A1 · 初級 チャプター 6

自分のこと、もっと話そう！否定と質問で広がる日常会話

4 トータルルール
46 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of asking questions and saying no to navigate daily life with confidence.

  • Form negative sentences using don't and doesn't.
  • Construct questions with do and does.
  • Describe current actions using continuous questions and negatives.
Unlock the power of conversation.

学べること

こんにちは！このチャプターでは、あなたの毎日をより詳しく、そして生き生きと伝えるためのステップを学びます。今までは「〜をします」という肯定文が中心でしたが、いよいよ「〜ではありません」という否定や、「〜ですか？」という質問に挑戦しましょう！ まずは don't や doesn't を使って、自分の習慣や好みを正確に伝える練習からスタート。次に do や does をマスターすれば、相手の趣味や仕事について自分から質問できるようになり、会話のキャッチボールがぐっと楽しくなります。さらに、「持っていますか？」と聞く have のルールや、「今、何してるの？」と尋ねる現在進行形の形もセットで覚えることで、表現の幅が一気に広がりますよ。 例えば、友達に「コーヒーは飲む？」と聞いたり、誘われた時に「今は忙しくないよ」と答えたり…。このチャプターを終える頃には、そんな日常の何気ないやり取りがあなたの言葉でできるようになります。難しく考えなくて大丈夫、私と一緒に一歩ずつ進んでいきましょう！

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use 'don't' and 'doesn't' to accurately express daily habits.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Formulate questions using 'do' and 'does' to interview a peer.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Discuss current activities in the negative and interrogative forms.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Mastering English talking about actions and habits is a cornerstone of A1 English grammar, and this chapter is your friendly guide! Imagine being able to share what you do every day, or what you *don't* do, without hesitation. That's exactly what we'll achieve here.
You'll learn simple yet powerful ways to say no to actions and habits, like "I don't like coffee,
and to ask straightforward questions such as
What do you do? or Is he working right now?" This ability to describe ongoing actions and regular routines will unlock countless simple conversations, helping you connect with others and talk about your daily life. Get ready to build essential communication skills that make your English sound natural and confident!

How This Grammar Works

At the heart of talking about actions and habits in English are a few key helper words that make questions and negatives easy. When you want to say you don't do something regularly, or someone else doesn't do something, you use do or does plus not (contracted to don't or doesn't), followed by the base form of the verb. For example, "I don't speak French, or She doesn't live here.
For questions about habits, do or does comes first:
Do you work? or Does he like pizza?"
When you use the verb have, which is super common, it follows the same pattern for questions and negatives. You always need do or does as the helper verb. So, it's
Do you have a car?
not
Have you a car?
and "I don't have a pet, not I haven't a pet."
Finally, for actions happening at this very moment – what you are doing right now – we use the Present Continuous. This involves a form of the verb be (am, is, are) and the -ing form of the main verb. To make it negative, you add not after be:
I am not working
or "He isn't reading.
To ask a question, you simply move the be verb to the front:
Are you listening? or Is she eating?" These structures work together to help you describe your world accurately, whether it's an everyday routine or something happening as we speak.

Common Mistakes

Learning new grammar can sometimes lead to small mix-ups, but that's part of the journey! Here are some common errors and how to fix them:
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    He no like coffee.
    /
    You have a car?
✓ Correct: "He doesn't like coffee.« / »Do you have a car?"
*Explanation:* Always use don't or doesn't for negatives, and do or does for questions about habits and with the verb have.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    I am not work now.
    / Are you study?
✓ Correct:
I am not working now.
/
Are you studying?
*Explanation:* For actions happening right now (Present Continuous), you need both the be verb and the -ing form of the main verb.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: "She don't live here."
✓ Correct: "She doesn't live here."
*Explanation:* Remember the 's' for third-person singular (he, she, it) with does and doesn't.

Real Conversations

Let's see these grammar points in action!

A

A

Hi Sarah! Do you work on Saturdays?
B

B

No, I don't work on Saturdays. I relax! Do you have any plans today?
A

A

Hey, what are you doing?
B

B

I am watching a movie. Are you busy?
A

A

No, I am not working right now. I don't have any meetings.
A

A

Does he live near here?
B

B

No, he doesn't live near here. He lives far away.
A

A

Oh. Does he have a car?
B

B

Yes, he does. He drives to work every day.

Quick FAQ

Q

When do I use don't versus doesn't?

You use don't for I, you, we, they (e.g., "I don't like that"). You use doesn't for he, she, it (e.g., "He doesn't like that"). It depends on who is doing the action.

Q

Can I use do for questions about actions happening 'right now'?

No, for actions happening 'right now', you use a form of be and the -ing verb. For example,

Are you reading?
not
Do you read?
(unless you mean 'Do you read generally?').

Q

Why do we say

Do you have
instead of
Have you
for questions about possession?

In modern English, especially American English, do/does is almost always used as the helper verb for questions and negatives with have when it means possession. While

Have you a car?
might be understood,
Do you have a car?
is much more common and natural.

Q

What's the main difference between "I don't work and I am not working"?

"I don't work

talks about a habit or general fact (e.g.,
I don't have a job«). »I am not working
talks about an action that is not happening at this specific moment (e.g.,
I am not working *right now*").

Cultural Context

Native English speakers use these patterns constantly in daily conversation. You'll often hear contractions like don't and doesn't because they make speech flow more smoothly. While some older or more formal varieties of British English might still use Have you...? for possession, using do/does with have for questions and negatives is overwhelmingly common and natural in contemporary English everywhere.
Don't be afraid to use these helper verbs – they sound very natural!

重要な例文 (8)

1

I don't eat meat.

私は肉を食べません。

英語で「いいえ」と言う：Don't & Doesn't
2

You don't need to hurry.

急ぐ必要はありません。

英語で「いいえ」と言う：Don't & Doesn't
3

Do you live in a big city?

大きな街に住んでいますか？

質問の仕方: Do と Does (現在形疑問文)
4

Does she like to cook dinner?

彼女は夕食を作るのが好きですか？

質問の仕方: Do と Does (現在形疑問文)
5

I don't have a car for the trip.

旅行に車を持っていません。

動詞 'have': 疑問文と否定文 (do/does)
6

Do you have a pen I can borrow?

ペン貸してくれる？

動詞 'have': 疑問文と否定文 (do/does)
7

I'm not listening to music right now.

今は音楽を聴いていません。

現在進行形: 否定文と疑問文 (私は働いていますか？)
8

Are you working on your project this evening?

今日の夕方、プロジェクトを進めているの？

現在進行形: 否定文と疑問文 (私は働いていますか？)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

単数には「S」を意識してね

「doesn't」の「S」を思い出して、「彼 (he)」「彼女 (she)」「それ (it)」のような単数の主語と繋げて考えてみてね。もし主語が「I」「You」「We」「They」みたいに「S」の音がないなら、「don't」を使うんだよ！ "He doesn't like pizza."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語で「いいえ」と言う：Don't & Doesn't
💡

動詞の元の形ルール

「do」や「does」の後は、動詞は必ず元の形（ベースフォーム）を使います。 「do」や「does」が時制や主語の情報を教えてくれるので、動詞はシンプルなままでOKです！
Do you *eat* pizza?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 質問の仕方: Do と Does (現在形疑問文)
💡

短い答えを練習しよう

Yes, I do. や No, she doesn't. のような短い答えは、英語の会話でよく使われます。do/does have を使った質問に自然に答えるために、たくさん練習しましょう！
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動詞 'have': 疑問文と否定文 (do/does)
💡

Be動詞を見つけよう！

まずは am, is, are を探して！否定ならその後に not を置くだけ、疑問なら文の先頭にジャンプさせるだけです:
Is he playing a game?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在進行形: 否定文と疑問文 (私は働いていますか？)

重要な語彙 (6)

work to perform tasks have to possess study to learn drink to consume liquid now at this moment breakfast morning meal

Real-World Preview

coffee

At the Office

Review Summary

  • Subject + don't/doesn't + verb
  • Do/Does + subject + verb?
  • Do/Does + subject + have?
  • Am/Is/Are + subject + verb-ing?

よくある間違い

When using 'does', the main verb loses the 's'. The auxiliary takes all the work.

Wrong: Does he works here?
正解: Does he work here?

To ask a question, start with 'Do'. Don't just add a question mark to a statement.

Wrong: I don't have a car? (as a question)
正解: Do you have a car?

Present continuous requires the -ing ending. Without it, the sentence is grammatically incomplete.

Wrong: Are you work?
正解: Are you working?

Next Steps

You are building a fantastic foundation. Keep practicing, and don't stop asking questions!

Watch a short English interview and note the questions used.

Continue to: Asking Questions and Saying No

クイック練習 (10)

文の間違いを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

He doesn't has a bicycle.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He doesn't have a bicycle.
「does」が使われるとき、主動詞「have」は原型でなければなりません。したがって、「has」は「have」に変わります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動詞 'have': 疑問文と否定文 (do/does)

質問に合う正しい助動詞を選びましょう。

___ your friends live nearby?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Do
「your friends」は複数主語（they）なので、「Do」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 質問の仕方: Do と Does (現在形疑問文)

所有について正しく尋ねている文はどれですか？

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Does she have a sister?
「she」には「does」を使います。「does」の後は、動詞「have」は常に原型であり、「has」ではありません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動詞 'have': 疑問文と否定文 (do/does)

習慣について正しく質問している文を選びましょう。

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Does she study English?
「she」には「does」が必要です。そして、主要な動詞「study」は元の形にする必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 質問の仕方: Do と Does (現在形疑問文)

今行われている行動について正しく質問している文はどれ？

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Are you studying for your exam?
現在進行形の疑問文は、 'are' を主語 'you' の前に出し、動詞を '-ing' 形にします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在進行形: 否定文と疑問文 (私は働いていますか？)

文の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

She don't speaks Spanish.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She doesn't speak Spanish.
「she」には「doesn't」を使います。さらに、「doesn't」の後ろの主な動詞（speak）は「-s」なしの元の形である必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語で「いいえ」と言う：Don't & Doesn't

文を完成させる正しい形を選んでください。

My phone ___ a good camera.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: doesn't have
主語の「My phone」は「it」なので、「doesn't」を使います。「doesn't」の後は、動詞の原型「have」が常に使われます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動詞 'have': 疑問文と否定文 (do/does)

否定文を完成させるために、正しい形を選んでください。

My phone ___ charging right now.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: isn't
主語が 'My phone' (単数) なので、 is not の短縮形である 'isn't' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在進行形: 否定文と疑問文 (私は働いていますか？)

文を完成させる正しい形を選んでください。

My cat ___ like water.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: doesn't
主語の「My cat」は単数形（it）だから、「doesn't」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語で「いいえ」と言う：Don't & Doesn't

文の間違いを見つけて修正しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

Does he works on weekends?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Does he work on weekends?
「does」の後は、主要な動詞は元の形（「work」）でなければなりません。「works」ではありません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 質問の仕方: Do と Does (現在形疑問文)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

これらは、現在形での動詞を否定形にするために使うんだよ。ある行動や習慣が「起こらない」ことを示すんだ。まるで、普段の行動に対する「No」の言葉だと思ってね。
「I」「you」「we」「they」や、複数の名詞 (例えば、「students」「my parents」) と一緒に「don't」を使うよ。「We don't understand.」
「do」と「does」は、現在の習慣、ルーティン、または一般的な事実について「yes/no」の質問をするための助動詞として機能します。 「Do you live here?」（ここに住んでいますか？）のように、質問であることを示します。
「I」「you」「we」「they」（および複数の名詞）には「do」を使います。 「he」「she」「it」（および単数の名詞）には「does」を使います。 例えば、「Do you like apples?」ですが、「Does he like apples?」となります。
「have」が所有を表す一般動詞として使われるとき、他のほとんどの英語の動詞と同じように振る舞います。「be動詞」が自分で疑問文や否定文を作れるのとは異なり、「have」は「do」または「does」という助動詞を必要とします。
意味に違いはありません！「do not have」は完全な形ですが、「don't have」は短縮形です。「Don't have」は普段の会話や非公式な文章で非常によく使われ、会話をより自然に聞こえさせます。
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Describing Your World and Actions
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Asking Questions and Saying No
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