A1 · 初級 チャプター 5

Describing Your World and Actions

4 トータルルール
47 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the power to describe your daily life and everything happening around you right now.

  • Master the base form of verbs for most people.
  • Understand the special 's' ending for he, she, and it.
  • Distinguish between routine habits and actions happening this very second.
From simple facts to living descriptions.

学べること

Let's learn to talk about what you and others are doing and what happens every day! We'll discover how to use action words correctly, like when to add -ing or «-s.» Get ready to describe your world clearly and easily!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: State facts about yourself and groups of people using the present simple.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Correctly apply the third-person 's' to verbs when talking about another person.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Describe what is happening in a photo or in your current environment using the present continuous.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Imagine yourself trying to share what you do every day, or tell someone what your friend is up to right now. This is where the magic of English grammar comes in! In this chapter, we're going to unlock the secrets of English describing your world and actions for beginners.
You’ll learn how to talk about your daily routines, facts about yourself and others, and even things that are happening right at this moment.
Mastering these basic structures is super important as you learn English A1 grammar. We'll look at how to use action words (verbs) when you talk about yourself (I eat), about groups (we play), and about single people or things (he works, she sings). We'll also dive into how to describe actions that are still in progress, like
I am reading
or
they are laughing.
By the end of this guide, you’ll feel much more confident describing your world clearly and easily, making your conversations much more vibrant!

How This Grammar Works

At its heart, talking about your world and actions means using verbs correctly. For actions that are habits, facts, or things that happen regularly, we often use the Present Simple. When you talk about yourself (I), or you, we, and they, it's super easy!
You just use the basic form of the verb. For example,
I eat breakfast every morning,
or
They play football on Saturdays.
This form describes regular occurrences that are true often or always.
Now, things change a little when you talk about he, she, it, or a single person/thing (like my sister or the cat). This is our special He/She/It Rule. For these, we add an -s or -es to the end of the verb.
So,
She drinks coffee,
and
He watches TV.
Knowing when to add -s or -es is key to sounding natural and correct.
But what if something is happening *right now*? That's where the Present Continuous comes in! We use a form of the verb 'be' (am/is/are) plus the -ing form of the main verb.
For example,
I am studying English,
or
They are listening to music.
This tells us the action is still in progress at the moment of speaking. Finally, we'll quickly look at the spelling rules for adding -ing to verbs, like changing dance to dancing or swim to swimming – it helps keep your writing and speaking accurate.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Forgetting the -s with He/She/It
✗ He like coffee.
✓ He likes coffee.
Explanation: Always remember to add -s (or -es) to the verb when the subject is he, she, it, or a single person/thing. This is a very common A1 mistake, but easy to fix!
  1. 1Confusing Present Simple and Present Continuous
✗ I am eat breakfast every day.
✓ I eat breakfast every day. (This is a habit/routine)
✓ I am eating breakfast now. (This is an action happening at this exact moment)
Explanation: Use Present Simple for routines and facts, and Present Continuous for actions happening right now or temporarily.
  1. 1Incorrect -ing Spelling
✗ I am swiming.
✓ I am swimming.
Explanation: For many short verbs ending in a consonant-vowel-consonant pattern, you often double the last consonant before adding -ing (e.g., run -> running, sit -> sitting). Also, remember to drop the 'e' from verbs like make before adding -ing (making).

Real Conversations

A

A

What do you do on weekends?
B

B

I play tennis, and my brother reads books.
A

A

Look! What is he doing?
B

B

He is drawing a picture. He draws every day, it's his hobby.
A

A

Where are you going right now?
B

B

I am going to the shop. We need some milk for breakfast tomorrow.

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I use the Present Simple in English to talk about myself?

For yourself (I), you just use the base form of the verb. For example,

I work in an office,
I learn English online,
I eat fruit for lunch.

Q

When should I add -s or -es to a verb?

You add -s or -es to a verb when the subject is he, she, it, or a single person/thing. For example,

He works hard,
She learns fast,
It eats a lot of food.

Q

What is the difference between

I eat
and
I am eating
?

I eat
means it's a habit or a general fact (e.g.,
I eat breakfast every day at 7 AM
).
I am eating
means the action is happening right now, at this moment (e.g., "Shhh, I am eating lunch now, I can't talk").

Q

How do I spell verbs ending with -ing correctly?

Most times, you just add -ing (e.g., read -> reading). If a verb ends in 'e', you usually drop the 'e' then add -ing (e.g., make -> making). If it's a short verb ending in consonant-vowel-consonant, you often double the last consonant (e.g., run -> running).

Cultural Context

Native English speakers use these patterns constantly, making them absolutely essential for everyday communication. While formal settings might prefer complete sentences, in informal chats, you'll often hear shortened versions like "She's working instead of She is working." There are very few regional differences in how these basic grammar structures are formed; they are universally understood across English-speaking countries.

重要な例文 (8)

1

I work at a coffee shop.

私はコーヒーショップで働いています。

英語の動作：私、あなた、私たち、彼ら (現在形)
2

You speak English very well.

あなたはとても上手に英語を話します。

英語の動作：私、あなた、私たち、彼ら (現在形)
3

He `drinks` coffee every morning.

彼は毎朝コーヒーを飲みます。

三人称単数のルール：動詞に -s や -es をつける方法
4

She `watches` Netflix on weekends.

彼女は週末にNetflixを見ます。

三人称単数のルール：動詞に -s や -es をつける方法
5

I am studying English right now.

私は今、英語を勉強しています。

現在進行形：今起こっている行動
6

She is drinking coffee.

彼女はコーヒーを飲んでいます。

現在進行形：今起こっている行動
7

She is `reading` a new book right now.

彼女は今、新しい本を読んでいます。

-ing形の綴り規則 (現在進行形)
8

My cat is `sleeping` on my keyboard again.

私の猫がまたキーボードの上で寝ています。

-ing形の綴り規則 (現在進行形)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

シンプルが一番！

「I」「You」「We」「They」の時は、動詞をそのままの形で使います。特別な語尾は必要ありません、これで完璧です！
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語の動作：私、あなた、私たち、彼ら (現在形)
🎯

「Does」の魔法

質問したり「～しない」と言ったりするときに「does」や「doesn't」を使うと、動詞についていた「s」はもういらないよ！「s」が「does」に引っ越しちゃったんだ。「Does she like pizza?」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 三人称単数のルール：動詞に -s や -es をつける方法
💡

最強のコンビを忘れずに！

am/is/are と -ing はいつもセット。片方だけだとタイヤのない車みたいですよ！ I am working.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在進行形：今起こっている行動
💡

「e」の音を聞いてみよう

動詞の最後に「e」があって、その「e」の音を「make」や「write」のように聞かないなら、それは「サイレントe」だよ。-ing をつける前に、この「e」は消すんだ。もし「see」や「agree」のように「e」の音を聞くなら、そのまま残してね！ "If a verb ends in 'e' and you don't hear that 'e' sound (like in make, write), then it's a 'silent e' and needs to be dropped before adding -ing. If you hear it (like in see, agree), keep it!"
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: -ing形の綴り規則 (現在進行形)

重要な語彙 (7)

eat to consume food work to do a job watch to look at something for a time run to move fast on feet write to mark paper with words now at this moment every day daily habit

Real-World Preview

phone

A Phone Call from the Park

Review Summary

  • Subject (I/You/We/They) + Verb (base)
  • Subject (He/She/It) + Verb + -s/-es
  • Subject + am/is/are + Verb-ing

よくある間違い

This is the most common mistake. Beginners often forget the 's' for the third person singular (he/she/it).

Wrong: He work in a bank.
正解: He works in a bank.

You cannot have an '-ing' action without the 'am/is/are' helper verb to show when it is happening.

Wrong: I reading a book.
正解: I am reading a book.

For short verbs with a 'consonant-vowel-consonant' pattern, you must double the final letter before adding -ing.

Wrong: He is runing.
正解: He is running.

Next Steps

You've just unlocked the most active part of the English language. Keep practicing by narrating what you see around you today. You're doing amazing!

Photo Description

Daily Routine List

Continue to: 自分のこと、もっと話そう！否定と質問で広がる日常会話

クイック練習 (10)

正しい現在進行形の文はどれでしょう？

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I am eating pizza.
主語 'I' に対応する be動詞は 'am' です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在進行形：今起こっている行動

「work」の正しい形を空欄に入れてください。

My brother ___ at a bank.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: works
「my brother」は「he」なので、動詞に「s」をつけます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 三人称単数のルール：動詞に -s や -es をつける方法

正しい形を選びましょう

I ___ (drink) coffee every morning.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: drink
現在形では、主語が「I」の場合、動詞は元の形（drink）を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語の動作：私、あなた、私たち、彼ら (現在形)

正しい -ing 形を使っている文を選びましょう。

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: They are swimming in the pool.
CVC（子音＋母音＋子音）で終わる1音節の動詞には、-ing を加える前に最後の子音を重ねるよ（swim -> swimming）。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: -ing形の綴り規則 (現在進行形)

文を完成させる正しい -ing 形を選びましょう。

My brother is ___ (study) for his big exam.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: studying
yで終わる動詞には、何も変更せずにそのまま -ing を加えるよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: -ing形の綴り規則 (現在進行形)

文の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

She wash her car every Sunday.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She washes her car every Sunday.
動詞が「sh」で終わる場合は、三人称単数で「es」が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 三人称単数のルール：動詞に -s や -es をつける方法

現在進行形の正しい形を選んでみましょう。

She ___ a book right now.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: is reading
主語が 'She' なので、be動詞は 'is' を使い、動詞に -ing をつけます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在進行形：今起こっている行動

正しい文を選んでください。

Choose the grammatically correct sentence about a cat:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The cat sleeps all day.
猫は「it」なので、「sleep」に「s」をつけます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 三人称単数のルール：動詞に -s や -es をつける方法

正しい文はどれですか？

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: We watch movies.
現在形では、主語が「We」の場合、動詞は元の形（watch）を使います。「watches」は「he/she/it」の場合で、「are watch」は間違いです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語の動作：私、あなた、私たち、彼ら (現在形)

間違いを見つけて直してみましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

They listening to music.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: They are listening to music.
be動詞の 'are' が抜けています。進行形には必ず be動詞が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在進行形：今起こっている行動

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

それは動詞の元の形で、これらの主語（「I」「You」「We」「They」）の習慣やルーティン、一般的な事実を話すときに使います。例えば、「I eat」や「We study」のように使いますよ。
それは動詞の一番シンプルな形のことです。-s、-ing、-edのような語尾はつきません。例えば、「walk」「eat」「study」などがあります。
いいえ。「they」が一人を指す場合（ジェンダーニュートラルな「they」）でも、動詞は常に複数形と同じ形をとります。例：「They look happy today.」
「have」は不規則動詞だからです。時間の経過とともに独自の形で変化しました。「He/She/It has」と覚えておきましょう。
「今まさにやっている最中」のことを指します。ライブ中継をしているようなイメージですね。 I am eating.
「主語 + am/is/are + 動詞-ing」で作ります。 She is studying.
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