B1 · 中级 章节 1

Setting the Scene and Conditions

5 总规则
54 例句
6 分钟
本章规则 快速练习

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of conditional expressions to set scenes and link ideas like a native speaker.

  • Construct versatile 'if' and 'when' sentences for everyday life.
  • Use social buffers to make your requests and background statements sound natural.
  • Express hypothetical scenarios and diverse choices with confidence.
Master the conditions that bring your Korean to life.

你将学到什么

Ready to elevate your Korean conversations from simply getting by to truly expressing yourself like a native speaker? In this exciting chapter, you'll dive deep into the art of 'setting the scene' and mastering various conditional expressions. We'll unpack five essential patterns that allow you to link ideas, convey nuances, and build more complex sentences. You'll start with the fundamental «-(으)면» to express general 'if' or 'when' conditions. Then, we'll explore «~는데/은데/ㄴ데», a super useful connector to provide background information, set a polite tone, or introduce a contrast before your main point – making your requests and statements much softer and more natural. Next up is «거든», perfect for 'action-oriented' conditions where you're giving advice, making a suggestion, or a promise contingent on an action. We'll also tackle «ㄴ/는다면», your go-to for sophisticated hypothetical 'what-if' scenarios, letting you express imaginative thoughts and nuanced possibilities. Finally, you'll master «든지/든가», a versatile pattern that allows you to list options while indicating indifference – 'whether A or B, the outcome is the same'. Imagine you're chatting with a friend: 'If it rains, shall we watch a movie instead?' (-(으)면). Or you want to smoothly ask a favor: 'I'm quite busy right now, but could you lend me a hand?' (~는데). You'll be able to give clear instructions: 'If you go to the market, please pick up some fruit for me.' (거든). Ever dreamt in Korean? Now you can express those dreams: 'If I won the lottery, I'd buy a house by the beach!' (ㄴ/는다면). And offer choices effortlessly: 'Whether you come early or late, it's fine.' (든지). By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand conditions; you'll be able to confidently 'set the scene,' express various types of 'if' statements, and handle complex choices, making your Korean sound incredibly fluent and expressive. Get ready to sound more like a native!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use five distinct conditional patterns to link thoughts and navigate social situations.

章节指南

Overview

Welcome to your next big step in mastering Korean grammar B1! This chapter,
Setting the Scene and Conditions,
is designed to transform your conversations from basic exchanges into nuanced, expressive interactions. As you progress in your intermediate Korean journey, simply knowing vocabulary isn't enough; you need to understand how to link ideas, provide context, and express various conditions naturally.
This guide will equip you with five powerful conditional expressions, moving you closer to sounding like a native speaker.
At the CEFR B1 level, you're ready to tackle more complex sentence structures. This chapter focuses on patterns that allow you to set the stage for your main point, introduce conditions, and even speculate on hypothetical situations. We'll explore the versatile -(으)면 for general 'if/when' statements, the crucial ~는데/은데/ㄴ데 for background and polite softening, and 거든 for action-oriented conditions.
You'll also learn ㄴ/는다면 for sophisticated hypothetical scenarios and 든지/든가 for expressing choices with indifference. Mastering these conditional expressions in Korean will significantly enhance your fluency and confidence, making your communication much richer and more effective.

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down the five essential Korean grammar patterns that will help you set the scene and express conditions.
First up is -(으)면, your foundational 'if' or 'when' connector. You attach -으면 to verb/adjective stems ending in a consonant, and -면 to stems ending in a vowel or ㄹ consonant. It indicates a general condition or a regular occurrence.
* 비가 오면 집에 있을 거예요. (If it rains, I will stay home.)
* 배고프면 밥 먹어요. (If you're hungry, eat rice.)
Next, we have ~는데/은데/ㄴ데, a super versatile connector often called the social buffer. -는데 is for verbs and adjectives ending in a vowel, -은데 for adjectives ending in a consonant, and -ㄴ데 for verbs and adjectives ending in a consonant and for past tense. It sets background information, provides context, or introduces a contrast, making your following statement or request sound softer.
* 지금 바쁜데, 좀 도와줄 수 있어요? (I'm busy right now, but could you help me a bit?)
* 이 식당은 음식이 맛있는데, 좀 비싸요. (This restaurant's food is delicious, but it's a bit expensive.)
Then there's 거든, the 'action if' pattern. This is used when giving advice, making a suggestion, or a promise contingent on an action. It often implies a future action or situation.
* 궁금한 거 있거든, 언제든지 물어보세요. (If you have anything you're curious about, please ask anytime.)
* 내일 시장에 가거든, 과일 좀 사다 줘. (If you go to the market tomorrow, please buy some fruit for me.)
For sophisticated hypothetical scenarios, you'll use ㄴ/는다면. This pattern is perfect for 'what-if' situations that are often contrary to reality or highly speculative. You attach -ㄴ다면 to verb stems ending in a vowel or ㄹ, and -는다면 to verb stems ending in a consonant.
For adjectives, use -다면 or -았/었다면 for past hypothetical.
* 복권에 당첨된다면, 세계 여행을 갈 거예요. (If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.)
* 시간이 많다면, 한국어를 더 열심히 공부할 텐데. (If I had more time, I would study Korean harder.)
Finally, 든지/든가 allows you to list options while indicating indifference – 'whether A or B, the outcome is the same.' You attach it directly to verb or adjective stems.
* 오든지 말든지 네 마음대로 해. (Come or not, do as you please.)
* 무엇을 먹든지 다 좋아요. (Whatever I eat, it's all good.)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 복권에 당첨되면, 세계 여행을 갈 거예요. (If I win the lottery, I will travel the world.)
✓ Correct: 복권에 당첨된다면, 세계 여행을 갈 거예요. (If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.)
*Explanation:* While -(으)면 can express 'if', ㄴ/는다면 is much more suitable for expressing hypothetical or unlikely 'what-if' scenarios, making the statement sound more like a dream or speculation rather than a likely future event.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 배고프는 데, 밥 먹자. (I'm hungry, let's eat.)
✓ Correct: 배고픈데, 밥 먹자. (I'm hungry, so let's eat.)
*Explanation:* The adjective 배고프다 (to be hungry) conjugates with -ㄴ데 when the stem ends in a consonant (like -ㄴ from 배고프), not -는 데. For adjectives, it's -은데 (if consonant) or -ㄴ데 (if vowel). For verbs, it's always -는데.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 만약 한국에 가거든, 김치를 사 올게. (If I go to Korea, I'll buy kimchi.)
✓ Correct: 한국에 가거든, 김치를 사 올게. (If you go to Korea, please buy kimchi.)
*Explanation:* 거든 is primarily used for conditions where the speaker is giving advice, a suggestion, or a promise contingent on *the listener's* action, or a general piece of advice. Using it for your own action (especially with 만약) can sound unnatural. For your own action, -(으)면 is more common.

Real Conversations

A

A

지금 출발하거든, 늦지 않을 거야. (If you leave now, you won't be late.)
B

B

알겠어요. 지금 갈게요. (Okay. I'll go now.)
A

A

이 옷은 디자인은 예쁜데, 좀 비싸네요. (This clothing's design is pretty, but it's a bit expensive.)
B

B

맞아요. 세일하면 사려고요. (That's right. If it goes on sale, I'll buy it.)
A

A

만약 시간이 더 있다면, 뭘 하고 싶어요? (If you had more time, what would you want to do?)
B

B

음... 제주도에 가서 한 달 살기 해보고 싶어요! (Hmm... I'd like to go to Jeju Island and try living there for a month!)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between -(으)면 and ㄴ/는다면 in Korean?

-(으)면 is used for general or likely 'if/when' conditions, while ㄴ/는다면 is specifically for hypothetical, often unlikely or contrary-to-fact, 'what-if' scenarios.

Q

How do I choose between -는데, -은데, and -ㄴ데?

Use -는데 for verbs, and for adjectives ending in a vowel. Use -은데 for adjectives ending in a consonant. Use -ㄴ데 for adjectives ending in a vowel OR for past tense verbs/adjectives. It's all about the stem's ending sound.

Q

Can I use 거든 in formal situations?

While 거든 is generally more common in spoken and informal contexts, it can be used in slightly more formal settings when giving instructions or advice, especially in a professional setting where the speaker is in a position to advise (e.g., «궁금한 점이 있으시거든, 언제든지 연락 주십시오» - If you have any questions, please contact us anytime). However, -(으)면 is generally safer for formal written communication.

Q

Is there any difference between 든지 and 든가?

No, 든지 and 든가 are largely interchangeable and carry the same meaning of

whether A or B
or any A/B with indifference. 든지 might be slightly more common in everyday speech, but both are correct.

Cultural Context

These conditional expressions are vital for polite and indirect communication, a hallmark of Korean culture. The use of ~는데/은데/ㄴ데 is particularly common, as it allows speakers to gently introduce a topic or make a request without sounding abrupt. It creates a buffer that shows consideration for the listener.
Similarly, using 거든 for suggestions or advice is a common way to guide someone's actions without being overly direct. Mastering these patterns doesn't just improve your grammar; it helps you navigate the subtle social nuances of speaking Korean like a native.

关键例句 (8)

1

시간 있으면 커피 한 잔 할래?

如果你有时间，要一起喝杯咖啡吗？

条件语气 -(으)면：表达“如果”和“一旦”
2

집에 도착하면 문자 해.

到家的话给我发个信息。

条件语气 -(으)면：表达“如果”和“一旦”
3

The weather is nice, so shall we go for a walk?

天气很好，我们要去散步吗？

社交缓冲语：~는데 (但是，而且，所以)
4

I saw a movie yesterday, and it was really fun.

昨天看了电影，真的很有趣。

社交缓冲语：~는데 (但是，而且，所以)
5

집에 도착하거든 연락해.

到家了联系我。

动作型如果：一旦……就去做 (거든)
6

배가 고프거든 이거 먹어.

要是饿了就吃这个吧。

动作型如果：一旦……就去做 (거든)
7

사든지 말든지 마음대로 하세요.

买不买随你的便。

无论、任何、或者 (든지/든가)
8

어디든지 내가 갈게.

无论哪里我都会去。

无论、任何、或者 (든지/든가)

技巧与窍门 (4)

💡

咨询建议的小妙招

想问‘我该...吗？’，把 -(으)면 和 되다 组合就行。比如问路时：“이거 누르면 돼요?”
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 条件语气 -(으)면：表达“如果”和“一旦”
💡

话不说完更礼貌

拒绝别人时用 «...는데요» 结尾，比直接说“不行”要温柔得多。例如：«안 되는데요...»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 社交缓冲语：~는데 (但是，而且，所以)
⚠️

句尾陷阱

别把连接词 «거든» (如果) 和句尾的 «거든요» (因为) 搞混了！如果它在句末，那就不是条件句。比如：«바쁘거든요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 动作型如果：一旦……就去做 (거든)
🎯

写作加分项

在参加 TOPIK 考试写作文时，用 ㄴ/는다면 会比简单的 면 听起来更学术、更专业。例如：«환경을 보호하지 않는다면 큰 문제가 생길 것이다.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 假设的“如果” (ㄴ/는다면)

核心词汇 (5)

비가 오다 (biga oda) to rain 바쁘다 (bappeuda) to be busy 시장 (sijang) market 로또 (lotto) lottery 상관없다 (sanggwaneopda) to not matter

Real-World Preview

calendar

Planning a Weekend Out

Review Summary

  • Verb + (으)면
  • Verb/Adj + 는데/은데/ㄴ데
  • Verb + 거든
  • Verb + ㄴ/는다면
  • Verb + 든지/든가

常见错误

The 'if' clause shouldn't dictate a past tense result unless the condition is also past.

Wrong: 비가 오면 영화를 봤어요. (If it rains, I watched a movie.)
正确: 비가 오면 영화를 봐요. (If it rains, I watch a movie.)

~는데 is used for context, but should lead to a polite request, not a blunt demand.

Wrong: 바쁜데, 도와주세요. (I am busy, but help me.)
正确: 바쁜데, 좀 도와줄 수 있어요? (I am busy, could you help me?)

~든지 implies a choice between different options, not the same action twice.

Wrong: 가든지 가든지 하세요. (Go or go.)
正确: 가든지 오든지 하세요. (Either go or come.)

Next Steps

You've done an incredible job today! Keep practicing these patterns, and you'll find your Korean becoming more fluid every single day.

Journaling: Write 5 sentences using ~는데 to describe your daily routine.

Continue to: Timing and Simultaneous Actions

快速练习 (10)

用 먹다（吃）的正确假设形式填空。

내가 매운 음식을 잘 ____ 얼마나 좋을까?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 먹는다면
먹다 是有收音的动词，所以接 는다면 来表示假设。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 假设的“如果” (ㄴ/는다면)

选出表达“我会去任何地方”的正确句子。

Find and fix the mistake:

请选择正确的句子：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 어디든지 micro
'든지' 用于表示选择或无所谓。'던지' 是关于过去经验的常见拼写错误。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 无论、任何、或者 (든지/든가)

找出不规则动词活用中的错误。

Find and fix the mistake:

음악을 듣으면 기분이 좋아요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 음악을 들으면 기분이 좋아요.
듣다 是 ㄷ 不规则动词，遇到元音时 ㄷ 变为 ㄹ，所以是 들으면。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 条件语气 -(으)면：表达“如果”和“一旦”

用 '가다' (去) 的正确形式填空。

지금 학교에 ____, 같이 갈래?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가는데
'가다' 是动词，所以在现在时中永远接 '는데'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 社交缓冲语：~는데 (但是，而且，所以)

在空格处填入 '가다' (去) 的正确形式。

백화점에 __ 선물을 사자.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가거든
因为后半句是一个建议 ('사자')，所以 '가거든' 是最合适的条件连接词。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 动作型如果：一旦……就去做 (거든)

用动词 가다 (去) 的正确形式填空。

내일 날씨가 좋으면, 공원에 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 갈게요
前面的条件是“如果天气好”，后面需要一个结果句的主动词。这里“我会去” (갈게요) 最合适。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 条件语气 -(으)면：表达“如果”和“一旦”

找出并修正句子中的错误。

한국에 오거든 연락해요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 正确
这句话在语法上是完全正确的：“如果你来韩国，请联系我。”

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 动作型如果：一旦……就去做 (거든)

“如果吃”的正确表达是哪个？

选择 먹다 (吃) + (으)면 的正确形式：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 먹으면
먹다 的词干以辅音 ㄱ 结尾，所以需要加垫音“으”，变成 먹으면。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 条件语气 -(으)면：表达“如果”和“一旦”

填空表达“无论你吃什么”。

네가 무엇을 _______ 상관없어.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 먹든지
要表达“无论吃什么”，使用动词词干 '먹' 加上 '든지'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 无论、任何、或者 (든지/든가)

哪句话在给出建议时最自然？

选择最佳句子：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 피곤하거든 쉬세요.
'거든' 与命令和礼貌请求（如 '-세요'）搭配最为自然。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 动作型如果：一旦……就去做 (거든)

Score: /10

常见问题 (6)

“-(으)면” 强调条件和结果的逻辑关系，比如 “비가 오면 안 가요” (如果下雨就不去)。而 “-(을) 때” 纯粹指时间点，比如 “비가 올 때 우산이 있었어요” (下雨的时候我有伞)。
通常不行。如果是描述过去发生的事实，要用 “-(을) 때”。只有在表达后悔或假设过去时才用过去式加 “-으면”，比如 “알았으면 좋았을 텐데” (要是早知道就好了)。
完全不是！它经常表示“而且”或“所以”。它的主要任务是提供背景信息，不一定非要有冲突。比如：«배고픈데 뭐 먹을까요?»（肚子饿了，吃点什么？）
形容词有收音时用 “은데”，比如 «좋다» 变成 «좋은데»。没有收音时用 “ㄴ데”，比如 «크다» 变成 «큰데»。
很少用。它几乎是纯口语语法。在正式论文中，请坚持使用 «-(으)면» 或 «-(으)ㄹ 경우»。
«가면» 是中性的“如果”。而 «가거든» 带有“一旦你到了那里，就去做某事”的意味，行动导向更强。
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Timing and Simultaneous Actions
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