A2 Adjectives & Adverbs 18 min read かんたん

ペルシア語の比較級と最上級：より〜、最も〜 (-tar, -tarin)

比較は形容詞に -tar、一番は -tarin をつけるだけ！最上級は名詞の前に置くのがポイントです。 «بهتر» や «بزرگ‌تر»、 «بهترین» を使いこなしましょう。
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Add -tar to compare two things and -tarin to pick the best of the group.

  • Comparative: Add -tar to the adjective (e.g., bozorgtar - bigger).
  • Superlative: Add -tarin to the adjective (e.g., bozorgtarin - biggest).
  • Comparison: Use 'az' (than) to compare two items (e.g., X az Y bozorgtar ast).
Adjective + تر (tar) = More | Adjective + ترین (tarin) = Most

Overview

In Persian grammar, expressing degrees of comparison—whether stating something is 'bigger' than another or 'the biggest' within a group—is achieved through a highly consistent and economical system. This contrasts with languages like English, which often employ irregular forms (e.g., *good, better, best*) or a mix of suffixes and separate words (*tall, taller, tallest* vs. *beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful*).
Persian's regularity significantly streamlines the learning process for A2-level students.
This system fundamentally relies on two suffixes: -tar (تَر) for the comparative degree and -tarin (تَرین) for the superlative degree. These suffixes attach directly to the base form of an adjective, fundamentally altering its meaning to denote a higher or the highest degree of that specific quality. Mastering -tar and -tarin is crucial for developing precise descriptive abilities in Persian, allowing you to articulate preferences, observe relative qualities, and engage in more nuanced daily conversations.
This agglutinative nature, where grammatical functions are expressed by simply 'gluing' suffixes to words without significant root alteration, is a defining characteristic of Persian morphology. The system's predictability empowers you to confidently modify virtually any adjective, enabling expression of complex comparative and superlative ideas with minimal memorization beyond a few essential irregular forms.

How This Grammar Works

Persian adjectives are intrinsically flexible, readily adapting to form comparative and superlative degrees through simple suffixation. This process is highly productive, meaning these suffixes can be applied to nearly all adjectives to create new, modified forms that function as either comparatives or superlatives. The core adjective maintains its semantic identity, while its intensity or extent is grammatically adjusted.
The Comparative Suffix: -tar (تَر)
The suffix -tar (تَر) indicates that a particular quality is present to a greater extent in one item when compared to another. It functions identically to the English suffixes “-er” (as in taller) or the adverb “more” (as in more interesting). When you encounter a word like garm-tar (گَرم‌تر), it signifies “hotter,” directly comparing the degree of heat.
Similarly, pâk-tar (پاک‌تر) translates to “cleaner.”
This form is employed whenever an explicit or implicit comparison is made between two entities or states. The base adjective (e.g., garm [گَرم], pâk [پاک]) remains the semantic core, with -tar specifying an increased degree. Importantly, Persian does not employ grammatical gender, nor do these suffixes change based on the number of items being compared; garm-tar applies consistently whether referring to a single hotter cup of tea or multiple hotter dishes.
Its primary role is to establish a relative superiority in a characteristic.
The Superlative Suffix: -tarin (تَرین)
Conversely, the suffix -tarin (تَرین) designates the highest degree of an adjective's quality within a group containing three or more items. It directly corresponds to English forms like “-est” (as in tallest) or the adverbial phrase “most” (as in most interesting). For example, garm-tarin (گَرم‌ترین) translates to “hottest,” identifying the single entity with the maximum heat.
Likewise, pâk-tarin (پاک‌ترین) means “cleanest,” denoting the absolute peak of cleanliness within its context.
Superlatives single out one item as possessing the specified quality to an extreme degree relative to its peers. The consistent application of these suffixes across almost all adjectives offers a highly efficient mechanism for articulating comparative and superlative concepts in Persian. This system prioritizes clarity and morphological regularity, making it a powerful tool for descriptive language.
Its transparent structure simplifies the process of expressing extremes and rankings, a fundamental aspect of advanced communication.

Formation Pattern

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Forming comparative and superlative adjectives in Persian is remarkably straightforward for the vast majority of adjectives, involving a simple appending of the relevant suffix to the base form. However, a few critical irregular forms exist that necessitate memorization due to their high frequency in everyday conversation.
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General Rule for Regular Adjectives:
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The formation process for regular adjectives follows a clear, three-step pattern:
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Identify the Base Adjective: Begin with the standard, positive form of the adjective (e.g., bozorg [بُزُرگ - big], gerân [گِران - expensive], zibâ [زیبا - beautiful]).
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Form the Comparative: To create the comparative, directly attach the suffix -tar (تَر) to the end of the base adjective. For example, bozorg becomes bozorg-tar (بُزُرگ‌تر).
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Form the Superlative: To create the superlative, directly attach the suffix -tarin (تَرین) to the end of the base adjective. For example, bozorg becomes bozorg-tarin (بُزُرگ‌ترین).
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In written Persian, the suffix is typically separated from the adjective by a zero-width non-joiner (which often appears as a small visual space), but phonetically, they merge into a single word. This visual separation aids readability without implying a distinct word.
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Here is a comprehensive table illustrating the regular formation pattern:
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| Base Adjective | Meaning | Comparative (-tar) | Meaning | Superlative (-tarin) | Meaning |
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|:---------------|:----------------|:----------------------------|:--------------------|:-------------------------------|:-------------------|
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| bozorg (بُزُرگ) | big | bozorg-tar (بُزُرگ‌تر) | bigger | bozorg-tarin (بُزُرگ‌ترین) | biggest |
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| gerân (گِران) | expensive | gerân-tar (گِران‌تر) | more expensive | gerân-tarin (گِران‌ترین) | most expensive |
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| zibâ (زیبا) | beautiful | zibâ-tar (زیباتَر) | more beautiful | zibâ-tarin (زیباتَرین) | most beautiful |
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| arazân (اَرزان) | cheap | arazân-tar (اَرزان‌تر) | cheaper | arazân-tarin (اَرزان‌ترین) | cheapest |
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| kuchek (کوچَک) | small/young | kuchek-tar (کوچَک‌تر) | smaller/younger | kuchek-tarin (کوچَک‌ترین) | smallest/youngest |
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| derâz (دِراز) | long | derâz-tar (دِراز‌تر) | longer | derâz-tarin (دِراز‌ترین) | longest |
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| tiz (تیز) | sharp/fast | tiz-tar (تیز‌تر) | sharper/faster | tiz-tarin (تیز‌ترین) | sharpest/fastest |
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Irregular Adjectives:
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Despite the overarching regularity, some common adjectives have historically developed irregular comparative and superlative forms. These are crucial for sounding natural and fluent in Persian, as they are used constantly.
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khub (خوب - good): This is the most significant irregular adjective. Its comparative form is behtar (بِهتَر - better), and its superlative is behtarin (بِهتَرین - best). You must never use khub-tar or khub-tarin; these forms are incorrect and will sound very unnatural.
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bad (بَد - bad): While bad-tar (بَدتَر - worse) and bad-tarin (بَدتَرین - worst) often appear to follow the regular pattern, badtar and badtarin are highly lexicalized and are best learned alongside behtar/behtarin due to their frequent contrasting usage. The slight deviation in spelling (often written without the zero-width non-joiner) distinguishes it as a semi-irregular form.
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kam (کَم - little/few): Its comparative form is kamtar (کَمتَر - less/fewer), and its superlative is kamtarin (کَمتَرین - least/fewest). These forms are derived from the same root but are treated as irregular due to their pervasive adverbial usage and distinct semantic range.
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ziyâd (زیاد - much/many): While ziyâd-tar is grammatically constructible, the overwhelmingly more natural and common forms are bishtar (بیشتَر - more) for the comparative and bishtarin (بیشتَرین - most) for the superlative. Using bishtar/bishtarin is essential for fluent, native-like Persian, making ziyâd-tar/ziyâd-tarin sound awkward and uncommon.
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Here is a table summarizing these essential irregular forms:
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| Base Adjective | Meaning | Comparative (Irregular) | Meaning | Superlative (Irregular) | Meaning |
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|:------------------|:------------------|:---------------------------|:---------------|:-----------------------------|:---------------|
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| khub (خوب) | good | behtar (بِهتَر) | better | behtarin (بِهتَرین) | best |
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| bad (بَد) | bad | badtar (بَدتَر) | worse | badtarin (بَدتَرین) | worst |
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| kam (کَم) | little/few | kamtar (کَمتَر) | less/fewer | kamtarin (کَمتَرین) | least/fewest |
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| ziyâd (زیاد) | much/many | bishtar (بیشتَر) | more | bishtarin (بیشتَرین) | most |
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This suffixation system can also be applied to a limited number of adverbs, transforming them into comparative adverbs. For example, zud (زود - early) becomes zud-tar (زودتَر - earlier) to indicate an earlier time or action.

When To Use It

The precise application of -tar and -tarin is governed by whether you are comparing two distinct entities or identifying a single entity as the supreme example within a group. Correct usage is paramount for accurate communication.
Using the Comparative (-tar):
Employ the -tar suffix when you need to state that one item possesses a quality to a greater extent than another. This comparison can be either explicitly stated or contextually implied.
  1. 1Explicit Comparison (A is more \[adjective\] than B):
When directly comparing two specific nouns or pronouns, you must use the preposition az (اَز), which means than. The standard structure is:
\[Noun/Pronoun 1\] + az (اَز) + \[Noun/Pronoun 2\] + \[Adjective-tar\] + \[ast (اَست) / hast (هَست)\]
In informal spoken Persian, the verb ast or hast is frequently omitted or contracted.
  • Tehrân az Esfahân bozorg-tar ast. (تِهران اَز اِصفَهان بُزُرگ‌تر اَست. - Tehran is bigger than Esfahan.)
  • in ketâb az ân ketâb jâleb-tar ast. (این کِتاب اَز آن کِتاب جالِب‌تر اَست. - This book is more interesting than that book.)
  • man az to kuchek-tar hastam. (مَن اَز تو کوچَک‌تر هَستَم. - I am younger/smaller than you.)
  1. 1Implied Comparison (A is rather \[adjective\] / A is more \[adjective\]):
The -tar suffix can also be used without an explicit az phrase when the comparison is understood from the surrounding context, or when you wish to indicate a general increase in a quality without a direct point of comparison. In these instances, -tar can imply rather or more so.
  • havâ garm-tar shode ast. (هَوا گَرم‌تر شُده اَست. - The weather has become hotter \[than before/expected\].)
  • yek fard-e ârâm-tar mi-khâham. (یِک فَردِ آرام‌تر می‌خواهَم. - I want a calmer person \[than this one/than is typical\].)
  • lotfan zud-tar biâ. (لُطفَن زودتَر بیا. - Please come earlier.)
  1. 1Modifying Nouns (with Ezafe):
When a comparative adjective directly modifies a noun without forming a full comparative sentence, it connects to the noun using the Ezafe particle (-e or -ye). The structure is:
\[Noun\]-e \[Adjective-tar\]
  • khâne-ye bozorg-tar (خانه‌یِ بُزُرگ‌تر - the bigger house).
  • mashin-e jadid-tar (ماشینِ جَدیدتر - the newer car).
  • daneshju-ye hunarmand-tar (دانِشجویِ هُنَرمَندتَر - the more artistic student).
Using the Superlative (-tarin):
Utilize the -tarin suffix when you intend to designate one item as possessing the absolute highest degree of a particular quality within a clearly defined or implicitly understood group.
  1. 1Placement before the Noun (Standard Modern Usage):
A fundamental rule in modern Persian is that the superlative adjective almost always precedes the noun it modifies. Crucially, it does not take the Ezafe particle in this construction. The structure is:
\[Adjective-tarin\] + \[Noun\]
This is the most common and grammatically correct way to form superlatives.
  • behtarin dost (بِهتَرین دوست - the best friend).
  • bozorg-tarin shahr (بُزُرگ‌ترین شَهر - the biggest city).
  • arazân-tarin gheimat (اَرزان‌ترین قِیمَت - the cheapest price).
  1. 1Implied Superlative:
Similar to comparatives, the noun being modified by a superlative can sometimes be understood from context, allowing for a standalone superlative form.
  • in behtarin ast! (این بِهتَرین اَست! - This is the best one!)
  • kamtarin roshd-e eqtesâdi (کَمتَرین رُشدِ اِقتِصادی - the least economic growth).
  1. 1Superlative used with dar (دَر - in/among):
To specify the group or domain within which something is the superlative, you can use the preposition dar (دَر).
  • bozorg-tarin shahr dar Irân (بُزُرگ‌ترین شَهر دَر ایران - the biggest city in Iran).
  • zibâ-tarin gol dar bâgh (زیباتَرین گُل دَر باغ - the most beautiful flower in the garden).
Contrast: -tar vs. kheyli (خِیلی - very):
It is imperative to distinguish between the comparative suffix -tar and the intensifier kheyli (خِیلی). kheyli expresses absolute intensity, translating to very or much, and does not imply a comparison. Conversely, -tar inherently implies a comparison, even if the second item is unstated.
  • in chây kheyli garm ast. (این چای خِیلی گَرم اَست. - This tea is very hot.) - *This statement describes an absolute high degree of heat.*
  • in chây garm-tar ast. (این چای گَرم‌تر اَست. - This tea is hotter \[than before/another one\].) - *This statement implies a comparison to another tea or a previous state.*
Confusing these can lead to grammatical errors and miscommunication.

Common Mistakes

Learners of Persian, particularly those whose native language is English, frequently encounter specific challenges when employing comparative and superlative adjectives. Understanding these predictable error patterns and their linguistic origins can significantly accelerate your mastery of this grammar point.
  1. 1Incorrect Superlative Placement (The Ezafe Trap):
This is arguably the most common and persistent error. English speakers are accustomed to definite articles like the and noun-adjective order (e.g.,
the house the biggest
). Directly translating this thought process into Persian often leads to constructions like khâne-ye bozorg-tarin (خانه‌یِ بُزُرگ‌ترین). While such structures might be found in classical Persian poetry, they sound archaic and fundamentally incorrect in contemporary spoken and written Persian.
  • Incorrect: shahr-e bozorg-tarin (شَهرِ بُزُرگ‌ترین)
  • Correct: bozorg-tarin shahr (بُزُرگ‌ترین شَهر - the biggest city)
The Rule: Always place the superlative adjective before the noun it modifies, and do not use the Ezafe (-e/-ye) to connect them. The superlative adjective acts as a pre-nominal modifier, a distinct grammatical role from simple descriptive adjectives.
  1. 1Omitting az (اَز - than) in Comparisons:
When performing an explicit comparison between two items (e.g., X is more \[adjective\] than Y), neglecting to include the preposition az is a frequent oversight. Without az, the sentence typically implies a general increase in a quality rather than a direct comparison between two specific entities.
  • Incorrect: man to bozorg-tar hastam. (مَن تو بُزُرگ‌تر هَستَم.) - *This is grammatically ill-formed, literally translating to
    I you bigger am.
    *
  • Correct: man az to bozorg-tar hastam. (مَن اَز تو بُزُرگ‌تر هَستَم. - I am older/bigger than you.)
The Rule: For direct comparisons, strictly adhere to the structure: \[Noun 1\] + az (اَز) + \[Noun 2\] + \[Adjective-tar\] + verb. The presence of az disambiguates a direct comparison from a general increase in quality.
  1. 1Misusing Irregular Forms (khub-tar vs. behtar):
The irregular forms, particularly behtar (بِهتَر) for better derived from khub (خوب - good), are a consistent source of error. Using khub-tar (خوب‌تر) instead of behtar immediately marks a learner as non-native.
  • Incorrect: in ketâb khub-tar az ân ast. (این کِتاب خوب‌تر اَز آن اَست.)
  • Correct: in ketâb behtar az ân ast. (این کِتاب بِهتَر اَز آن اَست. - This book is better than that one.)
Similarly, while ziyâd-tar is understandable, opting for bishtar (بیشتَر) for more in most contexts is crucial for sounding fluent. These irregularities are historical remnants and highly lexicalized; they require direct memorization and consistent practice.
  1. 1Double Comparatives/Superlatives (Redundancy):
A common error, influenced by English idioms like more better (which is also incorrect), is to combine a comparative/superlative suffix with another intensifier or degree word like kheyli (خِیلی - very) or bishtar (بیشتَر - more). This creates grammatical redundancy, as the suffix already conveys the degree.
  • Incorrect: in film kheyli behtarin ast. (این فیلم خِیلی بِهتَرین اَست.) - *Redundant; very best is already implied by behtarin.*
  • Correct: in film behtarin ast. (این فیلم بِهتَرین اَست. - This film is the best.)
  • Correct (if simply intensifying, not comparing): in film kheyli khub ast. (این فیلم خِیلی خوب اَست. - This film is very good.)
Avoid phrases like kheyli bozorg-tar (خِیلی بُزُرگ‌تر); the suffix itself carries the full comparative meaning.
  1. 1Applying -tar/-tarin to Nouns:
The suffixes -tar and -tarin are specifically grammatical markers for adjectives and, in limited cases, adverbs. They modify qualities or the degree of an action, not concrete nouns themselves. You cannot attach them directly to nouns. For instance, expressing more books by saying ketâb-tar (کِتاب‌تر) is grammatically incorrect.
The Rule: -tar/-tarin modify qualities, not entities. To quantify nouns (e.g., more books), you would use expressions involving bishtar (بیشتَر) as a quantifier, such as ketâb-e bishtar (کِتابِ بیشتَر - more of book) or bishtar ketâb (بیشتَر کِتاب - more books), employing bishtar to indicate a greater quantity.

Real Conversations

Beyond grammatical rules, understanding how native Persian speakers deploy comparatives and superlatives in authentic, modern contexts is crucial for achieving fluency. These forms are integral to daily communication, opinions, and choices across various registers.

1. Daily Comparisons and Preferences (Colloquial Usage):

In informal speech, particularly when expressing preferences or making casual observations, the comparative -tar is used extensively. The verb ast (اَست) or hast (هَست) is very often omitted, especially at the end of a sentence.

- At a café: in ghahve az ân shir-tar-e. (این قَهوِه اَز آن شیرین‌تره. - This coffee is sweeter than that one.) *Note the colloquial –e ending instead of ast.*

- Choosing clothes: rang-e sabz zibâ-tar-e. (رَنگِ سَبز زیباتَره. - The green color is more beautiful \[than the other one\].)

- Discussing work: kâr-e diruz âsân-tar bud. (کارِ دیروز آسان‌تر بود. - Yesterday's work was easier.)

- Comparing prices (bazaar): gheymat-esh un-ja kamtar-e. (قِیمَتِش اون‌جا کَمتَره. - Its price is less there \[than here\].)

2. Expressing Extremes and 'The Best/Worst' (Formal and Informal):

Superlative -tarin is ubiquitous across all registers, from formal writing to casual social media posts, for ranking, expressing strong opinions, or highlighting uniqueness.

- On social media: behtarin ruz-e zendegi-am! (بِهتَرین روزِ زِندِگی‌اَم! - The best day of my life!) *Expressing strong positive emotion.*

- Reviewing food: in fasanjân behtarin fasanjâni-ye ke khorde-am. (این فَسَنجان بِهتَرین فَسَنجانیِ کِه خورده‌اَم. - This fesenjân is the best fesenjân I've eaten.) *ye is a common colloquial contraction of hast.*

- Complaining (social media/friends): badtarin Traffic-e tehrân-e emruz! (بَدتَرین ترافیکِ تِهرانِ اِمروز! - Today's Tehran traffic is the worst!)

- Formal observation: bishtarin tafâvot dar in naqshe dideh mi-shavad. (بیشتَرین تَفاوُت دَر این نَقشِه دیده می‌شود. - The greatest difference is seen in this map.)

3. Using bishtar (بیشتَر - more) and kamtar (کَمتَر - less/fewer):

These irregular forms are exceedingly common, functioning as both adjectives and adverbs to indicate quantity, frequency, or degree.

- Ordering food: yekam bishtar gush-t lotfan. (یِکَم بیشتَر گوشت لُطفَن. - A little more meat, please.) *bishtar as a quantifier.*

- Discussing habits: man bishtar ketâb mi-khânam tâ film bebinam. (مَن بیشتَر کِتاب می‌خوانَم تا فیلم بِبینَم. - I read books more than I watch films.) *Here, bishtar acts as an adverb meaning more often.*

- Negotiating (colloquial): kamtar nemi-tuni bedi? (کَمتَر نِمی‌تونی بِدی؟ - Can't you give it for less \[money\]?) *kamtar as an adverb modifying the verb give.*

4. Cultural Nuances and Politeness (Taarof):

While grammatical rules are universal, their application can be subtly influenced by cultural norms, particularly taarof (تَعارُف), the elaborate system of Persian politeness. Direct negative comparisons might be softened, especially in formal or new interactions, though positive superlatives are used freely.

- When praising, behtarin (بِهتَرین) is highly common and appreciated: behtarin ostâd (بِهتَرین اُستاد - best professor), behtarin shahr (بِهتَرین شَهر - best city). Such expressions are a standard part of expressing admiration and respect.

- While badtarin (بَدتَرین) exists and is used, particularly among close friends or in less formal contexts, speakers might opt for more indirect or softened phrases if they wish to avoid offending or being overly critical in certain social situations. This nuance reflects a broader cultural tendency towards indirectness in certain forms of negative communication.

These real-world applications demonstrate that -tar and -tarin are not merely abstract grammatical concepts but dynamic tools essential for expressive and culturally appropriate communication in modern Persian.

Quick FAQ

Here are detailed answers to frequently asked questions regarding Persian comparatives and superlatives, addressing common points of confusion for learners.
  • Q: Does the spelling of the base adjective change when I add the suffix?

No, the spelling of the base adjective almost always remains unchanged when you add -tar (تَر) or -tarin (تَرین). You simply append the suffix. For instance, sâde (سادِه - simple), which ends in a silent h (ه), becomes sâde-tar (سادِه‌تر - simpler) and sâde-tarin (سادِه‌ترین - simplest). The connection in writing is typically made with a zero-width non-joiner (\u200c), which creates a visual separation but indicates a single word phonetically. There are no significant stem changes or vowel alterations in the base adjective itself.

  • Q: Can I use -tar or -tarin with nouns?

No, these suffixes are exclusively used with adjectives and, in some specific cases, adverbs. Their function is to modify qualities or degrees of actions, not to directly alter nouns. For example, you cannot say ketâb-tar (کِتاب‌تر) to mean more books. To express quantities of nouns (e.g., more books or less money), you would instead use bishtar (بیشتَر) or kamtar (کَمتَر) as quantifiers, typically structured as ketâb-e bishtar (کِتابِ بیشتَر - more of book) or bishtar ketâb (بیشتَر کِتاب - more books), or pul-e kamtar (پولِ کَمتَر - less money).

  • Q: How many irregular adjectives are there, and which ones are most important?

There are only a few highly common irregular forms that are essential for A2 learners to memorize due to their pervasive use. The most critical is khub (خوب - good), which becomes behtar (بِهتَر - better) and behtarin (بِهتَرین - best). You absolutely must use behtar and behtarin for better and best. Other important ones include kam (کَم - little/few), which forms kamtar (کَمتَر - less/fewer) and kamtarin (کَمتَرین - least/fewest), and ziyâd (زیاد - much/many), which almost exclusively uses bishtar (بیشتَر - more) and bishtarin (بیشتَرین - most) in natural speech and writing. While bad (بَد - bad) technically follows the regular pattern (badtar/badtarin), it is often learned alongside khub due to their contrasting meanings and high frequency.

  • Q: Where does the superlative adjective (-tarin) usually go in a sentence?

In modern Persian, the superlative adjective (-tarin) consistently precedes the noun it modifies. This is a strict rule. For example, you would say behtarin film (بِهتَرین فیلم - the best film), not film-e behtarin. This pre-nominal placement distinguishes superlatives from most other adjectival constructions in Persian.

  • Q: Do I need to use the Ezafe particle (-e/-ye) with superlative adjectives?

No. When a superlative adjective (-tarin) is placed before the noun it modifies (its standard position in modern Persian), you do not use the Ezafe particle. This is a crucial distinction and a common error for learners. The Ezafe is typically used with comparative adjectives when they directly modify a noun (e.g., mashin-e jadid-tar - the newer car), but not with superlatives in their primary pre-nominal function.

  • Q: Is the -tar / -tarin system used in formal Persian, or is it only for informal speech?

This system is universally applicable and used across all registers of Persian. Both -tar and -tarin are employed consistently in highly formal written academic texts, literature, news broadcasts, and casual spoken conversations. Their forms and usage rules do not change based on the level of formality.

  • Q: How do I say less or fewer?

You use kamtar (کَمتَر). This irregular comparative form of kam (کَم - little/few) functions for both count and non-count nouns. For example, pul-e kamtar (پولِ کَمتَر - less money) or kamtar az diruz (کَمتَر اَز دیروز - less than yesterday).

  • Q: Can I use these comparative and superlative forms to describe people?

Absolutely. These forms are frequently used to describe qualities of people. For instance, javân-tar (جَوان‌تر - younger), ghad-boland-tar (قَد بَلَندتَر - taller), ba-hush-tarin dâneshju (باهوش‌ترین دانِشجو - the smartest student). The rules for formation and placement remain consistent regardless of whether you are describing an object or a person.

  • Q: What about adverbs? Can they take -tar?

Yes, a limited number of adverbs can indeed take the -tar suffix to form comparative adverbs, indicating a higher degree of an action or circumstance. For example, zud (زود - early) becomes zud-tar (زودتَر - earlier), as in zud-tar biâ (زودتَر بیا - come earlier). While less common than with adjectives, this usage is perfectly grammatical and natural for specific adverbs of time and manner.

Comparison Suffixes

Base Adjective Comparative (-tar) Superlative (-tarin)
بزرگ (Bozorg)
بزرگ‌تر (Bozorgtar)
بزرگ‌ترین (Bozorgtarin)
خوب (Khub)
بهتر (Behtar)
بهترین (Behtarin)
سریع (Sari')
سریع‌تر (Sari'tar)
سریع‌ترین (Sari'tarin)
گرم (Garm)
گرم‌تر (Garmtar)
گرم‌ترین (Garmtarin)
سخت (Sakht)
سخت‌تر (Sakhttar)
سخت‌ترین (Sakhttarin)
ارزان (Arzan)
ارزان‌تر (Arzantar)
ارزان‌ترین (Arzantarin)

Meanings

These suffixes modify adjectives to express relative or absolute degrees of quality.

1

Comparative

Comparing two entities.

“این سیب شیرین‌تر است.”

“او از من بلندتر است.”

2

Superlative

The highest degree of a quality.

“این بهترین کتاب است.”

“او باهوش‌ترین دانش‌آموز است.”

Reference Table

Reference table for ペルシア語の比較級と最上級：より〜、最も〜 (-tar, -tarin)
形容詞 (基本形) 比較級 (-tar) 最上級 (-tarin) 意味
بزرگ (bozorg)
بزرگ‌تر (bozorg-tar)
بزرگ‌ترین (bozorg-tarin)
大きい / より大きい / 最も大きい
خوب (khub)
بهتر (behtar)
بهترین (behtarin)
良い / より良い / 最高 (不規則)
گران (gerân)
گران‌تر (gerân-tar)
گران‌ترین (gerân-tarin)
高い / より高い / 最も高い
سریع (sari')
سریع‌تر (sari'-tar)
سریع‌ترین (sari'-tarin)
速い / より速い / 最も速い
کوچک (kuchek)
کوچک‌تر (kuchek-tar)
کوچک‌ترین (kuchek-tarin)
小さい / より小さい / 最も小さい
بد (bad)
بدتر (badtar)
بدترین (badtarin)
悪い / より悪い / 最悪
زیاد (ziyâd)
بیشتر (bishtar)
بیشترین (bishtarin)
多い / より多い / 最多

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
این بهترین است.

این بهترین است. (General)

ニュートラル
این بهترینه.

این بهترینه. (General)

カジュアル
این بهترینه.

این بهترینه. (General)

スラング
این تهشه!

این تهشه! (General)

ペルシャ語の比較接尾辞

形容詞

比較級

  • تر (-tar) 「〜より…」にあたる
  • از (az) 「〜より」という単語

最上級

  • ترین (-tarin) 「一番…」にあたる
  • エザーフェなし 名詞の前に置く

程度の変化

基本
گرم (garm) 暖かい
خوب (khub) 良い
比較級
گرم‌تر (garm-tar) より暖かい
بهتر (behtar) より良い
最上級
گرم‌ترین (garm-tarin) 最も暖かい
بهترین (behtarin) 最高

正しい語尾の選び方

1

2つのものを比較していますか？

YES
-tar (比較級) を使う
NO
次のステップへ
2

グループの中で1番ですか？

YES
-tarin (最上級) を使う
NO ↓

覚えておきたい不規則な形

⭐

「最高」グループ

  • • خوب (khub)
  • • بهتر (behtar)
  • • بهترین (behtarin)
📈

「最多」グループ

  • • زیاد (ziyâd)
  • • بیشتر (bishtar)
  • • بیشترین (bishtarin)
📉

「最少」グループ

  • • کم (kam)
  • • کمتر (kamtar)
  • • کمترین (kamtarin)
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レベル別の例文

1

این بزرگ است.

This is big.

2

این بزرگ‌تر است.

This is bigger.

3

این خوب است.

This is good.

4

این بهترین است.

This is the best.

1

او از من بلندتر است.

He is taller than me.

2

این ارزان‌ترین ماشین است.

This is the cheapest car.

3

هوا امروز گرم‌تر است.

The weather is warmer today.

4

این سخت‌ترین درس است.

This is the hardest lesson.

1

این پروژه مهم‌تر از آن یکی است.

This project is more important than that one.

2

او باهوش‌ترین فرد در کلاس است.

She is the smartest person in the class.

3

آیا این سریع‌ترین راه است؟

Is this the fastest way?

4

او مهربان‌تر از برادرش است.

He is kinder than his brother.

1

این پیچیده‌ترین مسئله‌ای است که دیده‌ام.

This is the most complex problem I have seen.

2

او موفق‌ترین تاجر در شهر است.

He is the most successful merchant in the city.

3

این پیشنهاد جذاب‌تر به نظر می‌رسد.

This offer seems more attractive.

4

او دقیق‌ترین گزارش را نوشت.

He wrote the most accurate report.

1

این عمیق‌ترین تحلیل از وضعیت موجود است.

This is the deepest analysis of the current situation.

2

او بااستعدادترین هنرمند نسل خود است.

He is the most talented artist of his generation.

3

این بحث‌برانگیزترین تصمیم بود.

This was the most controversial decision.

4

او ظریف‌ترین جزئیات را درک می‌کند.

He understands the most subtle details.

1

این بدیهی‌ترین حقیقت در فلسفه است.

This is the most self-evident truth in philosophy.

2

او فصیح‌ترین سخنران در مجلس بود.

He was the most eloquent speaker in the assembly.

3

این شگفت‌انگیزترین کشف قرن است.

This is the most amazing discovery of the century.

4

او بی‌نقص‌ترین اجرا را ارائه داد.

He gave the most flawless performance.

間違えやすい

Persian Comparisons: Bigger & Best (-tar, -tarin) 対 Bishtar vs -tar

Learners use 'bishtar' for quality adjectives.

Persian Comparisons: Bigger & Best (-tar, -tarin) 対 Ezafe with Superlative

Misplacing the Ezafe.

Persian Comparisons: Bigger & Best (-tar, -tarin) 対 Az vs Superlative

Using 'az' with superlative.

よくある間違い

✗

bishtar bozorg

✓

bozorgtar

Do not use 'more' as a separate word.
✗

bozorgtarin az

✓

bozorgtar az

Superlative doesn't take 'az'.
✗

bozorgtarin

✓

bozorgtar

Confusing comparative and superlative.
✗

az bozorgtar

✓

bozorgtar az

Wrong word order.
✗

in ketab-e bozorgtar

✓

in ketab bozorgtar ast

Missing the verb 'ast'.
✗

behtarin-e az

✓

behtarin

Redundant preposition.
✗

sari'tarin-e

✓

sari'tarin

Incorrect Ezafe usage.
✗

bishtar-e bozorg

✓

bozorgtar

Using 'bishtar' for quality.
✗

in-e bozorgtarin

✓

in bozorgtarin-e...

Incorrect superlative structure.
✗

sari'tar az-e

✓

sari'tar az

Incorrect Ezafe usage.
✗

bozorgtarin-e-tarin

✓

bozorgtarin

Double superlative.
✗

az-e bozorgtar

✓

az bozorgtar

Incorrect Ezafe usage.
✗

bishtar-tar

✓

bishtar

Redundant suffix.

文型パターン

این ___ از آن ___ است.

این ___ترین ___ است.

آیا این ___ از آن ___ است؟

او ___ترین فرد در ___ است.

Real World Usage

Shopping very common

این ارزان‌تر است.

Travel common

این سریع‌ترین راه است.

Social Media common

بهترین عکس!

Work common

این مهم‌تر است.

Food Delivery occasional

سریع‌ترین پیک.

Job Interview occasional

من دقیق‌ترین فرد هستم.

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⚠️

最上級のサンドイッチ

最上級と名詞の間に -e（エザーフェ）を入れないで！ «بهترین دوست»（親友）と言い、 behtarin-e dust とは言いません。
🎯

話し言葉のコツ

早く話すと behtarin の後に -e が聞こえることもありますが、まずは基本の「最上級 + 名詞」でOK！ «بهترین فیلم»（最高の映画）のように使いましょう。
💬

丁寧な比較

年上の人と比べる時は、 behtar（より良い）などを使って敬意を表すのがイラン流です。 «شما از من بهتر هستید»（あなたは私より優れています）のように使います。

Smart Tips

Always remember the 'az' sandwich: [Subject] + [Object] + az + [Adj-tar] + [Verb].

این بزرگ‌تر است. → این از آن بزرگ‌تر است.

Place the superlative adjective before the noun.

کتاب بهترین. → بهترین کتاب.

Check if you are talking about quantity or quality.

این بیشتر بزرگ است. → این بزرگ‌تر است.

Use 'aya' to turn your comparison into a question.

این بزرگ‌تر است؟ → آیا این بزرگ‌تر است؟

発音

bo-ZORG-tar

Suffix stress

The stress usually falls on the syllable before the suffix.

Rising

بزرگ‌تر؟

Questioning if something is bigger.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'tar' as a 'tar' (tar-get) that you are aiming to exceed, and 'tarin' as the 'in' (in-side) the winner's circle.

視覚的連想

Imagine a ladder. The middle rung is 'tar' (reaching higher), and the top rung is 'tarin' (the highest point).

Rhyme

For more, add tar, for most, add tarin, it's the easiest rule you've ever seen!

Story

Ali wanted the biggest apple. He looked at a small one, then a bigger one (bozorgtar), and finally found the biggest one (bozorgtarin) in the basket.

Word Web

bozorgtarbozorgtarinbehtarbehtarinsari'tarsari'tarin

チャレンジ

Find 3 objects in your room and compare them using -tar and -tarin in 5 minutes.

文化メモ

In spoken Tehrani, the final 'ast' is often dropped or shortened to 'e'.

These suffixes are of Indo-European origin, related to the comparative/superlative forms in Sanskrit and Avestan.

会話のきっかけ

“

کدام شهر از تهران زیباتر است؟

“

بهترین فیلمی که دیده‌ای چیست؟

“

آیا این ماشین سریع‌تر از آن یکی است؟

“

سخت‌ترین بخش یادگیری فارسی چیست؟

日記のテーマ

Describe your favorite city using comparisons.
Compare your two best friends.
What is the best thing you have ever eaten?
Compare your life now to five years ago.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Sign up free to see all tips

Test Yourself

「大きい」を意味する 'bozorg' を正しい比較級の形にして空欄を埋めてください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
2つの部屋を比較しているので、 az（〜より）と一緒に比較級の -tar を使います。
「一番良い本」という表現として正しいものを選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
ペルシャ語では最上級は名詞の前に置き、エザーフェ（繋ぎの音）は使いません。
価格を比較しているこの文章の間違いを直してください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
az（〜より）を使って2つのものを比べる時は、形容詞に必ず -tar をつける必要があります。

Score: /3

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the comparative form.

این سیب از آن سیب ___ است. (شیرین)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شیرین‌تر
Comparative form of 'shirin' is 'shirintar'.
Choose the correct superlative form. 選択問題

این ___ کتاب در کتابخانه است. (خوب)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بهترین
Superlative of 'khub' is 'behtarin'.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

این ماشین از آن ماشین بیشتر سریع است.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: این ماشین از آن ماشین سریع‌تر است.
Use -tar, not 'bishtar' for adjectives.
Transform into superlative. Sentence Transformation

این کوه بلند است. (Make it superlative)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: این بلندترین کوه است.
Superlative requires -tarin.
Is this rule correct? True False Rule

The suffix -tarin is used for comparing two things.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
-tarin is for superlative, -tar is for comparative.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: این لباس گران است. B: بله، اما آن یکی ___ است.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: گران‌تر
Comparing two items requires -tar.
Order the words. Sentence Building

است / از / تهران / شیراز / بزرگ‌تر

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: تهران از شیراز بزرگ‌تر است.
Standard structure: Subject + az + Object + Adj-tar + Verb.
Match the adjective to its comparative. Match Pairs

Match: 1. Garm, 2. Sakht, 3. Arzan

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Garmtar, 2-Sakhttar, 3-Arzantar
Correct suffix application.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
ペルシャ語に訳してください。 穴埋め問題

This coffee is hotter than that one.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: این قهوه از آن داغ‌تر است。
正しい語順に並べ替えてください。 穴埋め問題

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: او از من بلندتر است
形容詞と最上級のペアをマッチさせてください。 穴埋め問題

Match the pairs

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: خوب : بهترین, بد : بدترین, زیبا : زیباترین, کم : کمترین
「もっと」を意味する不規則な比較級を選んでください。 穴埋め問題

I have ___ money today.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بیشتر
「一番」という意味になるように空欄を埋めてください。 穴埋め問題

تهران ___ شهر ایران است。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بهترین
最上級の位置を正しく直してください。 穴埋め問題

من غذای خوشمزه‌ترین را خوردم。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: من خوشمزه‌ترین غذا را خوردم。
ペルシャ語に訳してください。 穴埋め問題

My phone is smaller than yours.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: گوشی من از گوشی تو کوچک‌تر است。
「もっと〜して」という副詞として正しいものを選んでください。 穴埋め問題

Choose the correct word:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بیشتر بخوان
身長を比較する言葉を選んでください。 穴埋め問題

برادرم از من ___ است。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: قدبلندتر
車の速さをランク付けする文章を作ってください。 穴埋め問題

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: این سریع‌ترین ماشین است

Score: /10

よくある質問 (8)

Almost all. There are very few exceptions in Persian.

No, the suffix is invariant.

Yes, 'bishtar' is for quantity, '-tar' is for quality.

Always use 'az' when comparing two specific things.

No, it often precedes the noun it modifies.

Yes, just add 'aya' at the beginning.

Yes, they are standard in all registers.

The suffix is still added directly.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish partial

más + adj / el más + adj

Persian is synthetic (suffixes), Spanish is analytic (separate words).

French partial

plus + adj / le plus + adj

Persian is synthetic (suffixes), French is analytic (separate words).

German high

-er / -ste

German suffixes change based on gender/case, Persian does not.

Japanese low

yori / ichiban

Japanese structure is completely different.

Arabic moderate

af'al / al-af'al

Arabic changes the internal vowel structure.

Chinese low

bi / zui

Chinese has no inflectional suffixes.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
ペルシャ語の代名詞接尾辞：私の、君の、彼の (-am, -at, -aš)

関連動画

ペルシャ語の文法：比較級と最上級の作り方 YouTube

ペルシャ語の文法：比較級と最上級の作り方

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