B1 · 中級 チャプター 1

Setting the Scene and Conditions

5 トータルルール
54 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of conditional expressions to set scenes and link ideas like a native speaker.

  • Construct versatile 'if' and 'when' sentences for everyday life.
  • Use social buffers to make your requests and background statements sound natural.
  • Express hypothetical scenarios and diverse choices with confidence.
Master the conditions that bring your Korean to life.

学べること

Ready to elevate your Korean conversations from simply getting by to truly expressing yourself like a native speaker? In this exciting chapter, you'll dive deep into the art of 'setting the scene' and mastering various conditional expressions. We'll unpack five essential patterns that allow you to link ideas, convey nuances, and build more complex sentences. You'll start with the fundamental «-(으)면» to express general 'if' or 'when' conditions. Then, we'll explore «~는데/은데/ㄴ데», a super useful connector to provide background information, set a polite tone, or introduce a contrast before your main point – making your requests and statements much softer and more natural. Next up is «거든», perfect for 'action-oriented' conditions where you're giving advice, making a suggestion, or a promise contingent on an action. We'll also tackle «ㄴ/는다면», your go-to for sophisticated hypothetical 'what-if' scenarios, letting you express imaginative thoughts and nuanced possibilities. Finally, you'll master «든지/든가», a versatile pattern that allows you to list options while indicating indifference – 'whether A or B, the outcome is the same'. Imagine you're chatting with a friend: 'If it rains, shall we watch a movie instead?' (-(으)면). Or you want to smoothly ask a favor: 'I'm quite busy right now, but could you lend me a hand?' (~는데). You'll be able to give clear instructions: 'If you go to the market, please pick up some fruit for me.' (거든). Ever dreamt in Korean? Now you can express those dreams: 'If I won the lottery, I'd buy a house by the beach!' (ㄴ/는다면). And offer choices effortlessly: 'Whether you come early or late, it's fine.' (든지). By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand conditions; you'll be able to confidently 'set the scene,' express various types of 'if' statements, and handle complex choices, making your Korean sound incredibly fluent and expressive. Get ready to sound more like a native!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use five distinct conditional patterns to link thoughts and navigate social situations.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to your next big step in mastering Korean grammar B1! This chapter,
Setting the Scene and Conditions,
is designed to transform your conversations from basic exchanges into nuanced, expressive interactions. As you progress in your intermediate Korean journey, simply knowing vocabulary isn't enough; you need to understand how to link ideas, provide context, and express various conditions naturally.
This guide will equip you with five powerful conditional expressions, moving you closer to sounding like a native speaker.
At the CEFR B1 level, you're ready to tackle more complex sentence structures. This chapter focuses on patterns that allow you to set the stage for your main point, introduce conditions, and even speculate on hypothetical situations. We'll explore the versatile -(으)면 for general 'if/when' statements, the crucial ~는데/은데/ㄴ데 for background and polite softening, and 거든 for action-oriented conditions.
You'll also learn ㄴ/는다면 for sophisticated hypothetical scenarios and 든지/든가 for expressing choices with indifference. Mastering these conditional expressions in Korean will significantly enhance your fluency and confidence, making your communication much richer and more effective.

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down the five essential Korean grammar patterns that will help you set the scene and express conditions.
First up is -(으)면, your foundational 'if' or 'when' connector. You attach -으면 to verb/adjective stems ending in a consonant, and -면 to stems ending in a vowel or ㄹ consonant. It indicates a general condition or a regular occurrence.
* 비가 오면 집에 있을 거예요. (If it rains, I will stay home.)
* 배고프면 밥 먹어요. (If you're hungry, eat rice.)
Next, we have ~는데/은데/ㄴ데, a super versatile connector often called the social buffer. -는데 is for verbs and adjectives ending in a vowel, -은데 for adjectives ending in a consonant, and -ㄴ데 for verbs and adjectives ending in a consonant and for past tense. It sets background information, provides context, or introduces a contrast, making your following statement or request sound softer.
* 지금 바쁜데, 좀 도와줄 수 있어요? (I'm busy right now, but could you help me a bit?)
* 이 식당은 음식이 맛있는데, 좀 비싸요. (This restaurant's food is delicious, but it's a bit expensive.)
Then there's 거든, the 'action if' pattern. This is used when giving advice, making a suggestion, or a promise contingent on an action. It often implies a future action or situation.
* 궁금한 거 있거든, 언제든지 물어보세요. (If you have anything you're curious about, please ask anytime.)
* 내일 시장에 가거든, 과일 좀 사다 줘. (If you go to the market tomorrow, please buy some fruit for me.)
For sophisticated hypothetical scenarios, you'll use ㄴ/는다면. This pattern is perfect for 'what-if' situations that are often contrary to reality or highly speculative. You attach -ㄴ다면 to verb stems ending in a vowel or ㄹ, and -는다면 to verb stems ending in a consonant.
For adjectives, use -다면 or -았/었다면 for past hypothetical.
* 복권에 당첨된다면, 세계 여행을 갈 거예요. (If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.)
* 시간이 많다면, 한국어를 더 열심히 공부할 텐데. (If I had more time, I would study Korean harder.)
Finally, 든지/든가 allows you to list options while indicating indifference – 'whether A or B, the outcome is the same.' You attach it directly to verb or adjective stems.
* 오든지 말든지 네 마음대로 해. (Come or not, do as you please.)
* 무엇을 먹든지 다 좋아요. (Whatever I eat, it's all good.)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 복권에 당첨되면, 세계 여행을 갈 거예요. (If I win the lottery, I will travel the world.)
✓ Correct: 복권에 당첨된다면, 세계 여행을 갈 거예요. (If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.)
*Explanation:* While -(으)면 can express 'if', ㄴ/는다면 is much more suitable for expressing hypothetical or unlikely 'what-if' scenarios, making the statement sound more like a dream or speculation rather than a likely future event.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 배고프는 데, 밥 먹자. (I'm hungry, let's eat.)
✓ Correct: 배고픈데, 밥 먹자. (I'm hungry, so let's eat.)
*Explanation:* The adjective 배고프다 (to be hungry) conjugates with -ㄴ데 when the stem ends in a consonant (like -ㄴ from 배고프), not -는 데. For adjectives, it's -은데 (if consonant) or -ㄴ데 (if vowel). For verbs, it's always -는데.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 만약 한국에 가거든, 김치를 사 올게. (If I go to Korea, I'll buy kimchi.)
✓ Correct: 한국에 가거든, 김치를 사 올게. (If you go to Korea, please buy kimchi.)
*Explanation:* 거든 is primarily used for conditions where the speaker is giving advice, a suggestion, or a promise contingent on *the listener's* action, or a general piece of advice. Using it for your own action (especially with 만약) can sound unnatural. For your own action, -(으)면 is more common.

Real Conversations

A

A

지금 출발하거든, 늦지 않을 거야. (If you leave now, you won't be late.)
B

B

알겠어요. 지금 갈게요. (Okay. I'll go now.)
A

A

이 옷은 디자인은 예쁜데, 좀 비싸네요. (This clothing's design is pretty, but it's a bit expensive.)
B

B

맞아요. 세일하면 사려고요. (That's right. If it goes on sale, I'll buy it.)
A

A

만약 시간이 더 있다면, 뭘 하고 싶어요? (If you had more time, what would you want to do?)
B

B

음... 제주도에 가서 한 달 살기 해보고 싶어요! (Hmm... I'd like to go to Jeju Island and try living there for a month!)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between -(으)면 and ㄴ/는다면 in Korean?

-(으)면 is used for general or likely 'if/when' conditions, while ㄴ/는다면 is specifically for hypothetical, often unlikely or contrary-to-fact, 'what-if' scenarios.

Q

How do I choose between -는데, -은데, and -ㄴ데?

Use -는데 for verbs, and for adjectives ending in a vowel. Use -은데 for adjectives ending in a consonant. Use -ㄴ데 for adjectives ending in a vowel OR for past tense verbs/adjectives. It's all about the stem's ending sound.

Q

Can I use 거든 in formal situations?

While 거든 is generally more common in spoken and informal contexts, it can be used in slightly more formal settings when giving instructions or advice, especially in a professional setting where the speaker is in a position to advise (e.g., «궁금한 점이 있으시거든, 언제든지 연락 주십시오» - If you have any questions, please contact us anytime). However, -(으)면 is generally safer for formal written communication.

Q

Is there any difference between 든지 and 든가?

No, 든지 and 든가 are largely interchangeable and carry the same meaning of

whether A or B
or any A/B with indifference. 든지 might be slightly more common in everyday speech, but both are correct.

Cultural Context

These conditional expressions are vital for polite and indirect communication, a hallmark of Korean culture. The use of ~는데/은데/ㄴ데 is particularly common, as it allows speakers to gently introduce a topic or make a request without sounding abrupt. It creates a buffer that shows consideration for the listener.
Similarly, using 거든 for suggestions or advice is a common way to guide someone's actions without being overly direct. Mastering these patterns doesn't just improve your grammar; it helps you navigate the subtle social nuances of speaking Korean like a native.

重要な例文 (6)

1

집에 도착하거든 연락해.

家に着いたら連絡してね。

アクションの「もし」：〜したら〜して (거든)
2

배가 고프거든 이거 먹어.

お腹が空いてるなら、これ食べて。

アクションの「もし」：〜したら〜して (거든)
3

내가 복권에 당첨된다면 세계 여행을 할 거야.

もし宝くじに当たったら、世界一周旅行をするつもりだよ。

仮定の「もし」（ㄴ/는다면）
4

그가 나를 좋아한다면 얼마나 좋을까?

もし彼が私のことを好きだとしたら、どんなにいいだろう？

仮定の「もし」（ㄴ/는다면）
5

사든지 말든지 마음대로 하세요.

買おうが買うまいが、お好きにどうぞ。

〜でも、〜だろうと (든지/든가)
6

어디든지 내가 갈게.

どこへでも僕が行くよ。

〜でも、〜だろうと (든지/든가)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

「〜すればいい？」の裏技

「-(으)면」に「되다」を組み合わせると『〜すればいいですか？』という質問になります。«이거 누르면 돼요?» (これを押せばいいですか？)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 仮定・条件の -(으)면: 「〜たら」「〜なら」の決定版
💡

語尾を濁して優しく断る

できないお願いをされたら、語尾を「...는데요」で止めてみて。はっきり断るよりずっと角が立ちません。 «지금은 좀 바쁜데요...»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 社会的なクッション：~는데（〜けど、〜ので）
⚠️

文末の形に注意！

文末に来る -거든요 (〜なんですよ) とは別物です。文の途中にあれば「条件」の意味になります。 «그건 제가 했거든요.» は理由を表す別の文法です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アクションの「もし」：〜したら〜して (거든)
🎯

作文で大活躍！

TOPIKの作文でこれを使うと、普通の「면」より論理的でプロっぽい印象を与えられます。 «좋은 결과가 나온다면 기쁠 것입니다.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 仮定の「もし」（ㄴ/는다면）

重要な語彙 (5)

비가 오다 (biga oda) to rain 바쁘다 (bappeuda) to be busy 시장 (sijang) market 로또 (lotto) lottery 상관없다 (sanggwaneopda) to not matter

Real-World Preview

calendar

Planning a Weekend Out

Review Summary

  • Verb + (으)면
  • Verb/Adj + 는데/은데/ㄴ데
  • Verb + 거든
  • Verb + ㄴ/는다면
  • Verb + 든지/든가

よくある間違い

The 'if' clause shouldn't dictate a past tense result unless the condition is also past.

Wrong: 비가 오면 영화를 봤어요. (If it rains, I watched a movie.)
正解: 비가 오면 영화를 봐요. (If it rains, I watch a movie.)

~는데 is used for context, but should lead to a polite request, not a blunt demand.

Wrong: 바쁜데, 도와주세요. (I am busy, but help me.)
正解: 바쁜데, 좀 도와줄 수 있어요? (I am busy, could you help me?)

~든지 implies a choice between different options, not the same action twice.

Wrong: 가든지 가든지 하세요. (Go or go.)
正解: 가든지 오든지 하세요. (Either go or come.)

このチャプターのルール (5)

1

仮定・条件の -(으)면: 「〜たら」「〜なら」の決定版

B1
「もし〜なら」という条件や、「〜したら」というタイミングを繋ぐ魔法の言葉です。«조건» (条件) と «결과» (結果) をセットで覚えましょう。
시간 있으면 커피 한 잔 할래?
11 例文
2

社会的なクッション：~는데（〜けど、〜ので）

B1
「«는데»」は、相手に心の準備をさせる「クッション」のような役割。状況を伝えてから本題に入ると、とても自然に聞こえますよ。
The weather is nice, so shall we go for a walk?
12 例文
3

アクションの「もし」：〜したら〜して (거든)

B1
거든 は「もし〜したら、〇〇してね！」というアクションに繋げる魔法の言葉。 «명령» (命令)、 «제안» (提案)、 «약속» (約束) の時に使いましょう！
집에 도착하거든 연락해.
10 例文
4

仮定の「もし」（ㄴ/는다면）

B1
「もしも」の世界を広げる魔法の言葉！ «ㄴ/는다면» を使えば、想像力豊かな洗練された韓国語になります。
내가 복권에 당첨된다면 세계 여행을 할 거야.
11 例文
5

〜でも、〜だろうと (든지/든가)

B1
「どれでも関係ないよ！」というオープンな気持ちを伝える魔法の言葉です。«뭐든지» (何でも) や «언제든지» (いつでも) などの「セット語」から覚えると楽ですよ！
사든지 말든지 마음대로 하세요.
10 例文

Next Steps

You've done an incredible job today! Keep practicing these patterns, and you'll find your Korean becoming more fluid every single day.

Journaling: Write 5 sentences using ~는데 to describe your daily routine.

Continue to: Timing and Simultaneous Actions

クイック練習 (10)

アドバイスとして最も自然な文を選んでください。

Choose the best sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 피곤하거든 쉬세요.
'거든' は命令や丁寧な依頼（-세요）と非常に相性が良いです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アクションの「もし」：〜したら〜して (거든)

「行く」という意味の '가다' を使って、空欄を埋めてください。

백화점에 __ 선물을 사자.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가거든
後ろの文が提案（〜しよう）なので、条件を作る '가거든' が最適です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アクションの「もし」：〜したら〜して (거든)

「君が何を食べていても」という意味になるように、空欄を埋めてください。

네가 무엇을 _______ 상관없어.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 먹든지
「何を〜しても/しようが」という無関心や選択を表すには、語幹に「든지」を付けます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜でも、〜だろうと (든지/든가)

「가다（行く）」を正しい形に変えて空欄を埋めてください。

지금 학교에 ____, 같이 갈래?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가는데
「가다」は動詞なので、現在形では常に「는데」がつきます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 社会的なクッション：~는데（〜けど、〜ので）

「食べれば」という正しい形を選んでください。

Choose the correct form for 먹다 (to eat) + (으)면:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 먹으면
먹다は語幹にパッチム（ㄱ）があるので、クッション役の「으」を入れて「먹으면」にします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 仮定・条件の -(으)면: 「〜たら」「〜なら」の決定版

「料理は美味しいけれど高いです」という文として正しいものはどれ？

正しい文を選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 음식이 맛있는데 비싸요.
「맛있다」は「있다」で終わるため、形容詞のルールではなく「는데」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 社会的なクッション：~는데（〜けど、〜ので）

不規則動詞の間違いを見つけてください。

음악을 듣으면 기분이 좋아요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 음악을 들으면 기분이 좋아요.
듣다（聴く）はㄷ変則動詞です。母音「으」が来ると ㄷ が ㄹ に変わるので「들으면」が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 仮定・条件の -(으)면: 「〜たら」「〜なら」の決定版

仮定の状況として文法的に正しいものを選んでください。

正しい文章を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 돈이 많다면 차를 살 거예요.
「많다」は形容詞なので、「ㄴ/는」を入れずに「다면」だけを付けます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 仮定の「もし」（ㄴ/는다면）

名詞に「든지」を正しく使っているのはどれですか？

正しいものを選択してください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 사과든지 배든지 다 좋아요.
母音で終わる名詞（사과, 배）には、そのまま「든지」を付けて「〜でも〜でも」と並列できます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜でも、〜だろうと (든지/든가)

「가다」（行く）を正しく活用して空欄を埋めてください。

내일 날씨가 좋으면, 공원에 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 갈게요
条件は「天気が良ければ」（좋으면）です。後ろには結果となるメインの動詞が必要です。「行きます/行くつもりです」という意味の「갈게요」が最適です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 仮定・条件の -(으)면: 「〜たら」「〜なら」の決定版

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

「-(으)면」は条件（もし〜なら）や結果の引き金です。「-(을/ㄹ) 때」は単純な時間（〜する時）を表します。因果関係があるなら «-(으)면» を使いましょう。
後悔や仮定（もし〜だったら）の時だけ使えます。単なる過去の事実（行った時、彼を見た）なら «-(을/ㄹ) 때» を使います。
いいえ！「〜ので」や「〜て」のように、単に背景を説明する場合も多いです。 «배고픈데 밥 먹자.»（お腹空いたからご飯食べよう）のように使います。
形容詞の語幹にパッチムがあれば「은데」、なければ「ㄴ데」を使います。 «좋다» は «좋은데»、 «크다» は «큰데» になります。
いいえ、ほとんど使いません。書き言葉では -(으)면 や -(으)ㄹ 경우 を使うのが一般的です。
가면 は単なる条件ですが、 가거든 は「そこに着いたら、具体的にこれをして」という行動を促すニュアンスが強いです。
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Timing and Simultaneous Actions
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