Pronomes relativos em hindi: A conexão 'Jo...Voh'
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'Jo' (who/which) to introduce a relative clause and 'Voh' (that/he/she) to complete the thought.
- Jo always starts the relative clause: 'Jo ladka yahan hai...' (The boy who is here...)
- Voh follows in the main clause: '...voh mera bhai hai.' (...he is my brother.)
- The pair must agree in number and gender: 'Jo ladki...' needs 'voh...'
Overview
How This Grammar Works
जो e वह...
Formation Pattern
जो...
When To Use It
Common Mistakes
वह)...Contrast With Similar Patterns
जो (o qual) vs कि (que - conjunção)...Quick FAQ
वो em vez de वह? Sim, é o padrão na fala...Jo-Voh Correlative Pairs
| Relative (Jo) | Correlative (Voh) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
|
Jo
|
Voh
|
Who/Which/That
|
|
Jisko
|
Usko
|
Whom/To whom
|
|
Jisne
|
Usne
|
The one who (ergative)
|
|
Jiske
|
Uske
|
Whose/Of whom
|
|
Jahan
|
Wahan
|
Where/There
|
|
Jab
|
Tab
|
When/Then
|
Common Variations
| Form | Usage |
|---|---|
|
Jo bhi
|
Whoever/Whatever
|
|
Jaisa
|
Waisa (As/So)
|
Meanings
This structure links a relative clause to a main clause, identifying a specific person or object by describing them first.
Identifying people
Specifying a person by a trait or action.
“Jo ladka kal aaya tha, voh mera dost hai.”
“Jo log yahan baithe hain, voh mere rishtedar hain.”
Identifying objects
Specifying an object by a quality or origin.
“Jo gaadi tumne kharidi, voh bahut mehengi hai.”
“Jo khana maa ne banaya, voh swadisht hai.”
Generalizing
Referring to whoever or whatever.
“Jo hoga, voh dekha jayega.”
“Jo tum chaho, voh karo.”
Reference Table
| Caso | Relativo (Forma-J) | Correlativo (Forma-V) | Significado |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Direto
|
जो (Jo)
|
वह / वो (Voh/Vo)
|
Que / Aquele que
|
|
Ergativo
|
जिसने (Jisne)
|
उसने (Usne)
|
Aquele que (fez)
|
|
Dativo
|
जिसे / जिसको (Jise/Jisko)
|
उसे / उसको (Use/Usko)
|
A quem / Para aquele
|
|
Genitivo
|
जिसका (Jiska)
|
उसका (Uska)
|
Cujo / Daquele
|
|
Locativo
|
जिसमें (Jisme)
|
उसमें (Usme)
|
No qual / Naquele
|
|
Plural Direto
|
जो (Jo)
|
वे / वो (Ve/Vo)
|
Aqueles que / Eles
|
|
Plural Dativo
|
जिन्हें (Jinhe)
|
उन्हें (Unhe)
|
Para aqueles que
|
Espectro de formalidade
Jo vyakti ne call kiya tha, ve yahan hain. (Arrival)
Jisne call kiya tha, voh yahan hai. (Arrival)
Jisne call kiya, voh aa gaya. (Arrival)
Jisne call maara, voh aa gaya. (Arrival)
A Conexão 'J-V' no Hindi
Identidade
- जो (Jo) Quem/Qual
- वह (Voh) Aquele
Posse
- जिसका (Jiska) Cujo
- उसका (Uska) Dele/Daquele
Agente (Passado)
- जिसने (Jisne) Aquele que (fez)
- उसने (Usne) Aquele (fez)
Perguntas vs. Descrições
Escolhendo a Forma 'J' Correta
Existe uma pós-posição (ka/ko/me)?
É plural ou respeitoso?
Pares Correlativos Comuns
Pessoas/Coisas
- • जो...वह (Jo...Voh)
- • जिसने...उसने (Jisne...Usne)
Tempo/Lugar
- • जब...तब (Jab...Tab)
- • जहाँ...वहाँ (Jahan...Vahan)
Qualidade/Quantidade
- • जैसा...वैसा (Jaisa...Vaisa)
- • जितna...उतना (Jitna...Utna)
Exemplos por nível
Jo ladka yahan hai, voh mera bhai hai.
The boy who is here is my brother.
Jo kitab achi hai, voh meri hai.
The book that is good is mine.
Jo khana garam hai, voh kha lo.
The food that is hot, eat that.
Jo ghar bada hai, voh mera hai.
The house that is big is mine.
Jo log kal aaye the, voh mere dost hain.
The people who came yesterday are my friends.
Jo gaadi lal hai, voh meri hai.
The car that is red is mine.
Jo tumne kaha, voh maine suna.
What you said, I heard.
Jo ladki ga rahi hai, voh meri behen hai.
The girl who is singing is my sister.
Jo kaam tumne kal shuru kiya tha, voh aaj khatam ho gaya.
The work that you started yesterday is finished today.
Jo rasta station jata hai, voh band hai.
The road that goes to the station is closed.
Jo mahila wahan baithi hai, voh doctor hai.
The woman who is sitting there is a doctor.
Jo film humne dekhi, voh bahut lambi thi.
The film that we watched was very long.
Jisne mujhe call kiya tha, usne apna naam nahi bataya.
The one who called me did not tell their name.
Jisko tumne invite kiya, voh nahi aaya.
The one whom you invited did not come.
Jiske paas paise hain, voh sab kuch kharid sakta hai.
The one who has money can buy everything.
Jo bhi faisla tum loge, voh sahi hoga.
Whatever decision you take will be correct.
Jo baatein tumne kal kahi thin, voh aaj bhi yaad hain.
The things you said yesterday are still remembered today.
Jo log mehnat karte hain, unhe safalta milti hai.
Those who work hard get success.
Jo samasya tumne batayi, voh hal ho sakti hai.
The problem you mentioned can be solved.
Jo bhi yahan aaya, usne yahi kaha.
Whoever came here said the same thing.
Jo kal tak asambhav tha, voh aaj satya hai.
What was impossible until yesterday is truth today.
Jo bhi tumne kiya, voh tumhari soch ko darshata hai.
Whatever you did reflects your thinking.
Jo niyam banaye gaye the, unka palan hua.
The rules that were made were followed.
Jo bhi ho, voh achhe ke liye hoga.
Whatever happens, it will be for the best.
Fácil de confundir
Learners often add 'ki' unnecessarily.
Both are relative pronouns but serve different functions.
Using singular 'voh' for plural subjects.
Erros comuns
Jo ladka yahan hai mera bhai hai.
Jo ladka yahan hai, voh mera bhai hai.
Jo ladki ga rahi hai, voh mera bhai hai.
Jo ladki ga rahi hai, voh meri behen hai.
Jo maine kiya, usne acha tha.
Jo maine kiya, voh acha tha.
Jo bhi aaye, usne bolo.
Jo bhi aaye, usse bolo.
Padrões de frases
Jo ___ hai, voh ___ hai.
Jo ___ tumne ___, voh mujhe pasand hai.
Jo bhi ___, voh ___.
Jisne ___ kiya, usne ___.
Real World Usage
Jo tumne bheja, voh mil gaya.
Jo log support kar rahe hain, unka shukriya.
Jo experience maine gain kiya, voh yahan kaam aayega.
Jo train Delhi jati hai, voh kab aayegi?
Jo order maine diya, voh abhi tak nahi aaya.
Jo tathy humne dekhe, ve mahatvapurn hain.
A Regra do 'J'
Não pare no meio!
O Fator Respeito
Smart Tips
Always start with the relative clause to set the context.
Remember to switch to 'Jisne' and 'Usne'.
Add 'bhi' to 'Jo' to make it 'whoever'.
Use 've' for plural subjects.
Pronúncia
Jo
Pronounced like 'Joe' in English.
Voh
Pronounced with a soft 'v' sound.
Pause after Jo-clause
Jo ladka yahan hai (pause) voh mera bhai hai.
The pause clarifies the two parts of the sentence.
Memorize
Mnemônico
Jo starts the show, Voh completes the flow.
Associação visual
Imagine a bridge. The left side is labeled 'Jo' (the start) and the right side is labeled 'Voh' (the destination). You cannot cross the bridge without both sides.
Rhyme
Jo se shuru karo baat, Voh se lao tum saath.
Story
Once there was a boy named Jo. He was always looking for his friend Voh. Whenever Jo started a sentence, he would call out 'Jo!', and Voh would immediately appear to finish the sentence. They were inseparable, just like the grammar rules.
Word Web
Desafio
Write 5 sentences about your friends using 'Jo...Voh' in 5 minutes.
Notas culturais
Used heavily in formal storytelling and polite address.
Common in dramatic dialogues.
Many Hindi proverbs rely on this structure.
Derived from Sanskrit relative pronouns 'ya-' and 'ta-'.
Iniciadores de conversa
Jo film aapne dekhi, voh kaisi thi?
Jo kaam aap karte hain, voh kya hai?
Jo log mehnat karte hain, unka kya hota hai?
Jo bhi faisla aap lenge, voh kya hoga?
Temas para diário
Erros comuns
Test Yourself
जो लड़का कल आया था, ___ आज नहीं आया।
जो exige seu parceiro वह para completar o sentido da frase.Selecione a opção certa:
जो para descrições, não कौन. A segunda parte deve ser वो.जिसने चोरी किया, वो भाग गया।
जिसने é a forma ergativa correta. Como 'Chori' é feminino, usamos 'ki'.Score: /3
Exercicios praticos
8 exercisesJo ladka yahan hai, ___ mera bhai hai.
Which sentence is grammatically correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Jo kitab tumne di, usne bahut achi hai.
hai / mera / voh / bhai / jo / yahan / ladka
The person who called is here.
Match Jo with its pair.
Build a sentence.
Jo log aaye, ___ khush hain.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesहै | वह | जो | मेरा | खड़ा | भाई | वहाँ
A menina cujo celular sumiu está chorando.
Combine os pares:
___ ये कार है, वो बहुत अमीर है।
Aquelas (pessoas) que me ajudaram...
जो किताब मेज़ पर है, उसे मेरी है।
___ रील मैंने भेजी, ___ देखी क्या?
O lugar onde você mora é bonito.
Como se diz 'O que quer que você queira'?
___ ये गाना गाया, वह मशहूर हो गया।
Score: /10
Perguntas frequentes (8)
In some informal contexts, yes, but for clear, standard Hindi, always use the pair.
Use 'Jisne' when the verb in the relative clause is transitive and in the past tense.
It is neutral and used in all registers.
Hindi is a head-final language, so the relative clause naturally precedes the noun it modifies.
Yes, 'Jo' works for both people and things.
Use 'Jo log' (the people who) and 've' (they) for the correlative.
Yes, many famous proverbs use this structure.
Try describing your daily routine using 'Jo...Voh' sentences.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
el que / aquel
Hindi requires the pair for grammatical completeness.
celui qui
Hindi's system is more rigid in its correlative structure.
der/die/das
Hindi is more consistent with the Jo-Voh pair.
no
Japanese does not use a correlative pronoun system.
alladhi
Arabic does not use a correlative 'voh' equivalent.
de
Chinese lacks the correlative pronoun structure entirely.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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