A1 · 初級 チャプター 4

Identifying People and Objects

3 トータルルール
33 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of pointing things out and talking about people with precision and ease.

  • Identify the correct subject to use in your sentences.
  • Use object pronouns to describe who receives an action.
  • Distinguish between near and far objects using demonstratives.
Point, name, and connect with the world around you.

学べること

Get ready to chat about the world around you! We'll explore how to use words like 'this' and 'that' to point things out, and understand how to talk about 'him' or 'her' correctly when they receive the action. You'll be describing everything with confidence!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Correctly use subject and object pronouns to describe social interactions.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Use 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those' to identify physical items in your environment.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Ever wanted to tell someone about your new friend, or maybe point out a delicious-looking pastry in a cafe? This chapter is your trusty guide to doing just that! It's all about making your conversations clear and simple when you want to talk about people and things around you.
We're diving into the basics of English identifying people and objects for beginners, giving you the tools to chat about who is doing an action (like 'I' or 'she') and who is receiving an action (like 'me' or 'him'). Plus, you'll master those handy pointing words like this and that to show exactly what you mean. Learning these simple patterns is super important for an A1 level because it helps you build foundational sentences and express yourself easily in everyday situations.
Get ready to feel more confident as you learn English A1 grammar and describe your world with clarity!

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down how to talk about people and things in English!
First, we have Subject Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they. These words are like the star of your sentence – they are the ones *doing* the action. For example, instead of saying
John eats an apple,
we can say
He eats an apple.
Or,
We like pizza.
They help you avoid repeating names and keep sentences smooth and natural.
Next, meet Object Pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them. These pronouns are the ones *receiving* the action. They usually come after a verb (the action word) or a preposition (like to, for, with).
Think about it: if someone gives something, someone else receives it. So, you might say,
She sees him
(he receives the seeing) or
Can you give the book to me?
(I receive the giving).
Finally, let's talk about our pointing words: This, That, These, Those. These are super handy for showing *where* something is and *how many* there are.
  • Use This for one thing that is close to you.
    Look at this phone.
  • Use That for one thing that is far from you.
    Is that your car?
  • Use These for many things that are close to you.
    These are my friends.
  • Use Those for many things that are far from you.
    Those flowers are beautiful.
You can use these words to point to objects, and then use pronouns to talk about them later! For instance,
Look at this book. It is good.
See how they all connect to make your English clearer?

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Mixing Subject and Object Pronouns
✗ She likes I.
✓ She likes me.
Explanation: Remember, the person *doing* the action uses a subject pronoun (she), and the person *receiving* the action uses an object pronoun (me). You can't like «I,» but you can like me.
  1. 1Using This/That with Plural Nouns
✗ This are my friends.
✓ These are my friends.
Explanation: This and that are for *one* thing (singular). When you have *many* things (plural), use these (close) or those (far).
  1. 1Confusing Near and Far Pointing Words
✗ Look at this mountain way over there!
✓ Look at that mountain way over there!
Explanation: If something is far away (like way over there), use that (for one thing) or those (for many things). Save this and these for things close to you.

Real Conversations

Dialogue 1: At a Café

A

A

Excuse me, is this my coffee?
B

B

Oh, no. That coffee is for him. Your latte is on its way!

Dialogue 2: Introducing Friends

A

A

Hi Mark! These are my friends, Emily and Tom. They just arrived.
B

B

Nice to meet them! So, you all know each other from school?

Dialogue 3: Shopping

A

A

I like this shirt. Do you think it will fit me?
B

B

Hmm, it looks a bit small. What about that one, the blue one?
A

A

Oh, yes! That looks much better. My sister likes blue too; maybe I will buy it for her.

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I choose between this and that in English?

Use this for singular items *close* to you. Use that for singular items *far* from you. For example, "This is my phone (it's in my hand), but That is your car (it's across the street)."

Q

What's the main difference between subject and object pronouns?

Subject pronouns (I, he, she, we, they) *do* the action in a sentence. Object pronouns (me, him, her, us, them) *receive* the action or come after a preposition. For example:

She (subject) saw him (object).

Q

When should I use him instead of he in English?

Use him when the person is the *receiver* of an action or when it comes after a preposition. For example,

I gave the book to him
or
She called him.
Use he when the person is *doing* the action, like
He is here.

Q

Can I use

it
to talk about a person?

Generally, no. We use it for objects, animals, or general ideas. For people, always use he or she (subject) or him or her (object). Using

it
for a person can sound very impersonal or even rude.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers use these pronouns and pointing words constantly in everyday chat. In informal speech, you might hear people shorten things, but the core grammar of who does what and what is where stays the same. For example, pointing with your finger when you say
this
or
that
is very common and natural!
Don't be afraid to use them often – they make your English clear and direct.

重要な例文 (6)

1

`I` am studying for my exam tonight.

今夜、私は試験のために勉強しています。

英語の主語代名詞 (I, you, he...)
2

`You` look great in that new jacket!

その新しいジャケット、とても似合っていますね！

英語の主語代名詞 (I, you, he...)
3

Can you help `me` with this TikTok dance?

このTikTokダンス、手伝ってくれますか？

英語の目的格代名詞：me, you, him, her（動作を受ける言葉）
4

I'll call `you` on Zoom later tonight.

今夜、後でZoomで電話しますね。

英語の目的格代名詞：me, you, him, her（動作を受ける言葉）
5

Is `this` your water bottle?

これはあなたの水筒ですか？

これ、あれ、それ (This, That, These, Those): 指示代名詞
6

Look at `that` sunset!

あの夕焼けを見て！

これ、あれ、それ (This, That, These, Those): 指示代名詞

ヒントとコツ (3)

💡

「I」はいつも大文字

文のどこにあっても、「I」（私）はいつも大文字で書きます。これは「I」だけの特別なルールです。忘れないでね！ I am happy.のように使います。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語の主語代名詞 (I, you, he...)
💡

「O」のヒント

「Object（目的語）」は「Outcome（結果）」の「O」と覚えてください。大抵、文の最後にきます。「I see him.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語の目的格代名詞：me, you, him, her（動作を受ける言葉）
🎯

電話のルール

電話で話す時、自分自身は「this」を使って、「Hello, this is John.」と言います。相手のことは「that」で「Is that Mary?」のように言いますよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: これ、あれ、それ (This, That, These, Those): 指示代名詞

重要な語彙 (6)

me receiver of action him male receiver her female receiver this near singular those far plural they plural subject

Real-World Preview

shopping-cart

Shopping for gifts

Review Summary

  • Pronoun + Verb
  • Verb + Pronoun
  • Demonstrative + Verb + Noun

よくある間違い

You should use 'I' because you are the one doing the action. 'Me' is only for receiving actions.

Wrong: Me like this book.
正解: I like this book.

Since he is receiving the action of being seen, you must use the object form 'him'.

Wrong: I see he.
正解: I see him.

Use 'This' for singular items. 'These' is only for plural items.

Wrong: These is my pen.
正解: This is my pen.

Next Steps

You have done an excellent job mastering these basics. Keep practicing, and you will be speaking fluently in no time!

Label items in your house using sticky notes.

Continue to: Describing Your World and Actions

クイック練習 (9)

テキストメッセージに一番合う、正しい文を選んでください。

Choose the best sentence for a text message:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Can you help me?
動詞「help」の後には目的格代名詞「me」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語の目的格代名詞：me, you, him, her（動作を受ける言葉）

主語の代名詞が正しく使われている文を選んでください。

正しい文を選びなさい:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I am hungry.
「I」は一人称単数で、「空腹である」という行動をする主語として正しい代名詞です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語の主語代名詞 (I, you, he...)

あなたが手に持っているものに合うように、空欄を埋めてください。

I can't believe I found ___ book in the trash!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: this
見つけて手元にある（または近くにある）ひとつのものには「this」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: これ、あれ、それ (This, That, These, Those): 指示代名詞

文の間違いを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

The new movie is great. They is very exciting.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The new movie is great. It is very exciting.
代名詞の「They」は複数形であり、人や物を指します。「新しい映画」は単数で、人間ではない物なので、「It」が正しい主語の代名詞です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語の主語代名詞 (I, you, he...)

正しい目的格代名詞を選んで（　）を埋めてください。

I love this song! I listen to ___ every day.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: it
「song（歌）」は物なので、目的格代名詞の「it」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語の目的格代名詞：me, you, him, her（動作を受ける言葉）

文の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

That shoes are very dirty.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Those shoes are very dirty.
「shoes」（靴）は複数形です。「That」は単数形なので間違い。「those」（遠い）か「these」（近い）のどちらかが必要です。提示された選択肢の中では「Those」が最適です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: これ、あれ、それ (This, That, These, Those): 指示代名詞

遠くにある複数のものを正しく説明する単語はどれですか？

___ clouds look like sheep.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Those
雲は複数で空の遠くにあるので、「those」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: これ、あれ、それ (This, That, These, Those): 指示代名詞

文を完成させる正しい主語の代名詞を選んでください。

My sister loves to sing. ___ sings every day.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She
この文は「私の妹」について話しており、女性です。したがって、「She」が正しい主語の代名詞です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語の主語代名詞 (I, you, he...)

間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

He is my friend. I like he very much.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I like him very much.
動詞「like」の後には、主語代名詞「he」ではなく、目的格代名詞「him」を使わなければなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 英語の目的格代名詞：me, you, him, her（動作を受ける言葉）

Score: /9

よくある質問 (6)

主語の代名詞は、名詞の代わりになり、文の中で動詞の行動をする（行動の「doer」になる）単語です（I, he, theyなど）。例えば、「I am happy.」
同じ名詞を繰り返すのを避けるためです。これを使うと、文がより自然で、ぎこちなく聞こえなくなります。例えば、「John went, he saw, he ate.」
目的格代名詞は、「me」や「him」、「them」のように、動詞のアクションを受けたり、前置詞の後に来る言葉です。名詞の繰り返しを避けるために使います。
アクションをする人が自分の時は「I」を使います（「I see you.」）。アクションが自分に起こる時（「You see me.」）や、「for」「to」「with」のような言葉の後ろには「me」を使います。
はい、できますよ！パーティーや今取り組んでいるプロジェクトについて「This is great!」のように言えます。
「that」は特定のものを指して「あれだ！」と示しますが、「it」はすでに特定されたものの代わりとして使われます。「Look at that! It is a massive bug!」
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Naming Things and People
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Describing Your World and Actions
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