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A1 noun #2,581 پرکاربردترین 8 دقیقه مطالعه

記録

kiroku
تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 記録 در ۳۰ ثانیه
توضیح 記録 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you should think of 記録 (kiroku) as a simple word for 'writing something down so you don't forget it.' It is like making a note in your diary or writing your score in a game. You might use it as a noun ('a record') or with 'suru' ('to record'). For example, if you are studying Japanese, you might 'kiroku' the new words you learn in a notebook. It is a very useful word for talking about basic daily activities where you need to keep track of information. Focus on the simple pattern: [Something] o kiroku suru. This level is about understanding that 記録 is a physical thing you can see, like a piece of paper or a digital note, which helps you remember facts later. It is different from just 'thinking' or 'remembering' because it involves the act of writing or saving data.
At the A2 level, you can start using 記録 (kiroku) to talk about sports and simple history. You might hear it in phrases like 'sekai kiroku' (world record). You should understand that 記録 is used for official things, like the results of a test or the weather. For example, 'Today's temperature was a record high.' You can also use it to describe your hobbies, like 'I record my running distance every day.' At this stage, you should be able to distinguish between 記録 (the record itself) and 記録する (the act of recording). You might also encounter the word in simple news stories about athletes breaking records. It's important to start noticing that 記録 is often used with the particle 'ni' (into) when you are putting information into a book or a computer.
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At the B1 level, you should be comfortable using 記録 (kiroku) in professional and academic settings. You will learn more complex collocations like 'kiroku o nokosu' (to leave a record for the future) and 'kiroku o koushin suru' (to update or break a record). You will also see it in compound words like 'gijiroku' (meeting minutes). At this level, you should understand the nuance that 記録 implies objectivity and permanence. It's not just a casual note; it's a formal documentation of facts. You might use it in a work report: 'We must record the customer's feedback.' You should also be able to distinguish 記録 from similar words like 'touroku' (registration) and 'kisai' (mentioning/listing). Understanding these distinctions is key to moving toward upper-intermediate proficiency.
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At the B2 level, 記録 (kiroku) becomes a tool for discussing abstract concepts like historical preservation and data integrity. You will encounter the word in more sophisticated contexts, such as 'kiroku-teki na gouu' (record-breaking heavy rain) or 'koushiki kiroku' (official records). You should be able to use the word to describe the significance of archives in society. For example, 'Records are essential for maintaining social justice.' You will also learn about 'kiroku eiga' (documentary films) and how they differ from fictional movies. At this stage, you should be able to use 記録 in passive forms, like 'kiroku sarete iru' (it is recorded that...), which is common in historical or scientific writing. Your ability to use the word accurately in formal debates or written essays is expected.
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At the C1 level, you will explore the philosophical and legal implications of 記録 (kiroku). You will study how records are used in legal cases (evidence) and how they shape national identity. You should be familiar with technical terms like 'kiroku kanri' (records management) and 'denshi kiroku' (electronic records). You will also encounter the word in literature, where it might refer to the 'record of a life' or a 'chronicle of an era.' At this level, you should be able to discuss the ethics of recording, such as privacy concerns and the 'right to be forgotten' (which involves deleting records). You should also be able to use the word with high-level synonyms like 'shousai na kijutsu' (detailed description) to add variety and precision to your speech and writing.
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At the C2 level, you have a complete mastery of 記録 (kiroku) and its place in the Japanese linguistic landscape. You can use it to discuss complex topics like the historiography of ancient Japan or the challenges of long-term digital preservation. You understand the deep cultural roots of record-keeping in Japan, from the 'Kojiki' to modern corporate culture. You can use the word with extreme precision, choosing it over synonyms like 'shouroku' or 'chousho' based on the exact legal or academic context. You are also able to appreciate the poetic use of the word, such as 'kokoro ni kiroku suru' (recording in one's heart), and understand how it plays with the literal meaning of the word. At this level, 記録 is not just a vocabulary word; it is a conceptual framework through which you can analyze and describe the world.
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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

記録 در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • Kiroku means to document facts or data permanently in writing or digital form.
  • It is also the standard word for a 'record' in sports or competitions.
  • Commonly used as a suru-verb (kiroku suru) meaning 'to record' or 'to log'.
  • Essential for business (minutes), science (data), and history (archives).

The Japanese word 記録 (きろく - kiroku) is a fundamental noun and suru-verb that serves as the backbone of documentation, history, and achievement in the Japanese language. At its core, it represents the act of capturing a fleeting moment, a specific fact, or a set of data and transforming it into a permanent, retrievable format. Whether that format is ink on paper, bits on a hard drive, or a video file, the essence of 記録 is the preservation of truth against the erosion of time. In a linguistic sense, the word is composed of two kanji: 記 (ki), meaning 'to write down' or 'to chronicle,' and 録 (roku), meaning 'to record' or 'to copy.' Together, they form a powerful concept that spans from the mundane—like keeping a grocery list—to the monumental—like the official annals of a nation's history.

1. Documentation and Archiving
This is the most common usage. It refers to the systematic process of writing down events as they happen. In business, this might be the 'minutes' of a meeting (議事録 - gijiroku). In science, it is the data logged during an experiment. The focus here is on accuracy and objectivity. A 記録 is expected to be a faithful representation of reality, free from the biases of memory.
2. Sports and Competitive Achievements
In the world of athletics, 記録 takes on a more dynamic meaning. It refers to a 'record'—the best performance ever achieved in a specific category. When an athlete breaks a world record, they are said to 'update' or 'renew' the record (記録を更新する - kiroku o koushin suru). Here, the word represents the pinnacle of human capability, a benchmark against which all future efforts are measured.
3. Digital and Media Recording
With the advent of technology, 記録 has expanded to include audio (録音) and video (録画). However, the general term 記録 is still used to describe the storage of data on media like CDs, hard drives, or cloud servers. It encompasses the 'log' files that computers generate to track their operations.

「彼はその瞬間のすべてをカメラに記録した。」 (He recorded every detail of that moment on camera.)

— Example of media documentation

Historically, Japan has a deep-seated culture of 記録. From the 'Nihon Shoki' (The Chronicles of Japan) to the meticulous diaries kept by court ladies in the Heian period, the act of recording has always been seen as a way to establish legitimacy and preserve culture. In modern Japanese society, this manifests in the rigorous documentation required in bureaucratic and corporate settings. To 記録 something is to give it a place in history, ensuring that even after the participants have passed away, the facts remain accessible to future generations. This word is not just about data; it is about the human desire to be remembered and to understand the past through cold, hard facts.

Using 記録 (kiroku) correctly requires understanding its versatility as both a noun and a verb. As a noun, it functions as the object of many common verbs, while as a 'suru-verb' (記録する), it describes the active process of documenting. The grammatical patterns surrounding this word are quite consistent, making it a reliable tool for learners once the basic collocations are mastered.

The Verb Form: 記録する (Kiroku suru)
When you want to say 'to record' or 'to document,' you simply add 'suru.' This is used for writing things down, saving digital data, or filming.
Example: 「実験の結果を記録する。」 (To record the results of an experiment.)
Common Verb Pairings
  • 記録に残す (Kiroku ni nokosu): To leave a record. This implies preserving something for the future.
  • 記録を破る (Kiroku o yaburu): To break a record (usually in sports).
  • 記録を更新する (Kiroku o koushin suru): To update/set a new record. This is more formal than 'yaburu.'
  • 記録をたどる (Kiroku o tadoru): To trace back through records/history.

「この古い記録によると、ここには昔お寺があったそうです。」 (According to these old records, there used to be a temple here.)

In formal writing, 記録 is often used in compound nouns. For instance, 世界記録 (sekai kiroku) means 'world record,' and 公式記録 (koushiki kiroku) means 'official record.' When you are writing an essay or a report, using 記録 adds a layer of professional objectivity. It suggests that the information provided is not just an opinion, but a documented fact. In casual conversation, you might use it when talking about your 'log' in a video game or your 'stats' in a fitness app. The flexibility of the word allows it to transition seamlessly from the stadium to the laboratory to the living room.

You will encounter 記録 (kiroku) in a vast array of contexts in Japan, ranging from high-stakes news broadcasts to daily office interactions. Because it is a word that deals with facts and achievements, it is a staple of informative media and professional communication.

1. Sports News and Broadcasts
This is perhaps the most frequent place to hear the word. Announcers will shout, 「新記録達成です！」 (A new record has been achieved!) during the Olympics or baseball games. You will see tables of 大会記録 (tournament records) on the screen. It carries a sense of excitement and historical weight in this context.
2. Business and Government
In the workplace, you'll hear about 議事録 (meeting minutes) or 作業記録 (work logs). Managers might ask you to 「しっかり記録しておいてください」 (Please make sure to record/document this thoroughly). In government, the 'National Archives' are called 国立公文書館, but the act of archiving is often discussed using the term 記録管理 (records management).
3. Medical and Scientific Fields
Doctors keep 診療記録 (medical records/charts). Scientists focus on 観測記録 (observation records). In these fields, the 記録 is the primary source of truth and is treated with extreme care and precision.

「本日の最高気温は、観測史上最大の記録となりました。」 (Today's high temperature was the highest on record in history.)

Even in daily life, you might hear it when someone is talking about their smartphone's data usage or their 'call history' (発信記録). It is a word that bridges the gap between the technical and the personal. When you hear 記録, your brain should immediately switch to 'factual mode.' It signals that what follows is not a guess or a feeling, but something that has been verified and stored.

While 記録 (kiroku) is a relatively straightforward word, learners often stumble over its phonetic similarity to other words or its specific nuances compared to English synonyms. Avoiding these pitfalls will make your Japanese sound much more natural and precise.

1. The 'Kiroku' vs. 'Kioku' Trap
This is the #1 mistake. 記録 (kiroku) is a physical or digital record. 記憶 (kioku) is a mental memory.
❌ 昨日のパーティーの記録がありません (I have no record of yesterday's party - implies no photos/notes).
✅ 昨日のパーティーの記憶がありません (I have no memory of yesterday's party - implies you forgot it).
2. Overusing it for 'Music' or 'Video'
While 記録 is the general term for recording, Japanese has specific words for different media. If you are recording a song, use 録音 (rokuon). If you are recording a TV show, use 録画 (rokuga). Using 記録 in these cases is grammatically correct but sounds overly clinical or vague.
3. Confusing with 'Registration' (登録 - touroku)
記録 is about documenting facts. 登録 is about signing up or registering for a service. You 記録 your score in a game, but you 登録 your account to play the game.

「（間違い）私の脳にその出来事を記録した。」
「（正解）私の心にその出来事を刻んだ。」 (I engraved that event in my heart/memory.)

Another subtle mistake is the use of particles. Usually, you record *into* something using the particle に. For example, 「ノートに記録する」 (Record in a notebook). Using を here would imply you are recording the notebook itself (like taking a photo of it), rather than writing in it. Paying attention to these small details will elevate your Japanese from 'understandable' to 'proficient.'

Japanese has a rich vocabulary for different types of documentation. Understanding the subtle differences between 記録 (kiroku) and its synonyms will help you choose the right word for the right situation.

1. 記載 (Kisai) vs. 記録 (Kiroku)
記載 refers specifically to 'mentioning' or 'listing' something in a document or form. It is more about the act of writing down a specific item. 記録 is broader and refers to the entire collection of data or the act of preserving it. You 'kisai' your name on a form, but the form becomes part of a 'kiroku.'
2. 登録 (Touroku) vs. 記録 (Kiroku)
As mentioned before, 登録 is 'registration.' It implies adding something to an official list or system to gain status or access. 記録 is simply the act of documenting what happened. You 登録 a new car, and the police keep a 記録 of its history.
3. 履歴 (Rireki) vs. 記録 (Kiroku)
履歴 refers to a 'history' or 'log' of personal or machine activity. Your 'resume' is a 履歴書 (rirekisho). Your 'browsing history' is 閲覧履歴 (etsuran rireki). 記録 is the individual data point or the formal act of recording, while 履歴 is the chronological sequence of those points.

「この書類には、すべての詳細が記載されていますが、公式な記録ではありません。」 (All details are mentioned in this document, but it is not an official record.)

When in doubt, 記録 is usually the safest and most versatile choice. However, as you reach higher levels of Japanese, using specific terms like 議事録 (minutes) or 抄録 (abstract/summary) will show a deeper command of the language. Always consider the medium and the purpose of the documentation when choosing your words.

چقدر رسمی است؟

سطح دشواری

گرامر لازم

~を~に残す (To leave [something] in [medium])

~によると (According to ~)

~を塗り替える (To rewrite/break [a record])

~史上 (In the history of ~)

~を徹底する (To be thorough with ~)

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

ノートに記録します。

I will record it in my notebook.

Uses the particle 'ni' to show the destination of the record.

2

テストの結果を記録しました。

I recorded the test results.

Past tense of 'kiroku suru'.

3

これは私の記録です。

This is my record.

Noun usage with the copula 'desu'.

4

毎日、天気を記録します。

I record the weather every day.

Indicates a habitual action.

5

名前を記録してください。

Please record your name.

Polite request form '-te kudasai'.

6

古い記録を見ました。

I saw an old record.

Adjective 'furui' modifying the noun 'kiroku'.

7

ゲームの記録を保存します。

I will save the game record.

Object 'kiroku' followed by 'hozon suru' (to save).

8

ビデオで記録しましょう。

Let's record it with a video.

Volitional form '-mashou' expressing a suggestion.

1

彼は世界記録を破りました。

He broke the world record.

'Sekai kiroku' is a common compound noun.

2

会議の記録を読みました。

I read the records of the meeting.

Refers to meeting minutes in a general sense.

3

昨日の雨は記録的でした。

Yesterday's rain was record-breaking.

'Kiroku-teki' means 'record-breaking' or 'unprecedented'.

4

このカメラは4Kで記録できます。

This camera can record in 4K.

Potential form 'dekiru' (can do).

5

旅行の記録をブログに書きました。

I wrote a record of my trip on my blog.

Shows the medium 'blog ni'.

6

公式な記録は残っていません。

No official record remains.

Negative form 'nokotte imasen'.

7

彼は毎日、体重を記録しています。

He is recording his weight every day.

Present continuous '-te iru' for a habit.

8

新しい記録が作られました。

A new record was made.

Passive voice 'tsukuraremashita'.

1

議事録を後で送ってください。

Please send the meeting minutes later.

'Gijiroku' is the specific word for meeting minutes.

2

過去の記録を調べれば分かります。

You will understand if you check the past records.

Conditional form '-ba' (if).

3

彼は自分の人生を記録に残したかった。

He wanted to leave a record of his life.

'Kiroku ni nokosu' is a set phrase for 'leaving a record'.

4

このデータは正確に記録されています。

This data is accurately recorded.

Adverb 'seikaku ni' (accurately).

5

記録を更新するのは簡単ではありません。

It is not easy to update (break) a record.

Nominalizing the verb with 'no wa'.

6

裁判のために記録を整理しました。

I organized the records for the trial.

Purpose 'tame ni' (for the sake of).

7

歴史的な記録として価値があります。

It has value as a historical record.

'Toshite' means 'as' or 'in the capacity of'.

8

その事件の記録は抹消された。

The record of that incident was erased.

Passive voice 'masshou sareta' (was erased/deleted).

1

観測史上、最大の記録を塗り替えました。

It broke the record for the largest in recorded history.

'Nurikayeru' is a vivid verb for 'breaking/replacing' a record.

2

記録映画は事実を伝えるためのものです。

Documentary films are for conveying facts.

'Kiroku eiga' is the term for documentary.

3

彼は詳細な作業記録をつけている。

He keeps a detailed work log.

'Kiroku o tsukeru' means 'to keep a record/log'.

4

デジタル記録の保存期間が問題だ。

The storage period of digital records is an issue.

Compound noun 'hozon kikan' (storage period).

5

その選手は、驚異的な記録を打ち立てた。

That athlete established a phenomenal record.

'Uchitateru' means 'to establish' or 'to set' a record.

6

記録によると、その村は洪水で消えた。

According to records, that village disappeared in a flood.

'Kiroku ni yoru to' means 'according to the records'.

7

警察は犯人の通話記録を差し押さえた。

The police seized the suspect's call records.

'Sashiosaeta' means 'seized' (legal term).

8

この文書は非公式な記録に過ぎない。

This document is nothing more than an unofficial record.

'Ni suginnai' means 'nothing more than'.

1

公文書の記録管理を徹底すべきだ。

We should be thorough in the records management of public documents.

'Kiroku kanri' is a professional term for records management.

2

その発見は科学的記録として極めて重要だ。

The discovery is extremely important as a scientific record.

'Kiwamete' is a formal word for 'extremely'.

3

個人のプライバシーと記録の公開は対立する。

Personal privacy and the disclosure of records are in conflict.

'Tairitsu suru' means 'to be in conflict/opposition'.

4

彼は膨大な量の記録を後世に残した。

He left a vast amount of records for future generations.

'Kousei' means 'future generations' or 'posterity'.

5

記録の信憑性が厳しく問われている。

The authenticity of the records is being severely questioned.

'Shinpyousei' means 'authenticity' or 'credibility'.

6

そのデータは、当時の社会情勢を如実に記録している。

The data vividly records the social conditions of that time.

'Nyojitsu ni' means 'vividly' or 'realistically'.

7

デジタルアーカイブは記録の永久保存を可能にする。

Digital archives make the permanent preservation of records possible.

'Eikyuu hozon' means 'permanent preservation'.

8

彼は、自らの過ちを記録に留めることを選んだ。

He chose to keep a record of his own mistakes.

'Kiroku ni todomeru' means 'to keep/retain in record'.

1

歴史の記述は、常に勝者の記録であるという側面を持つ。

Historical writing has an aspect of always being the record of the victors.

Discusses the philosophical nature of historiography.

2

忘却に抗うための記録こそが、人間の文化の根源である。

Records as a means to resist forgetting are the very root of human culture.

'Aragau' (to resist) is a high-level literary verb.

3

ブロックチェーン技術は、改ざん不可能な記録を実現した。

Blockchain technology has realized unalterable records.

'Kaizan fukanou' means 'impossible to tamper with'.

4

その古文書は、失われた言語の唯一の記録として現存する。

That ancient document exists as the sole record of a lost language.

'Genzon suru' means 'to currently exist/survive'.

5

統計的な記録の集積が、未来の予測を可能にする。

The accumulation of statistical records makes future predictions possible.

'Shuuseki' means 'accumulation' or 'stacking'.

6

彼は、主観を排した純粋な記録の作成に心血を注いだ。

He poured his heart and soul into creating a pure record devoid of subjectivity.

'Shinkan o sosogu' is an idiom for 'pouring one's heart and soul'.

7

記録の断片から、かつての文明の栄華を想起する。

From fragments of records, one recalls the glory of a former civilization.

'Souki suru' means 'to recall' or 'to bring to mind'.

8

デジタル遺産の記録をどう扱うかは、現代の倫理的課題だ。

How to handle the records of digital legacies is a modern ethical challenge.

'Rinriteki kadai' means 'ethical challenge/issue'.

مترادف‌ها

記載 登録 記述 録画 書留

متضادها

忘却 削除

ترکیب‌های رایج

記録を更新する (Update a record)
記録を塗り替える (Break/rewrite a record)
記録に残す (Leave a record)
記録をたどる (Trace records)
公式記録 (Official record)
世界記録 (World record)
観測記録 (Observation record)
記録的な (Record-breaking)
記録を保持する (Hold a record)
記録に留める (Keep in record)

عبارات رایج

新記録 (New record)
大会記録 (Tournament record)
議事録 (Meeting minutes)
過去の記録 (Past records)
記録映画 (Documentary film)
通話記録 (Call history)
診療記録 (Medical record)
作業記録 (Work log)
記録保持者 (Record holder)
記録媒体 (Recording medium)

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

記録 vs 記憶 (Kioku)

Internal memory vs. External record.

記録 vs 登録 (Touroku)

Signing up/Registering vs. Documenting facts.

記録 vs 記載 (Kisai)

Listing an item vs. The overall record.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"記録を塗り替える (To break a record/start a new era)"
"記録に値する (To be worthy of record/notable)"
"記録に留める (To make a note of/remember formally)"
"記録をたどる (To look back through history)"
"記録を破る (To smash a record)"
"記憶より記録 (Records are more reliable than memory)"
"記録的な猛暑 (Record-breaking heatwave)"
"記録に残る名勝負 (A famous match that stays in the records)"
"記録の断片 (Fragments of history)"
"記録を抹消する (To wipe the slate clean/erase history)"

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

記録 vs

記録 vs

記録 vs

記録 vs

記録 vs

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

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نحوه استفاده

Sports

Focuses on the numeric achievement.

Business

Focuses on the factual summary of events.

Personal

Focuses on memories preserved in media.

اشتباهات رایج
  • Using 'kiroku' for mental memory (use 'kioku').
  • Using 'kiroku' for registering a website (use 'touroku').
  • Saying 'kiroku o kiku' for listening to a record (use 'kiroku o miru' or 'rokuon o kiku').
  • Confusing 'kiroku' with 'kiji' (article).
  • Misspelling the kanji for 'roku' (it has a gold radical).

نکات

Keep a Log

Try keeping a simple 'kiroku' of your Japanese study time to practice the word.

Pronunciation

Keep the pitch flat (Heiban) for a natural sound.

Formal Reports

Always use 'kiroku' instead of 'memo' in formal reports.

News Keywords

When you hear 'kiroku-teki,' expect to hear about extreme weather or big news.

Gijiroku

In Japan, the person who writes the 'gijiroku' is often the most junior person.

Particle Choice

Use 'ni' for the place where you write, 'o' for the thing you write.

Kanji Roots

Remember 'roku' (録) is also in 'rokuon' and 'rokuga.'

Sports Context

Associate 'kiroku' with the Olympics to remember its 'record' meaning.

Objectivity

Use 'kiroku' when you want to sound unbiased and factual.

Daily Habit

Label your study notebook as 'Nihongo no Kiroku.'

حفظ کنید

ریشه کلمه

Sino-Japanese (Kango)

بافت فرهنگی

Japan has one of the world's oldest continuous traditions of official history-writing (Rikkokushi).

Failing to keep a 'gijiroku' of a meeting is considered a major lapse in Japanese business etiquette.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"最近、何か記録を更新しましたか？ (Have you broken any records lately?)"

"日記を記録していますか？ (Do you keep a diary record?)"

"一番印象に残っている世界記録は何ですか？ (What is the most impressive world record to you?)"

"仕事で議事録を書くのは大変ですか？ (Is it hard to write meeting minutes at work?)"

"旅行の記録はどうやって残しますか？ (How do you keep records of your travels?)"

موضوعات نگارش

今日の自分の活動を記録してください。 (Record your activities for today.)

あなたが破りたい記録について書いてください。 (Write about a record you want to break.)

記録の大切さについてどう思いますか？ (What do you think about the importance of records?)

10年後の自分に残したい記録は何ですか？ (What record do you want to leave for yourself in 10 years?)

デジタル記録と紙の記録、どちらが好きですか？ (Do you prefer digital or paper records?)

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

It's better to use 'rokuon' (録音) for audio specifically.

Yes, it is a formal and objective word.

It means meeting minutes.

Yes, 'kiroku suru' is a common suru-verb.

Yes, historical documents are often called 'kiroku.'

Use 'kiroku o yaburu' or 'kiroku o koushin suru.'

Yes, it can refer to data logs or storage.

It means 'world record.'

Yes, a diary is a type of 'kiroku.'

In terms of action, 'masshou' (erasing) or 'sakujo' (deleting).

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خودت رو بسنج 90 سوال

/ 90 درست

نمره کامل!

برای تمرین رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید

محتوای مرتبط

واژه‌های بیشتر Work

欠勤

A1

غیبت از کار. عدم حضور در محل کار در ساعات مقرر.

管理

A1

مدیریت یا اداره چیزها یا موقعیت‌ها. 'مدیریت زمان بسیار حیاتی است.'

交代

A1

عمل نوبت گرفتن، تغییر نقش یا جایگزینی کسی. برای شیفت های کاری، تعویض های ورزشی و نوبت گرفتن استفاده می شود.

申請

A1

عمل رسمی ارائه درخواست به یک مقام یا سازمان برای اجازه یا خدمات. معمولاً شامل ارائه اسناد است.

協会

A1

این انجمن برای کمک به کودکان تاسیس شده است.

理容師

A1

یک آرایشگر مردانه دارای مجوز که موها را کوتاه کرده و صورت را می‌تراشد.

賞与

A1

پاداش یا پرداخت اضافی که علاوه بر حقوق معمولی به کارمند داده می‌شود، معمولاً دو بار در سال در ژاپن.

打ち合わせ

A1

جلسه مقدماتی یا بحث قبلی. برای هماهنگی جزئیات قبل از یک رویداد استفاده می شود.

業務

A1

وظایف، کارها یا عملیات خاصی که به عنوان بخشی از یک شغل حرفه ای یا فعالیت تجاری انجام می شود.

大工

A1

یک نجار حرفه‌ای که در ساخت و تعمیر سازه‌های چوبی تخصص دارد.

مفید بود؟

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