A2 · أساسي فصل 13

Mastering Negation and Prohibitions

6 القواعد الإجمالية
64 أمثلة
5 دقيقة

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the power to say no, express limits, and give instructions in Korean confidently.

  • Construct simple negative sentences using '안' and '-지 않다'.
  • Differentiate between unwillingness and inability using '못' and '-지 못하다'.
  • Formulate polite negative commands to guide others safely.
Say no like a pro in Korean!

ما ستتعلمه

Hey friend! You've already mastered a bunch of Korean words and sentences, right? Awesome! But have you ever wanted to say you *don't* eat something, *can't* do something, or absolutely *shouldn't* do something? In this chapter, we're diving into a super important and practical part of Korean: negation and prohibitions! First, you'll learn how to use '안' and '-지 않다' to say you *don't* do something – for example, "I don't drink coffee." Then, we'll tackle situations where you *can't* do something. You'll distinguish between expressing a genuine inability (with '~지 못하다') and politely declining due to circumstances or unwillingness (with '못'), like saying "unfortunately, I can't." These rules are like puzzle pieces, each filling a specific slot so you can accurately negate or prohibit anything you need. Imagine you're at a Korean restaurant and want to say, "I don't eat meat.

Or your friend asks,
Are you coming out tonight?
and you need to say,
No, I can't come" because you have other plans. You'll even learn how to give negative commands like "Don't touch this! or Don't worry!" By the end of this chapter, you'll confidently be able to negate any sentence, talk about your inabilities, and even give negative instructions to others, all correctly and appropriate for the social context. Ready to level up your Korean conversations? Let's get started!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Express personal preferences and decline invitations using correct negative sentence structures.

دليل الفصل

نظرة عامة

Hey there, language explorer! Welcome to a super practical and essential chapter in your A2 Korean grammar journey: mastering negation and prohibitions. You've already built a fantastic foundation in Korean, forming sentences and expressing yourself.
Now, it's time to learn how to say what you *don't* do, what you *can't* do, and what you *shouldn't* do! This skill is incredibly useful in daily conversations, whether you're ordering food, declining an invitation, or giving instructions.
Understanding Korean negation isn't just about swapping a positive verb for a negative one; it involves specific particles and endings that convey different nuances. We'll explore the versatile and the slightly more formal -지 않다 for general negation, helping you say things like "I don't eat meat or I don't like it." Then, we'll dive into expressing inability or unwillingness with and -지 못하다, so you can confidently explain "I can't go or I can't speak Korean well." Finally, you'll learn how to issue negative commands using -지 말다, perfect for saying "Don't worry!" By the end of this chapter, you'll have a robust toolkit for negating sentences accurately and appropriately, significantly boosting your conversational confidence. Get ready to refine your Korean!

كيف تعمل هذه القاعدة

Let's break down the core mechanisms of Korean negation and prohibition. First up, for general not doing something, you have two main options: "Korean Negation: How to use 'Not' () and Polite Negation: Saying 'Not' Professionally (-지 않다)". The short form, , is placed directly before the verb or adjective, but *after* the noun in compound verbs (e.g., 공부하다 (to study) becomes 공부 안 하다).
For example, 저는 커피 안 마셔요 (I don't drink coffee). The long form, -지 않다, is attached to the stem of the verb or adjective. This form is often considered slightly more formal or explicit than .
For instance, 저는 커피를 마시지 않아요 (I don't drink coffee). Both convey the same meaning but offer different stylistic choices.
Next, when you want to express inability or circumstances preventing an action, you'll use "I Can't! Korean Negation with 'Mot' () and Formal Negation: Cannot (-지 못하다)". Similar to , is a short form placed before the verb or adjective, *after* the noun in compound verbs.
It means cannot due to a lack of ability or an external obstacle. Example: 저는 한국어를 못 해요 (I can't speak Korean (well)). The long form, -지 못하다, is attached to the verb stem and also means cannot, often emphasizing a physical or circumstantial inability.
For example, 저는 한국어를 말하지 못해요 (I cannot speak Korean). While often interchangeable with , -지 못하다 can feel a bit more formal or literary.
Finally, for giving negative commands or prohibitions, we use "Negative Commands: Don't do it! (-지 말다)
. This ending is attached to the verb stem and means
Don't do X." It's crucial for telling someone not to perform an action.
For example, 걱정하지 마세요 (Don't worry). Remember to use the appropriate politeness level with the ending (e.g., -세요 for polite, -아/어요 for informal, -라/지 마 for casual). Mastering these forms will make your A2 Korean conversations much more precise.

الأخطاء الشائعة

  1. 1Wrong: 저는 안 공부해요.
Correct: 저는 공부 안 해요.
*Explanation:* For compound verbs (like 공부하다, which is noun + 하다), should be placed *before* the 하다 part, after the noun. It's not 안 + verb, but noun + 안 하다.
  1. 1Wrong: 저는 오늘 못 가요. (when you mean you don't want to go)
Correct: 저는 오늘 안 가요. (or 가지 않아요)
*Explanation:* specifically implies an inability or external circumstance preventing an action ("can't"). If you simply don't *want* to do something, or choose not to, (or -지 않다) is the correct choice.
  1. 1Wrong: 만지지 안 하세요!
Correct: 만지지 마세요!
*Explanation:* For direct negative commands ("Don't do X!"), you must use the -지 말다 form. 안 하다 is for stating that you *don't* do something, not for instructing someone else *not* to do it.

محادثات حقيقية

A

A

오늘 저녁에 영화 보러 갈까요? (Shall we go see a movie tonight?)
B

B

미안해요. 저는 오늘 시간이 없어서 못 가요. (Sorry. I don't have time today, so I can't go.)
A

A

이 음식 매워요. 안 먹을 거예요? (This food is spicy. Won't you eat it?)
B

B

네, 저는 매운 음식을 잘 먹지 못해요. (Yes, I can't eat spicy food well.)
A

A

저기 만지지 마세요! (Please don't touch over there!)
B

B

아, 죄송합니다. 몰랐어요. (Oh, I'm sorry. I didn't know.)

أسئلة شائعة

Q

What's the main difference between and -지 않다 for general negation in A2 Korean?

While both mean not, is generally shorter and more common in casual spoken Korean, often placed directly before the verb/adjective. -지 않다 is slightly more formal or literary and is attached to the verb/adjective stem.

Q

Can I use with any verb to say "can't"?

Yes, can be used with most action verbs to express inability or external circumstances preventing an action. However, it's not typically used with descriptive verbs (adjectives), where or -지 않다 would be used to negate the description (e.g., 안 예쁘다 - not pretty).

Q

Is -지 말다 always impolite?

No, the politeness depends on the ending you attach to 말다. -지 마세요 is polite, -지 마요 is less formal polite, and -지 마 is informal/casual. So you can give polite negative commands.

Q

How do I express "I don't like it" in Korean?

You can say 안 좋아해요 (I don't like it) or 좋아하지 않아요 (I don't like it). Both are correct!

السياق الثقافي

In Korean culture, the choice between / and -지 않다/-지 못하다 often subtly reflects formality and emphasis. While and are common in everyday, casual speech, the longer -지 않다 and -지 못하다 can sound a bit more considered or even slightly formal, especially in written contexts or when speaking to elders or superiors. When giving negative commands with -지 말다, it's crucial to use the appropriate politeness level (e.g., -지 마세요 for politeness) to avoid sounding rude, as direct commands can be perceived harshly if not softened.

أمثلة رئيسية (8)

1

저는 오늘 학교에 안 가요.

أنا مش رايح المدرسة النهاردة.

النفي في الكورية: كيف تستخدم "لا" (안)
2

그 드라마 안 봤어요.

أنا مشفتش الدراما دي.

النفي في الكورية: كيف تستخدم "لا" (안)
3

Jeoneun maeun eumsigeul meokji anayo.

أنا لا آكل الطعام الحار.

النفي الرسمي: -지 않다
4

Geu yeonghwaneun jaemiitji anayo.

هذا الفيلم ليس ممتعاً.

النفي الرسمي: -지 않다
5

저는 아침을 `먹지 않아요`.

أنا لا آكل الفطور.

النفي المهذب: كيف تقول 'لا' باحترافية (-지 않다)
6

이 시험은 `어렵지 않아요`.

هذا الامتحان ليس صعباً.

النفي المهذب: كيف تقول 'لا' باحترافية (-지 않다)
7

I can't eat spicy food.

لا أستطيع أكل الطعام الحار.

لا أستطيع! النفي الكوري باستخدام 'Mot' (못)
8

I can't watch Netflix because the WiFi isn't working.

مش عارف أشوف نتفليكس عشان الواي فاي فاصل.

لا أستطيع! النفي الكوري باستخدام 'Mot' (못)

نصائح وحيل (4)

⚠️

فخ الإملاء

أوعى تستخدم «않» لوحدها أبداً. دي دايماً بتكون جزء من الصيغة الطويلة. للنفي السريع والمختصر استخدم دايماً «안». مثلاً: «안 먹어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: النفي في الكورية: كيف تستخدم "لا" (안)
🎯

الأفعال الشاذة تبقى منتظمة!

مع '-지 않다'، الأفعال الشاذة (مثل 걷다، 덥다) عادةً تحافظ على شكلها الأصلي لأنها تُتبع بحرف ساكن (지). وهذا بيخلي الموضوع أسهل بكثير! مثلاً، الفعل الشاذ 걷다 (يمشي) لما تنفيه يصير «걷지 않아요.» (لا يمشي).
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: النفي الرسمي: -지 않다
🎯

ميزة أفعال 하다

مع أفعال 하다، ما بتحتاج تفصل الاسم عن الفعل زي ما بتعمل مع '안'. بس ضيف '-지 않아요' في النهاية. «공부하지 않아요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: النفي المهذب: كيف تقول 'لا' باحترافية (-지 않다)
💡

خدعة حفظ الوجه

لو مش عايز تروح مشوار، قول «못 가요» بدل «안 가요». كده بتبين إنك كان نفسك بس الظروف منعتك، وده ألطف بكتير في الثقافة الكورية.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: لا أستطيع! النفي الكوري باستخدام 'Mot' (못)

المفردات الرئيسية (5)

먹다 (meokda) to eat 가다 (gada) to go 보다 (boda) to see/watch 하다 (hada) to do 만지다 (manjida) to touch

Real-World Preview

utensils

Restaurant Order

Review Summary

  • 안 + Verb
  • Verb stem + 지 마세요

أخطاء شائعة

You cannot combine '안' and '못'. Choose one based on whether it is a choice or an inability.

Wrong: 안 못 먹어요
صحيح: 못 먹어요

Ensure you add the honorific suffix -세요 when giving commands to anyone but close friends.

Wrong: 가지 마
صحيح: 가지 마세요

Do not add -다 to the end of a polite sentence.

Wrong: 안 가다요
صحيح: 안 가요

القواعد في هذا الفصل (6)

Next Steps

You've done an incredible job today! Keep practicing, and you'll be speaking Korean naturally in no time.

Write 5 sentences about things you cannot do yet.

تدريب سريع (7)

رتب الكلمات عشان تقول 'أنا مش بذاكر'.

Arrange these words:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 공부 안 해요
في الأفعال الحركية اللي بتنتهي بـ -하다 زي «공부하다»، لازم «안» تيجي في النص بين الاسم و «해요».

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: النفي في الكورية: كيف تستخدم "لا" (안)

أكمل الجملة لتعني 'لا أستطيع الذهاب'.

저는 오늘 파티에 ___ ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가지 못해요
نأخذ جذر الفعل '가' ونضيف '지 못해요'. أما '가지 않아요' فتعني أنك اخترت ألا تذهب.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: النفي الرسمي: لا أستطيع (지 못하다)

املأ الفراغ لنفي الجملة بتهذيب.

저는 김치를 먹___ 않아요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
النمط هو جذر الفعل + 지 + 않아요. '먹다' تصبح '먹지'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: النفي الرسمي: -지 않다

ابحث عن الخطأ في هذه الجملة بصيغة الماضي.

Find and fix the mistake:

어제 학교에 갔지 않아요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 어제 학교에 가지 않았어요.
زمن الماضي يجب أن يُطبق على '않다' (않았어요)، وليس على جذر الفعل الرئيسي '가'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: النفي الرسمي: -지 않다

جد الخطأ في هذه الجملة.

Find and fix the mistake:

매운 음식을 먹지 안해요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 매운 음식을 먹지 못해요.
إذا كان السياق يوحي بعدم القدرة (بسبب الحرارة)، فإن '못해요' هي الأنسب. كما أن '안해요' لا تستخدم مع '지'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: النفي الرسمي: لا أستطيع (지 못하다)

املا الفراغ عشان تقول 'أنا مش باكل لحمة'.

저는 고기를 ___ 먹어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
كلمة «안» هي الظرف الصحيح اللي بيتحط قبل الفعل «먹어요» عشان يعبر عن النفي.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: النفي في الكورية: كيف تستخدم "لا" (안)

طلع الغلطة وصلحها في الجملة دي.

어제 친구를 안 만나요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 어제 친구를 안 만났어요.
بما إن الجملة بدأت بكلمة 'امبارح' (어제)، لازم الفعل يكون في زمن الماضي (만났어요) مع الحفاظ على «안» قبله.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: النفي في الكورية: كيف تستخدم "لا" (안)

Score: /7

أسئلة شائعة (6)

لأ، الكورية عندها فعل خاص لكده وهو «모르다». استخدام «안 알아요» بيبان مش طبيعي خالص للكوريين.
الجملة هتبقى غلط قواعدياً. في الكورية، أداة النفي لازم تيجي قبل الفعل اللي بتنفيه دايماً.
'안' أقصر، غير رسمية، وتستخدم غالباً في الكلام اليومي. أما '-지 않다' أطول، وأكثر رسمية، وتُفضل في الكتابة أو الأوساط المهنية. مثلاً: «저는 안 가요.» (غير رسمي) مقابل «저는 가지 않아요.» (رسمي).
تصرف الجزء '않다'. لذا '가다' تصبح '가지 않았어요' (لم أذهب). الفعل الرئيسي '가' يبقى كما هو. مثلاً: «어제 숙제를 하지 않았어요.» (لم أقم بالواجب أمس).
رغم أنها المعيار في الكتابة، إلا أنها شائعة في المحادثات المهذبة «-지 않아요». بتبين إن كلامك 'راقي' ومصقول. «맵지 않아요.»
'안' هي نفي قصير يوضع قبل الفعل (عفوي). أما '-지 않다' فهي نفي طويل يلحق بجذر الفعل (مهذب). «안 가요» مقابل «가지 않아요».