today.

2

Jo rasta station jata hai, voh band hai.

The road that goes to the station is closed.

3

Jo mahila wahan baithi hai, voh doctor hai.

The woman who is sitting there is a doctor.

4

Jo film humne dekhi, voh bahut lambi thi.

The film that we watched was very long.

1

Jisne mujhe call kiya tha, usne apna naam nahi bataya.

The one who called me did not tell their name.

2

Jisko tumne invite kiya, voh nahi aaya.

The one whom you invited did not come.

3

Jiske paas paise hain, voh sab kuch kharid sakta hai.

The one who has money can buy everything.

4

Jo bhi faisla tum loge, voh sahi hoga.

Whatever decision you take will be correct.

1

Jo baatein tumne kal kahi thin, voh aaj bhi yaad hain.

The things you said yesterday are still remembered today.

2

Jo log mehnat karte hain, unhe safalta milti hai.

Those who work hard get success.

3

Jo samasya tumne batayi, voh hal ho sakti hai.

The problem you mentioned can be solved.

4

Jo bhi yahan aaya, usne yahi kaha.

Whoever came here said the same thing.

1

Jo kal tak asambhav tha, voh aaj satya hai.

What was impossible until yesterday is truth today.

2

Jo bhi tumne kiya, voh tumhari soch ko darshata hai.

Whatever you did reflects your thinking.

3

Jo niyam banaye gaye the, unka palan hua.

The rules that were made were followed.

4

Jo bhi ho, voh achhe ke liye hoga.

Whatever happens, it will be for the best.

容易混淆

Hindi Relative Pronouns: The 'Jo...Voh' Connection 对比 Jo vs. Jo ki

Learners often add 'ki' unnecessarily.

Hindi Relative Pronouns: The 'Jo...Voh' Connection 对比 Jo vs. Jaisa

Both are relative pronouns but serve different functions.

Hindi Relative Pronouns: The 'Jo...Voh' Connection 对比 Voh vs. Ve

Using singular 'voh' for plural subjects.

常见错误

Jo ladka yahan hai mera bhai hai.

Jo ladka yahan hai, voh mera bhai hai.

Missing the correlative pronoun 'voh'.

Jo ladki ga rahi hai, voh mera bhai hai.

Jo ladki ga rahi hai, voh meri behen hai.

Gender mismatch between the subject and the pronoun.

Jo maine kiya, usne acha tha.

Jo maine kiya, voh acha tha.

Incorrect pronoun case usage.

Jo bhi aaye, usne bolo.

Jo bhi aaye, usse bolo.

Incorrect ergative usage in the second clause.

句型

Jo ___ hai, voh ___ hai.

Jo ___ tumne ___, voh mujhe pasand hai.

Jo bhi ___, voh ___.

Jisne ___ kiya, usne ___.

Real World Usage

Texting constant

Jo tumne bheja, voh mil gaya.

Social Media very common

Jo log support kar rahe hain, unka shukriya.

Job Interview common

Jo experience maine gain kiya, voh yahan kaam aayega.

Travel common

Jo train Delhi jati hai, voh kab aayegi?

Food Delivery occasional

Jo order maine diya, voh abhi tak nahi aaya.

Academic Writing common

Jo tathy humne dekhe, ve mahatvapurn hain.

🎯

J 规则

如果你的句子以 J 开头的词(如 Jo, Jab, Jahan)开始,那么后半句几乎肯定需要一个匹配的 V 或 T 词:«जो तुम चाहोगे, वो तुम्हें मिलेगा।»
⚠️

别只说一半!

母语者在听到描述后会期待结果。如果你只说'那个来的男孩...',他们会一直等你说完:«जो लड़का आया था, वो मेरा दोस्त है।»
💬

尊重加分项

对长辈或老师使用关系代词时,请使用复数形式(Jinhone/Unhone)以示尊重:«जिन्होंने हमें पढ़ाया, वे बहुत अच्छे हैं।»

Smart Tips

Always start with the relative clause to set the context.

Mera bhai voh hai jo yahan hai. Jo ladka yahan hai, voh mera bhai hai.

Remember to switch to 'Jisne' and 'Usne'.

Jo maine kiya, voh acha tha. Jisne kaam kiya, usne acha kiya.

Add 'bhi' to 'Jo' to make it 'whoever'.

Jo aata hai, voh bole. Jo bhi aaye, voh bole.

Use 've' for plural subjects.

Jo log aaye, voh khush hain. Jo log aaye, ve khush hain.

发音

Jo

Jo

Pronounced like 'Joe' in English.

Voh

Voh

Pronounced with a soft 'v' sound.

Pause after Jo-clause

Jo ladka yahan hai (pause) voh mera bhai hai.

The pause clarifies the two parts of the sentence.

记住它

记忆技巧

Jo starts the show, Voh completes the flow.

视觉联想

Imagine a bridge. The left side is labeled 'Jo' (the start) and the right side is labeled 'Voh' (the destination). You cannot cross the bridge without both sides.

Rhyme

Jo se shuru karo baat, Voh se lao tum saath.

Story

Once there was a boy named Jo. He was always looking for his friend Voh. Whenever Jo started a sentence, he would call out 'Jo!', and Voh would immediately appear to finish the sentence. They were inseparable, just like the grammar rules.

Word Web

JoVohJisneUsneJiskoUskoJiskeUske

挑战

Write 5 sentences about your friends using 'Jo...Voh' in 5 minutes.

文化笔记

Used heavily in formal storytelling and polite address.

Common in dramatic dialogues.

Many Hindi proverbs rely on this structure.

Derived from Sanskrit relative pronouns 'ya-' and 'ta-'.

对话开场白

Jo film aapne dekhi, voh kaisi thi?

Jo kaam aap karte hain, voh kya hai?

Jo log mehnat karte hain, unka kya hota hai?

Jo bhi faisla aap lenge, voh kya hoga?

日记主题

Describe a friend using the Jo-Voh structure.
Write about a movie you watched recently.
Discuss a problem you solved at work or school.
Reflect on a life lesson you learned.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

在空格处填入正确的接应词。

जो लड़का कल आया था, ___ आज नहीं आया।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: वह
जो 需要它的搭档 वह 来完成整个句子。
哪句正确使用了关系代词?

选择正确的一项:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जो मूवी तुम देख रहे हो, वो अच्छी है。
我们用 जो 来引导描述,而不是疑问词 कौन。后半部分必须用 वो
找出施事格形式中的错误。

जिसने चोरी किया, वो भाग गया。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जिसने चोरी की, वह भाग गया。
जिसने 是执行动作的人的正确施事格形式。'Chori' 是阴性,所以用 'ki'。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct correlative.

Jo ladka yahan hai, ___ mera bhai hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: voh
Voh is the correct correlative for Jo.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which sentence is grammatically correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
A uses the correct Jo...Voh pair.
Correct the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Jo kitab tumne di, usne bahut achi hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: voh
Voh is needed here, not usne.
Reorder the words to form a correct sentence. Sentence Reorder

hai / mera / voh / bhai / jo / yahan / ladka

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The standard order is Jo...Voh.
Translate to Hindi. 翻译

The person who called is here.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c
Jisne...voh is the correct ergative structure.
Match the relative with the correlative. Match Pairs

Match Jo with its pair.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Jo-Voh is the standard pair.
Build a sentence using 'Jo bhi'. Sentence Building

Build a sentence.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Jo bhi...voh is the correct structure.
Identify the correct plural form. 多项选择

Jo log aaye, ___ khush hain.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Ve is the formal plural correlative.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
重新排序以组成正确的句子。 Sentence Reorder

है | वह | जो | मेरा | खड़ा | भाई | वहाँ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जो वहाँ खड़ा है, वह मेरा भाई है।
翻译成印地语。 翻译

丢了手机的那个女孩正在哭。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जिस लड़की का फोन खो गया है, वह रो रही है。
将关系词与其搭档匹配。 Match Pairs

匹配以下词对:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जो - वह
填入表示所属关系的词。 填空

___ ये कार है, वो बहुत अमीर है。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जिसकी
选择正式的复数版本。 多项选择

那些帮助过我的人...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जिन्होंने मेरी मदद की...
修正代词用法。 Error Correction

जो किताब मेज़ पर है, उसे मेरी है。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जो किताब मेज़ पर है, वह मेरी है。
现代语境:发短信。 填空

___ रील मैंने भेजी, ___ देखी क्या?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जो, वो
翻译:'你住的地方'。 翻译

你住的地方很漂亮。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जहाँ तुम रहते हो, वह जगह सुंदर है。
识别“无论什么”短语。 多项选择

如何说“无论你想要什么”?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जो कुछ भी तुम चाहते हो
识别过去执行动作的人。 填空

___ ये गाना गाया, वह मशहूर हो गया。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जिसने

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

In some informal contexts, yes, but for clear, standard Hindi, always use the pair.

Use 'Jisne' when the verb in the relative clause is transitive and in the past tense.

It is neutral and used in all registers.

Hindi is a head-final language, so the relative clause naturally precedes the noun it modifies.

Yes, 'Jo' works for both people and things.

Use 'Jo log' (the people who) and 've' (they) for the correlative.

Yes, many famous proverbs use this structure.

Try describing your daily routine using 'Jo...Voh' sentences.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

el que / aquel

Hindi requires the pair for grammatical completeness.

French moderate

celui qui

Hindi's system is more rigid in its correlative structure.

German partial

der/die/das

Hindi is more consistent with the Jo-Voh pair.

Japanese low

no

Japanese does not use a correlative pronoun system.

Arabic partial

alladhi

Arabic does not use a correlative 'voh' equivalent.

Chinese low

de

Chinese lacks the correlative pronoun structure entirely.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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