B1 · 中級 チャプター 22

Advanced Verb Forms and Patterns

13 トータルルール
140 例文
9

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the intricate beauty of Arabic verb patterns to express complex actions, states, and intentions with precision.

  • Construct advanced verb forms II through X to expand your vocabulary.
  • Utilize the passive voice and subjunctive mood for nuanced communication.
  • Navigate irregular root transformations in hollow and defective verbs.
Unlock the rhythm and logic of Arabic verb architecture.

学べること

Explore Arabic verb forms (أوزان) including Forms III-X, the passive voice, and the subjunctive mood.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Derive the active and passive forms of complex verbs from their three-letter roots.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to
Advanced Verb Forms and Patterns
for CEFR B1 Arabic learners! This chapter is your gateway to expressing more complex ideas and understanding the nuanced meanings embedded in Arabic verbs. Moving beyond the basic Form I, you will delve into a world where verb patterns, known as أوزان (awzān), dramatically change a verb's meaning, indicating actions like causation, reciprocity, reflexivity, and intention.
Mastering these advanced verb forms—specifically Forms II, III, IV, V, VI, and VIII—along with the passive voice and the subjunctive mood, will significantly expand your communicative abilities. You'll learn to articulate future plans using سـ (sa-) and سوف (sawfa), issue negative commands, and navigate the unique challenges of defective and hollow verbs. This chapter will empower you to move beyond simple statements and engage with Arabic in a richer, more sophisticated way.
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to form and understand complex sentences, express desires and conditions, and recognize how verb patterns shape meaning, making your Arabic much more expressive and accurate. This knowledge is crucial for fluency and for appreciating the depth of the Arabic language.

How This Grammar Works

This section details the mechanics of advanced Arabic verb forms and grammatical patterns, providing essential tools for expressing sophisticated ideas.
Arabic Future Tense: Planning with سـ (sa) & سوف (sawfa)
To express future actions, attach the prefix سـ (sa-) directly to the imperfect (present tense) verb, or use the separate word سوف (sawfa) before the imperfect verb. Both mean will but سوف (sawfa) often implies a slightly more distant future or a more formal tone.
سأذهب إلى السوق غداً.
Sa-adhhabu ilā as-sūqi ghadan.
I will go to the market tomorrow.
سوف ندرس العربية العام القادم.
Sawfa nadrusu al-ʿarabiyyah al-ʿām al-qādim.
We will study Arabic next year.
Arabic Verb Form II (فَعَّلَ / faʿʿala): The Doubled Pattern
Form II verbs often indicate intensification, causation, or making something happen. The middle radical of the root is doubled.
عَلَّمَ (ʿallama) - to teach (from عَلِمَ 'alima - to know)
هو يعلّم الطلاب.
Huwa yuʿallimu aṭ-ṭullāb.
He teaches the students.
Arabic Verb Form III (فَاعَلَ / fāʿala): Social & Shared Actions
Form III typically implies interaction, reciprocity, or an attempt to do something with or to someone. It has a long 'ā' after the first radical.
سَاعَدَ (sāʿada) - to help (from سَعَدَ saʿada - to be happy/lucky)
هي تساعد أصدقائها دائماً.
Hiya tusāʿidu aṣdiqāʾahā dāʾiman.
She always helps her friends.
Arabic Verb Form IV (أَفْعَلَ / afʿala): Making Things Happen
Form IV verbs are often causative, meaning
to make someone or something do X
or
to put something into a state of X.
It starts with an 'a' prefix.
أَكْرَمَ (akrama) - to honor (from كَرُمَ karuma - to be noble)
أكرم الضيف في بيته.
Akrama aḍ-ḍayfa fī baytihi.
He honored the guest in his house.
Arabic Verb Form V (تَفَعَّلَ / tafaʿʿala): The Reflexive Self Verb
Form V is often the reflexive or passive of Form II, indicating an action done to oneself or a gradual process. It starts with 'ta-' and doubles the middle radical.
تَكَلَّمَ (takallama) - to speak, to talk (from كَلَّمَ kallama - to address)
هو يتكلّم العربية بطلاقة.
Huwa yatakallamu al-ʿarabiyyah biṭalāqah.
He speaks Arabic fluently.
Arabic Verb Form VI (تَفَاعَلَ / tafāʿala): The Do It Together & Faking It Verbs
Form VI often expresses reciprocal action between two or more parties (doing it together), or pretense (faking it). It starts with 'ta-' and has a long 'ā' after the first radical.
تَشَاوَرَ (tashāwara) - to consult together (from شَاوَرَ shāwara - to consult)
تشاوروا حول المشروع الجديد.
Tashāwarū ḥawla al-mashrūʿ al-jadīd.
They consulted together about the new project.
Arabic Verb Form VIII (اِفْتَعَلَ / iftaʿala): The 'Intentional' Pattern
Form VIII often denotes an action done deliberately or for oneself, or acquiring something. It inserts a 't' after the first radical.
اِجْتَمَعَ (ijtamaʿa) - to gather, meet (from جَمَعَ jamaʿa - to collect)
اجتمع الفريق لمناقشة الخطة.
Ijtamaʿa al-farīq li-munāqashati al-khuṭṭah.
The team gathered to discuss the plan.
The Arabic Subjunctive: Expressing 'To' and Desires (أريد أن)
The subjunctive mood is used after certain particles like أن (an - that, to), لكي (li-kay - in order to), or حتى (ḥattā - until, in order to). It indicates purpose, desire, or possibility. The present tense verb's ending changes: a final damma (ـُ) becomes a fatḥa (ـَ), and the final ن (n) is dropped for dual, plural, and feminine singular 'you' forms.
أريد أن أدرس اللغة الإنجليزية.
Urīdu an adrusa al-lughah al-injlīziyyah.
I want to study English.
Arabic Passive Voice: It was done (فُعِلَ / يُفْعَلُ)
The passive voice is used when the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant. For past tense, the first radical gets a damma (ـُ) and the second gets a kasra (ـِ) (فُعِلَ fuʿila). For present tense, the first radical gets a damma (ـُ) and the second gets a fatḥa (ـَ) (يُفْعَلُ yufʿalu).
The direct object of the active verb becomes the subject (نائب الفاعل nāʾib al-fāʿil) of the passive verb.
كُتِبَ الكتاب أمس.
Kutiba al-kitāb ams.
The book was written yesterday.
Negative Commands: Don't do it! (لا + Jussive)
To form a negative command, use لا (lā) followed by the jussive form of the present tense verb. The jussive mood changes verb endings: a final damma (ـُ) becomes a sukūn (ـْ), and the final ن (n) is dropped for dual, plural, and feminine singular 'you' forms. Weak vowels are also dropped in specific cases.
لا تذهب الآن.
Lā tadhhab al-ān.
Don't go now.
Defective Verbs: When endings disappear (Naqis)
Defective verbs are those whose third radical is a weak letter (و or ي). Their endings can change or disappear, especially in the jussive and subjunctive moods.
هو يرمي الكرة. (Imperfect indicative - He throws the ball)
Huwa yarmī al-kurah.
لم يرمِ الكرة. (Jussive - He did not throw the ball)
Lam yarmi al-kurah.
Hollow Verbs: The Disappearing Middle Letter (Ajwaf)
Hollow verbs have a weak letter (و or ي) as their middle radical. This letter often disappears or changes, particularly in the past tense when a suffix begins with a sukūn, or in the jussive mood.
قال (qāla - he said) -> قلت (qultu - I said)
هو يقول الحقيقة. (Imperfect indicative - He says the truth)
Huwa yaqūlu al-ḥaqīqah.
لم يقل الحقيقة. (Jussive - He did not say the truth)
Lam yaqul al-ḥaqīqah.
Nouns from Complex Verbs (Masdars Forms II-X)
Each verb form (II-X) has a specific pattern for its verbal noun, or masdar, which functions like an English gerund or infinitive. Masdars represent the action or state of the verb as a noun.
تعليم (taʿlīm) - teaching (from عَلَّمَ ʿallama - Form II)
استخدام (istikhdām) - use, usage (from اِسْتَخْدَمَ istakhdama - Form X)

Common Mistakes

✗ أريد أن تذهبون إلى الحفلة.
✓ أريد أن تذهبوا إلى الحفلة.
Why: The subjunctive mood drops the final 'ن' for plural verb conjugations.
✗ لا تجلسين هنا! (To a single female)
✓ لا تجلسي هنا!
Why: The jussive mood for a singular feminine 'you' drops the final 'ن'.
✗ كُتِبَ القصة.
✓ كُتِبَتِ القصة.
Why: The passive verb must agree in gender with its subject (نائب الفاعل, nāʾib al-fāʿil), which is feminine here.
✗ لم يقول الطالب شيئاً.
✓ لم يقل الطالب شيئاً.
Why: In the jussive mood, the middle weak vowel of a hollow verb (like قال) is dropped.
✗ المريض لم يشفي.
✓ المريض لم يُشفَ. (Passive) or المريض لم يَشفِ. (Active, if referring to him curing someone)
Why: For defective verbs, the final weak letter is dropped or changed in the jussive. If it's a passive meaning was not cured, it should be passive voice (يُشفَى / يُشفَ).

Real Conversations

A

A

هل سوف تسافر الصيف القادم؟
B

B

نعم، سأذهب إلى مصر لأزور عائلتي. أريد أن أتعلم المزيد عن تاريخها.
A

A

رائع! لا تنسَ أن تجرب الأطعمة المحلية.

Translation:

A

A

Will you travel next summer?
B

B

Yes, I will go to Egypt to visit my family. I want to learn more about its history.
A

A

Wonderful! Don't forget to try the local foods.
A

A

ماذا حدث هنا؟
B

B

تمّ إصلاح السيارة أمس. كان المحرك يحتاج إلى صيانة.
A

A

وهل تشاورتم مع الميكانيكي قبل الإصلاح؟

Translation:

A

A

What happened here?
B

B

The car was repaired yesterday. The engine needed maintenance.
A

A

And did you consult with the mechanic before the repair?
A

A

لم أستطع أن أفهم الدرس جيداً.
B

B

لا تقلق! يمكننا أن نتشاور معاً بعد الدوام. لا تترك المشكلة تتراكم.
A

A

شكراً لك، هذا سيساعدني كثيراً.

Translation:

A

A

I couldn't understand the lesson well.
B

B

Don't worry! We can consult together after work. Don't let the problem accumulate.
A

A

Thank you, this will help me a lot.

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between *sa-* (سـ) and *sawfa* (سوف) for the future tense?

Both indicate the future. *Sa-* (سـ) is generally used for the near future or is more common in spoken Arabic, while *sawfa* (سوف) can imply a slightly more distant future or is preferred in formal contexts. In many situations, they are interchangeable.

Q

How do I know which verb form (e.g., Form II vs. Form IV) to use for a specific meaning?

Unfortunately, there isn't a simple rule; it requires memorization and exposure. Each form often carries a general semantic connotation (e.g., Form II for intensification/causation, Form IV for causation). Over time, you'll develop an intuition for which form fits a particular meaning from a given root.

Q

Is the passive voice used often in Arabic?

Yes, the passive voice is quite common in Arabic, especially in news, formal writing, and when the agent of the action is unknown or deliberately omitted. It's an essential part of expressing ideas concisely and formally.

Q

What is a *masdar* (verbal noun) and why is it important for advanced learners?

A *masdar* is the verbal noun of a verb, representing the action itself (e.g., teaching, understanding). It's crucial because it allows you to use verb meanings as nouns in sentences, which is common in formal Arabic and for expressing abstract concepts or continuous actions. Each verb form has its own specific masdar pattern.

Cultural Context

The intricate system of Arabic verb forms is a testament to the language's depth and precision. These أوزان (awzān) are not just grammatical structures; they are embedded in the very fabric of Arabic thought and expression, allowing speakers to convey subtle nuances with a single word. In classical Arabic literature, poetry, and even contemporary formal speech, the mastery of these forms is highly valued, reflecting a speaker's eloquence and command of the language.
For instance, the use of a Form III verb might imply a social interaction crucial in Arab cultures, while a Form IV verb could highlight the act of initiating or causing something, a common theme in storytelling and discussions of agency. The prevalence of masdars in formal discourse and academic writing also underscores a cultural preference for expressing actions and concepts in their abstract, nominal forms, contributing to the richness and elegance of the language. Understanding these patterns not only improves your grammar but also offers a window into the logical and aesthetic foundations of Arabic communication.

重要な例文 (8)

1

اِسْتَمَعْتُ إِلَى البودكاست في طريقي للعمل。

通勤中にポッドキャストを聴きました。

アラビア語第8文型 (اِفْتَعَلَ): 意図を表すパターン
2

اِشْتَرَكْتُ في قناتك على يوتيوب。

あなたのYouTubeチャンネルに登録しました。

アラビア語第8文型 (اِفْتَعَلَ): 意図を表すパターン
3

لا تَنْسَ مفاتيحك.

鍵を忘れないで。

否定の命令:「〜しないで!」 (لا + 要求法)
4

لا تَتَأَخَّرْ عن الاجتماع.

会議に遅れないで。

否定の命令:「〜しないで!」 (لا + 要求法)
5

Nasītu mafātīhī fī al-sayyārah.

車に鍵を忘れちゃった。

弱動詞:語尾が消えるとき (Naqis)
6

Al-duyūf mā mashaw, lissā qā'idīn!

お客さんはまだ帰って(歩いて)ないよ、まだ座ってる!

弱動詞:語尾が消えるとき (Naqis)
7

Taʿāwana al-farīqu li-injāzi al-mashrūʿ.

チームはプロジェクトを完成させるために協力しました。

第6形:「一緒にやる」&「ふりをする」動詞 (tafāʿala)
8

Tajāhalat risālatahu ʿalā al-WhatsApp.

彼女はWhatsAppでの彼のメッセージを無視しました。

第6形:「一緒にやる」&「ふりをする」動詞 (tafāʿala)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

「S」は「Soon」の合言葉

«سـ» は「Soon(すぐ)」や「Social(会話)」のSと覚えましょう。すぐやる事に使います。 «سأطلب الطعام الآن.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の未来形:sa と sawfa で予定を話す (سـ & سوف)
🎯

「u」の音がヒント!

現在形で動詞が「u」の音(yushā-, yusā-)で始まったら、ほぼ間違いなく第3形です。リスニングでこれを聞き取れたら、すぐに形を特定できますよ。例えば «يُسَافِرُ» のようにね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語動詞第3形:相互作用と共有のアクション (فَاعَلَ)
⚠️

第10形と間違えないで!

第8形の «اِسْتَمَعَ» (聴いた) は第10形に似ていますが、この 's' は語根の一部なんです!第10形は「求める」、第8形は「意識的に行う」と覚えましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語第8文型 (اِفْتَعَلَ): 意図を表すパターン
⚠️

自分自身には命令できないよ

自分に対して「〜しないでおこう」と言う時に «لا» は使わないんだ。代わりに «لِـ» を使うよ。命令できるのは「あなた」だけ! «لِنَذْهَبْ»。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 否定の命令:「〜しないで!」 (لا + 要求法)

重要な語彙 (5)

سوف (sawfa) will (future marker) أراد (arāda) he wanted تعلم (taʿallama) he learned (Form V) شارك (shāraka) he participated (Form III) فعل (fuʿila) it was done (passive)

Real-World Preview

calendar

Making Plans

Review Summary

  • sa/sawfa + imperfect

よくある間違い

The particle 'an' makes the verb subjunctive, requiring a fatha (a) instead of a damma (u) at the end.

Wrong: أريد أن أذهبُ
正解: أريد أن أذهبَ

Both are grammatically correct, but 'sa-' is more common for immediate future.

Wrong: سوف أذهب غداً
正解: سأذهب غداً

Passive voice requires specific internal vowel changes (damma then kasra).

Wrong: كتب (passive)
正解: كُتِبَ (passive)

このチャプターのルール (13)

Next Steps

You have conquered the verb forms! Keep practicing to make them second nature.

Verb Conjugation Drill

クイック練習 (10)

この文章の間違いを見つけてください。

Ana istikhdām al-internet.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ana astakhdimu al-internet.
主語 'I' の後にマスダルをメインの動詞として使うことはできません。現在形の動詞 'astakhdimu'(私は使う)を使いましょう。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 派生形動詞の動名詞 (Masdar 第II-X形)

現在形の正しい母音パターンを選んでください。

「彼は話す」を正しく言うと?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: yatakallamu (يَتَكَلَّمُ)
第5形の現在形では、真ん中の文字の母音は a(ファトハ)のままです。第2形や第3形のように i にはなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語動詞第5形:再帰的な「自己」動詞 (tafa33ala)

この文章の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Anā ta'allamtu al-darsa. (私はレッスンを教えました)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Anā 3allamtu al-darsa. (私はレッスンを教えました)
「教えた」と言いたい場合は、接頭辞の ta- を取った第2形 3allamtu を使います。 ta3allamtu は「学んだ」という意味になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語動詞第5形:再帰的な「自己」動詞 (tafa33ala)

「ふりをする」という意味の文はどれ?

「彼は病気のふりをした」という意味の動詞を選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: تَمَارَضَ (tamāraḍa)
第6形(tamāraḍa)は「〜のふりをする」というニュアンスを持ちます。mariḍa は本当に病気になったという意味です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第6形:「一緒にやる」&「ふりをする」動詞 (tafāʿala)

正しい第5形の動詞を選んで文章を完成させてください。

私の友人は去年大学を___(卒業した)。 (語根: kh-r-j → 第5形)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: takharraja (تَخَرَّجَ)
第5形の takharraja は「(自分が)卒業する」です。第2形の kharraja は「(誰かを)卒業させる」になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語動詞第5形:再帰的な「自己」動詞 (tafa33ala)

正しい相互の形を選んで空欄を埋めてください。

نَحْنُ ___ فِي المَلْعَبِ (私たちは遊び場で会いました - 語根: Q-B-L)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: تَقَابَلْنَا (taqābalnā)
「お互いに会う」には第6形の taqābalnā が適切です。qābalnā は単に「会った」、taqabbalnā は「受け入れた」です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 第6形:「一緒にやる」&「ふりをする」動詞 (tafāʿala)

'nasia'(忘れる)の正しい形を空欄に入れてね。

يا شباب، هل ___ الواجب؟ (みんな、宿題を___?)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: nasītum
「あなたたち(antum)」に対する過去形。語根の 'y' は残って nasītum になるよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 弱動詞:語尾が消えるとき (Naqis)

空欄に「助ける(s-'-d)」の正しい現在形を入れてください。

أَنَا ___ أَخِي فِي الْوَاجِبِ。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أُسَاعِدُ
「私(ana)」が主語の第3形現在形は、「u-」で始まり「ufā'ilu」のパターンになります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語動詞第3形:相互作用と共有のアクション (فَاعَلَ)

「共有する」という意味で第3形を正しく使っている文はどれ?

正しい文を選んでください:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شَارَكَ خَالِد الصُّورَة。
「シェアした」というインタラクティブな意味では、第3形の 'shāraka' が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語動詞第3形:相互作用と共有のアクション (فَاعَلَ)

動詞の間違いを見つけて直してね。

لا تبكي يا سارة.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: لا تبكِ يا سارة.
サーラは女性なので、女性の「あなた」の形 «تبكين» からヌーンを落として «لا تبكي» になるよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 否定の命令:「〜しないで!」 (لا + 要求法)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

時間的な距離とニュアンスです。 «سـ» はすぐ起こる日常のことに、 «سوف» は遠い未来やフォーマルな場面で使います。
単語 «لن» を使い、その後の動詞の語尾をaの音(ファトハ)に変えます。例えば «لن أذهب» (行きません)となります。
主な意味は「相互作用」や「共同」です。主語が誰かと一緒に、あるいは誰かに対してアクションを行うことを意味します。例えば «رَاسَلَ» (文通する) などがそうです。
接頭辞を「u」の音(yu-, tu-, nu-, a-)にし、最初の文字の後のアリフはそのまま、後ろから2番目の文字に「カスラ(i)」をつけます。 «يُسَافِرُ» (yusāfiru) のようになります。
語根の最初にアリフ、1文字目の後にターを追加する動詞のパターンです。基本の動詞に「わざわざ〜する」や「お互いに〜する」という意味を加えます。 «اِشْتَغَلَ»
主語が動作を行うだけでなく、その動作に深く関わっていたり、影響を受けていたりする状態です。受動態と能動態の中間のようなイメージですね。