Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Add -hā to almost any noun to make it plural, or use -ān for specific human groups.
- Use -hā for inanimate objects and most animals: کتاب (book) → کتابها (books).
- Use -ān for some human nouns, especially in formal writing: نویسنده (writer) → نویسندگان (writers).
- If a noun ends in -e, drop it or add a connector before -hā: خانه (house) → خانهها (houses).
Overview
How This Grammar Works
-hā and -ān often conveys more than just plurality; it communicates your linguistic awareness and the formality of your context.dānešjoo (دانشجو, student) can become dānešjoohā (دانشجوها) in casual settings, dānešjooyān (دانشجویان) is the preferred form in academic discourse or formal addresses.broken plurals from Arabic (e.g., ketāb کتاب 'book' → kotob کُتُب 'books'). These forms involve internal vowel changes rather than suffixes. However, in contemporary Persian, broken plurals are largely confined to highly formal or academic contexts and are almost always interchangeable with the standard Persian -hā suffix without loss of meaning.
Formation Pattern
ketāb (کتاب, book) → ketābhā (کتابها, books)
māšin (ماشین, car) → māšinhā (ماشینها, cars)
doost (دوست, friend) → doosthā (دوستها, friends)
-ān for inanimate objects is grammatically incorrect and will sound highly unnatural.
mard (مرد, man) → mardān (مردان, men)
zan (زن, woman) → zanān (زنان, women)
gorbeh (گربه, cat) → gorbehā (گربهها, cats) - *Note: While gorbehā is common, gorbeh is animate. In highly formal or literary contexts, one might encounter gorbehān (گربهگان) due to the 'g' insertion rule, but gorbehā is overwhelmingly more common.*
-e ghayr-e malfooz, هٔ غیر ملفوظ)
e, representing a short /æ/ sound) undergo a specific modification before plural suffixes.
ه remains, and -hā is simply appended. The preceding short vowel sound naturally merges.
bache (بچه, child) → bachehā (بچهها, children)
khāne (خانه, house) → khānehā (خانهها, houses)
ه, the ه transforms into گ (g) before attaching -ān. This results in the combined suffix -gān (گان). This phonological insertion facilitates smoother pronunciation.
ه with گ + -ān (گان)
bandeh (بنده, servant) → bandegān (بندگان, servants)
parandeh (پرنده, bird) → parandegān (پرندگان, birds)
ā) or 'و' (u)
ا (ā) or و (u), a euphonic ی (y) is inserted to avoid a hiatus (a break between two vowels) and ease pronunciation before the -ān suffix.
ا or و) + ی (y) + -ān (یان)
dānā (دانا, wise person) → dānāyān (دانایان, wise people)
dānešjoo (دانشجو, student) → dānešjooyān (دانشجویان, students)
gooyā (گویا, speaker) → gooyāyān (گویایان, speakers)
h sound is often elided or pronounced very softly.
h from -hā (ها) is dropped, resulting in an elongated vowel sound ā (ا).
doosthā (دوستها) → doostā (دوستا, friends)
māšinhā (ماشینها) → māšinā (ماشینا, cars)
bachehā (بچهها) → bachehā (بچهها, children) - *Note that while the spelling often remains ها, the pronunciation is bache'ā or bachchā, with the h significantly reduced or absent.*
mardān (مردان, men) | -hā (ها) | mardhā (مردها, men) |
ketābhā (کتابها, books) |
e)| Animate | -gān (گان) | parandegān (پرندگان, birds) | -hā (ها) | parandehā (پرندهها, birds) |
e)| Inanimate | N/A | N/A | -hā (ها) | khānehā (خانهها, houses) |
ā) | Animate | -yān (یان) | dānāyān (دانایان, wise people) | -hā (ها) | dānāhā (داناها, wise people) |
u) | Animate | -yān (یان) | dānešjooyān (دانشجویان, students) | -hā (ها) | dānešjoohā (دانشجوها, students) |
Gender & Agreement
- Example (Singular):
ketāb-e bozorg(کتاب بزرگ, a big book) - Example (Plural):
ketābhā-ye bozorg(کتابهای بزرگ, big books)
bozorg (بزرگ, big) retains its singular form in both instances. The ezafe (اضافه) particle, represented by the vowel e (کسره), serves to link the noun to its adjective or possessor. When the noun is plural and ends in a consonant (e.g., ketābhā), the ezafe remains e.dānešjoohā دانشجوها), a euphonic ی (y) is inserted before the ezafe particle, resulting in ye (یِ).- Example (Ezafe with consonant-ending plural):
dānešjooyān-e irāni(دانشجویان ایرانی, Iranian students) - Example (Ezafe with vowel-ending plural):
dānešjoohā-ye dānešgāh(دانشجوهای دانشگاه, university students)
- Example (Inanimate subject):
māšinhā raft(ماشینها رفت, the cars went) - *Here,raft(رفت, went) is singular.* While grammatically correct, in modern colloquial Persian, plural verb agreement for inanimate objects is also increasingly common, especially if you wish to emphasize the multiplicity or agency.
- Example (Animate subject):
dānešjooyān raftand(دانشجویان رفتند, the students went) - *The verbraftand(رفتند, went) is plural and is mandatory here.*
When To Use It
- Use -hā (ها) in almost all situations:
- Universal Applicability: This is your default plural marker. Use it for all inanimate nouns (e.g.,
derakhtدرخت 'tree' →derakhthāدرختها 'trees';kārdکارد 'knife' →kārdhāکاردها 'knives') and for all animate nouns in everyday communication. If you are ever unsure, -hā is always a safe and grammatically correct choice. - Informal & Neutral Register: In conversations with friends, family, or colleagues, in casual emails, or on social media, -hā is the standard. For example, when discussing your friends, you would typically say
doosthāyam(دوستهایم, my friends) or, more colloquially,doostā-m(دوستام). - General Reference: Employ
-hāwhen referring to groups of people or animals without a specific formal or literary intent.gorbeh(گربه, cat) →gorbehā(گربهها, cats).
- Use -ān (ان) for animate nouns in formal or literary contexts:
- Formal Register: Reserved for formal speeches, academic papers, news broadcasts, official documents, and respectful addresses. You might hear
ostādān(استادان, professors) in a university lecture or see it in a scholarly article. - Literary & Poetic Contexts: -ān imparts a classical or poetic tone. In classical Persian poetry, you will frequently encounter forms like
delbarān(دلبـران, beloveds) orcheshmān(چشمان, eyes), which evoke a more profound or artistic image than their-hācounterparts. - Specific Body Parts: Certain paired body parts often take -ān in a literary, respectful, or poetic sense, even in modern formal Persian. While
dast(دست, hand) can bedasthā(دستها),dastān(دستان) is commonly found in eloquent prose. Similarly,cheshm(چشم, eye) becomescheshmān(چشمان). - Religious & Traditional Texts: In religious or philosophical texts, -ān is prevalent for referring to people or spiritual entities, e.g.,
peyāmbarān(پیامبران, prophets).
-ān for non-living things (e.g., *mizān* میز ان for 'tables') sounds entirely unnatural and incorrect, as mīzān (میزان) is an existing word meaning 'amount' or 'scale'. The correct plural for mīz (میز, table) is mīzhā (میزها).
Common Mistakes
- 1Pluralizing Nouns After Numbers: This is perhaps the most frequent error for English speakers, whose language requires plural nouns after numbers greater than one. In Persian, when a cardinal numeral precedes a noun, the noun itself remains in its singular form. The number inherently conveys the plurality.
- Incorrect: *
se ketābhā* (سه کتابها, three books) - Correct:
se ketāb(سه کتاب, three book) — *This literally means 'three book', but idiomatically translates to 'three books'.* - Incorrect: *
panj mardān* (پنج مردان, five men) - Correct:
panj mard(پنج مرد, five man)
- 1Using -ān (ان) for Inanimate Objects: As repeatedly emphasized, -ān is strictly for animate nouns. Applying it to inanimate objects is a prominent error. For example, while
derakhtān(درختان, trees) is sometimes found in older or highly poetic texts,derakhthā(درختها) is the standard and expected form in contemporary usage. You should never say *māšinān* (ماشینان) for 'cars'; the correct form ismāšinhā(ماشینها).
- 1Forgetting 'گ' (g) Insertion with -ān for Silent 'ه' Endings: Learners frequently overlook the crucial phonological change when an animate noun ending in silent
هtakes the -ān suffix. Theهmust transform intoگ(g) to form -gān. Failure to do so results in an unnatural and grammatically jarring sound for native speakers.
- Incorrect: *
bache-ān* (بچهان, children) - Correct:
bachegān(بچگان, children)
- 1Over-Formalization with -ān: While using -ān demonstrates an understanding of formal register, its indiscriminate use in casual conversation or informal writing can sound stilted and unnatural. It is akin to using archaic English in a modern text message. For everyday interactions, -hā (or its colloquial variant -ā) is almost always preferred for animate nouns.
- Example: When discussing classmates with friends,
hamkelāsihā-m(همکلاسیهام, my classmates) is natural, whereas *hamkelāsiyān-e man* (همکلاسیان من) would sound overly stiff and inappropriate.
- 1Confusing Plural Suffix with Ezafe (اضافه): The ezafe particle (short
eorye) links a noun to its adjective or possessor. It is *not* a plural marker itself. Learners sometimes mistakenly addezafedirectly after a singular noun, believing it pluralizes it, or misapply it with plural nouns.
- Incorrect: *
doost-e* (دوستِ, intending 'friends') - Correct (for plural):
doosthā(دوستها, friends) - Correct (for 'my friend'):
doost-e man(دوستِ من) - Correct (for 'my friends'):
doosthā-ye man(دوستهای من)
- 1Actively Forming Arabic Broken Plurals: While words like
kotob(کتب, books) andolum(علوم, sciences) exist in Persian, they are Arabic loanwords, and their plural forms are imported. Learners should avoid attempting to create new broken plurals or using them in contexts where the standard Persian -hā is expected. Stick to -hā for actively pluralizing nouns in modern Persian.
Common Collocations
Āghāyān va khānomhā(آقایان و خانمها): 'Gentlemen and ladies'. This is a highly formal and polite address commonly used to begin speeches or written communications to a mixed-gender audience.Āghāyānuses the -ān suffix for 'gentlemen', whilekhānomhāuses -hā for 'ladies', showcasing the co-existence of both plural types in a formal expression.
Doostān(دوستان): Whiledoosthā(دوستها) is prevalent for 'friends' in casual settings,doostān(دوستان) is often used in a slightly more formal or respectful manner, or in written contexts. It also appears in fixed expressions, such asdoostān-e gerāmi(دوستان گرامی, dear friends) as an opening salutation.
Dastān(دستان) andcheshmān(چشمان): As noted, these poetic or formal plurals for 'hands' and 'eyes' are common in literature, songs, and eloquent speech. Whiledast(دست) andcheshm(چشم) can take -hā (i.e.,dasthāدستها,cheshmhāچشمها), the -ān forms evoke a more profound or artistic image, reflecting a classical influence.
Sarbāzān(سربازان): 'Soldiers'. This noun frequently takes the -ān plural, especially in contexts related to military affairs, history, or formal reports. This choice often emphasizes their collective identity or the solemnity of their role within a formal narrative.
Mellatān(ملتان): 'Nations/Peoples'. Althoughmellathā(ملتها) is also correct,mellatānoften appears in political discourse, historical texts, or academic writing when referring to distinct groups of people or nations with a formal tone, or in abstract discussions of nationality.
Vatan(وطن, homeland) -vatanān(وطنان): While less common as a direct plural of 'homeland', the formvatanāncan appear in patriotic contexts or poetry. In such instances, it usually refers metaphorically to 'compatriots' or 'fellow countrymen' in an abstract sense, personifying the nation.
- Implied Plurals: Some words imply plurality without explicitly using a suffix when preceded by a collective noun or a quantifier, particularly in compound structures. For example,
gorūh-e kār(گروه کار, work group) implies multiple workers, butkār(کار, work/worker) remains singular. Similarly,jam'iyat-e mard(جمعیت مرد, population of men) uses a singularmard.
Real Conversations
Observing how native Persian speakers utilize plural forms in various real-world scenarios highlights the nuanced distinction between formal and informal registers, as well as the dominance of the -hā suffix, especially its colloquial variant.
- Texting/Social Media (Informal): In quick, informal digital exchanges, the colloquial -ā suffix for animate nouns is almost exclusively used. This demonstrates efficiency and familiarity among close acquaintances.
- Conversation Snippet:
- Friend A: doostā chitoran? (دوستا چطورن؟, How are friends? / How's everyone?)
- Friend B: hame khooban, bekhosoos bachehā-ye tāze (همه خوبن، به خصوص بچههای تازه, Everyone's good, especially the new kids.)
In this example, doostā is the colloquial reduction of doosthā. bachehā (بچهها) is the standard plural for 'children' or 'kids', where the h is often softly pronounced or elided in spoken Farsi, even when written.
- Casual Speech (Everyday): When conversing with family or acquaintances face-to-face, -hā is the standard. While the h might be lightly pronounced or even dropped, the written form typically retains ها.
- Conversation Snippet:
- Colleague: kārhā-t tamoom shod? (کارهات تموم شد؟, Are your tasks finished?)
- You: āre, taqriban hame-ye kārhā tamoom shod (آره، تقریباً همهی کارها تموم شد, Yes, almost all the tasks are finished.)
Here, kārhā (کارها) for 'tasks' is used naturally. The h is commonly aspirated, but a full articulation of kār-hā is also perfectly acceptable.
- Formal Speech/Writing (News, Academic, Official): In professional or academic settings, or when reporting news, -ān will frequently appear for animate nouns. For other nouns, -hā will be used with a clearer, more deliberate pronunciation of the h.
- News Report Snippet: dānešjooyān va ostādān-e dānešgāh dar hamāyeš sherkat kardand. (دانشجویان و استادان دانشگاه در همایش شرکت کردند., Students and professors of the university participated in the conference.)
Here, dānešjooyān (students) and ostādān (professors) are pluralized with -ān, precisely reflecting the formal context. The verb sherkat kardand (شرکت کردند) also correctly takes the plural ending for animate subjects.
- Literary/Poetic Contexts: In literature, the selection of -ān is often influenced by aesthetic, rhythmic, or classical considerations, imbuing the text with a heightened, formal, or poetic sensibility.
- Poetry Excerpt: cheshmān-e to māh-rā be yek tāresh-e asrār miāvizad. (چشمان تو ماه را به یک تارِشِ اسرار میآویزد., Your eyes hang the moon by a thread of mysteries.)
The deliberate use of cheshmān (چشمان) instead of cheshmhā (چشمها) elevates the imagery, making it more evocative and poetic, typical of classical Persian verse.
Quick FAQ
- Q: Can I use -hā (ها) for people or animals?
Yes, absolutely. doosthā (دوستها, friends) or gorbehā (گربهها, cats) are perfectly correct and represent the most common forms in everyday conversation and general writing. It is the universal plural marker, suitable for all types of nouns.
- Q: Is -ān (ان) ever used for non-living things?
In modern Persian, its use is almost exclusively for animate nouns (people and animals). Historically, or in very specific literary or poetic contexts, you might encounter it with some inanimate objects, but this is rare and not a productive pattern in contemporary language. For A2 learners, strictly reserve -ān for animate nouns.
- Q: Do adjectives also become plural in Persian, like in some European languages?
No, Persian adjectives remain in their singular form regardless of whether they modify a singular or plural noun. For example, bozorg (بزرگ, big) does not change in ketāb-e bozorg (کتاب بزرگ, big book) and ketābhā-ye bozorg (کتابهای بزرگ, big books).
- Q: How do I pluralize a noun if there's a number before it?
When a cardinal number precedes a noun, the noun itself remains in its singular form. The number indicates plurality. For instance, do ketāb (دو کتاب, two books) is correct, not *do ketābhā*.
- Q: What is the most common plural suffix I should focus on?
-hā (ها) is by far the most common and versatile plural suffix. Focus on mastering its application first, as it is appropriate for nearly all situations and noun types, including animate nouns in informal contexts.
Plural Suffix Application
| Singular | Plural | Suffix | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
|
کتاب
|
کتابها
|
-hā
|
Inanimate
|
|
خانه
|
خانهها
|
-hā
|
Inanimate
|
|
دوست
|
دوستان
|
-ān
|
Human
|
|
نویسنده
|
نویسندگان
|
-ān
|
Human
|
|
گل
|
گلها
|
-hā
|
Inanimate
|
|
استاد
|
استادان
|
-ān
|
Human
|
Meanings
Pluralization in Persian is primarily achieved by adding suffixes to the singular noun. Unlike English, there are no irregular 'children' or 'mice' forms that change the root vowel.
General Plural
The standard way to indicate more than one of something.
“گلها زیبا هستند. (Flowers are beautiful.)”
“ماشینها در خیابان هستند. (Cars are in the street.)”
Human Plural
A more formal or literary way to pluralize human beings.
“دانشجویان درس میخوانند. (Students are studying.)”
“استادان دانشگاه آمدند. (University professors arrived.)”
Reference Table
| 名詞の種類 | 接尾辞 | シチュエーション | 例 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
すべて
|
-hā (ها)
|
一般的・話し言葉
|
Ketābhā (本)
|
|
生き物
|
-ān (ان)
|
フォーマル・書き言葉
|
Mardān (男たち)
|
|
口語・カジュアル
|
-ā (ا)
|
日常会話
|
Māšinā (車)
|
|
語尾が 'e'
|
-gān (گان)
|
フォーマル・生き物
|
Setāregān (星々)
|
|
語尾が 'ā' / 'u'
|
-yān (یان)
|
フォーマル・生き物
|
Dānāyān (賢者たち)
|
|
対の体の一部
|
-ān (ان)
|
詩的表現
|
Češmān (瞳)
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
دانشجویان اینجا هستند. (University setting)
دانشجوها اینجا هستند. (University setting)
دانشجوها اینجان. (University setting)
بچهها اینجان. (University setting)
ペルシャ語の複数形マップ
万能な接尾辞
- ha 何にでも使える
生き物用接尾辞
- an フォーマル・生物
無生物 vs 生物の複数形
正しい接尾辞の選び方
名詞の前に数字がある？
その名詞は生き物？
場面別の複数形例
カジュアルな会話
- • Doostā (友達)
- • Māšinā (車)
フォーマル・本
- • Dānešjooyān (学生たち)
- • Setāregān (星々)
レベル別の例文
این کتابها هستند.
These are books.
من سیبها را دوست دارم.
I like apples.
آنها دوستان من هستند.
They are my friends.
ماشینها در پارکینگ هستند.
The cars are in the parking lot.
آیا شما این عکسها را دیدید؟
Did you see these photos?
کارمندان در دفتر هستند.
The employees are in the office.
من به گلها آب دادم.
I watered the flowers.
او نامهها را نوشت.
He wrote the letters.
نویسندگان ایرانی بسیار مشهور هستند.
Iranian writers are very famous.
دانشجویان باید تکالیف خود را انجام دهند.
Students must do their homework.
این ساختمانها قدیمی هستند.
These buildings are old.
ستارگان در آسمان میدرخشند.
The stars shine in the sky.
تغییرات اقلیمی بر محیط زیست تاثیر میگذارد.
Climate changes affect the environment.
او تمام تجربیات خود را در کتاب نوشت.
He wrote all his experiences in the book.
مسافران باید کارت پرواز خود را نشان دهند.
Passengers must show their boarding pass.
این قوانین برای همه یکسان است.
These rules are the same for everyone.
مورخان بر سر این موضوع اختلاف نظر دارند.
Historians disagree on this subject.
او با ظرافت تمام، واژگان را انتخاب کرد.
He chose the words with great elegance.
تحقیقات نشان میدهد که این روش موثر است.
Research shows that this method is effective.
سیاستمداران باید به مردم پاسخگو باشند.
Politicians must be accountable to the people.
در متون کهن، این واژه به شکل دیگری آمده است.
In ancient texts, this word appears differently.
او در میان بزرگان ادب جایگاه ویژهای دارد.
He has a special place among the literary greats.
این تحولات اجتماعی ریشه در تاریخ دارند.
These social transformations are rooted in history.
او با نگاهی به افلاک، رازها را جستجو میکرد.
Looking at the heavens, he sought the secrets.
間違えやすい
Learners think they need to pluralize nouns after numbers.
Learners don't know when to use the formal human suffix.
Learners try to pluralize words that are already collective.
よくある間違い
دو کتابها
دو کتاب
مردمها
مردم
بچههاها
بچهها
کتابان
کتابها
استادها
استادان
سه دانشآموزان
سه دانشآموز
گلان
گلها
نویسندهها
نویسندگان
تجربهها
تجربیات
قانونها
قوانین
افلاکها
افلاک
متونها
متون
بزرگها
بزرگان
文型パターン
من ___ دارم.
___ در خیابان هستند.
___ باید سخت کار کنند.
این ___ بسیار زیبا هستند.
Real World Usage
عکسها رو فرستادم.
دو تا ساندویچها رو بیار.
من تجربیات زیادی دارم.
هتلها خیلی گرون هستن.
دوستام دارن میان.
محققان این موضوع را بررسی کردند.
迷ったらこれ！
数字の後のルール
魔法の短縮形
Smart Tips
Stop! Don't add the plural suffix.
Use -ān for human nouns to sound professional.
Stick to -hā. It works 99% of the time.
Don't pluralize words like 'mardom'.
発音
Suffix stress
The stress in Persian plurals usually falls on the syllable before the suffix.
Declarative
کتابها روی میز هستند. ↘
Falling intonation at the end of a statement.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of 'Hā' as 'Hooray!' because you have more than one of something.
視覚的連想
Imagine a single apple, then suddenly a 'Hā' cloud appears and turns it into a pile of apples.
Rhyme
For things that are many, just add -hā, it's the easiest rule you ever saw.
Story
Ali had one cat (gorbeh). He wanted more, so he added -hā. Now he has many gorbehā. He invited his friends (dūstān) to see them.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Look around your room and name 5 objects in their plural form using -hā.
文化メモ
Tehrani speakers often shorten -hā to -ā in very casual speech.
Using -ān is a sign of high education and respect for the language.
The usage of -hā is similar, but the pronunciation of vowels can vary.
The suffix -hā is a native Persian development, while -ān is an ancient Indo-Iranian plural marker.
会話のきっかけ
در کیف شما چه چیزهایی است؟
دوستان شما چه کار میکنند؟
به نظر شما بزرگترین تغییرات در شهر چیست؟
نویسندگان مورد علاقه شما چه کسانی هستند؟
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
Man in ___ rā khāndam. (私はこれらの本を読みました。)
「4人の男の子」を正しく表しているのは：
Mizān dar otāq hastand. (机が部屋にあります。)
Score: /3
練習問題
8 exercisesکتاب → ____
نویسنده → ____
Find and fix the mistake:
من سه سیبها را خوردم.
هستند / زیبا / گلها
دانشجو → ____
خانه, استاد, ماشین
Numbers require plural suffixes.
A: چند تا سیب داری؟ B: ____
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercises___ dar āsemān hastand.
Mardān dārand kār mikonand.
Which one is best for a WhatsApp group chat?
āmadand / dānešjoo / panj
Translate to Persian:
Match the items:
Choose one:
Man do ___ dāram.
Fix the error: 'Gole-hā dar bāgh hastand.'
Choose the formal version:
Score: /10
よくある質問 (8)
Yes, it is perfectly fine in casual speech.
It is a formal or literary marker for human nouns.
No, keep the noun singular.
No, 'mardom' is already a collective noun.
Just add -hā directly.
No, Persian is very regular.
No, that is incorrect.
If it refers to a person or profession.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
-s/-es
Spanish requires gender agreement; Persian does not.
-s
French plural markers are often silent in speech.
-e/-er/-en
Persian does not change the root vowel.
-tachi
Japanese pluralization is optional for most nouns.
Broken plurals
Arabic plurals are often irregular; Persian is regular.
men
Chinese does not pluralize inanimate nouns.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Related Grammar Rules
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