Less vs. Fewer: 違いは何ですか?
fewer、数えられない量や時間・お金のカタマリなら less を選べばバッチリです!
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'fewer' for things you can count individually and 'less' for bulk amounts or abstract concepts.
- Use 'fewer' with plural nouns like 'fewer books' or 'fewer people'.
- Use 'less' with singular/uncountable nouns like 'less water' or 'less time'.
- Use 'less' for measurements of time, money, and distance even if they look plural.
Overview
less と fewer という2つの単語を使い分けることが求められます。この使い分けをマスターすることは、単に文法的に正しい英語を話すだけでなく、あなたの英語の精度を一段階引き上げ、より洗練された印象を相手に与えるために不可欠です。特にビジネスやアカデミックな場では、これらの使い分けが知的なコミュニケーションの指標とされることもあります。fewer は古英語の fēawa(少数の)に由来し、個別の数を表す言葉として発展してきました。一方、less は古英語の lǣs(より小さい、あるいは程度が低い)に由来し、量や程度を強調する言葉として使われてきました。この語源的な背景を知ると、なぜ一方が「数」で、もう一方が「量」を指すのかという論理的なつながりが見えてくるはずです。本稿では、日本人が陥りやすい罠を避けながら、これらを完璧に使い分けるためのガイドを提供します。less と fewer を正しく使い分けるための鍵は、名詞の性質、つまり「可算名詞(Countable Nouns)」と「不可算名詞(Uncountable Nouns)」の違いを理解することにあります。日本語には「冠詞(a/the)」や「複数形」の概念が希薄なため、ここが最大の難所となります。fewerapple (リンゴ)、student (学生)、idea (アイデア) などです。これらは物理的に形があるものだけでなく、概念的なものであっても、個別の単位として数えられるなら可算名詞に含まれます。- 特徴:単数形と複数形(
-sや-esがつく形)が存在する。 - 質問:
How many?(いくつ?)で尋ねる対象。 - 規則:
fewerは必ず複数形の可算名詞と一緒に使います。
fewer cars(より少ない車)、fewer problems(より少ない問題)lesswater (水)、information (情報)、advice (助言)、furniture (家具) などです。- 特徴:原則として複数形にならず、常に単数扱いで受ける。
- 質問:
How much?(どれくらい?)で尋ねる対象。 - 規則:
lessは不可算名詞(または形容詞・副詞)と一緒に使います。
less water(より少ない水)、less information(より少ない情報)advice は不可算名詞であるため、three pieces of advice のように単位を補う必要があります。この「数え方の違い」が、そのまま less と fewer の選択に直結するのです。fewer | 可算名詞 | 複数形 (-s) | 複数扱い (are/were) | fewer students are... |less | 不可算名詞 | 単数形 | 単数扱い (is/was) | less time is... |- 1
fewer+ 複数名詞
We have fewer employees than last year.
employees は数えられるので fewer を使い、複数形の -s がつきます。- 1
less+ 不可算名詞
This project requires less effort.
effort(労力)は抽象的な量として捉えるため、less を使います。- 1比較対象を伴う場合 (
than)
I drink fewer cups of coffee than you.
I drink less coffee than you.
cups(杯数)に注目すれば fewer、coffee(液体そのもの)に注目すれば less になるという興味深い例です。fewer を使うべき場面:個別の「数」に焦点を当てる時- 就職活動(就活)の文脈:
Fewer companies are hiring international students this season.companies)は1社、2社と数えられるため fewer です。- SNSやテクノロジー:
I got fewer likes on this post than the previous one.likes も個別に数えられるアクションです。less を使うべき場面:全体の「量」や「程度」に焦点を当てる時- オフィスでの健康管理:
You should try to experience less stress at work.stress)は量として捉える不可算名詞です。- 家計や節約:
We spent less money on travel this year.money は意外かもしれませんが、英語では不可算名詞扱いです(「1つのお金、2つのお金」とは数えないため)。hours)、金額 (dollars)、距離 (miles) などは、単語自体は複数形(-s がつく)であり、個別に数えることも可能です。しかし、これらが「ひとまとまりの量」として扱われる場合、慣習的に less が使われます。less なのか |It takes less than three hours. | 3時間という「期間」を一つの塊として見ているため。 |The repair cost less than 50 dollars. | 50ドルという「総額」を一つの量として見ているため。 |The station is less than two miles away. | 2マイルという「道のり」を一つの区間として見ているため。 |fewer than fifty dollar bills と言えますが、単に価格の話をしているなら less than 50 dollars が自然です。これは「数」ではなく「量(価値)」の話だからです。less をすべての「少ない」に適用してしまうless を使ってしまう傾向があります。- × Incorrect:
There are less people in the office today. - ○ Correct:
There are fewer people in the office today.
people は person の複数形であり、明確に数えられる対象です。そのため、文法的には fewer が正解です。ただし、現代の口語英語ではネイティブスピーカーも less people と言ってしまうことが多々ありますが、ビジネス文書や試験(TOEIC/IELTS等)では間違いと見なされます。less + 複数形の名詞 という形を作ってしまう- × Incorrect:
I have less books than you. - ○ Correct:
I have fewer books than you.
less は単数扱いの不可算名詞とセットになるルールがあるため、後ろに -s がついた名詞が来ること自体が文法的な矛盾(Disagreement)を生んでしまいます。less を使いたいなら、後ろの名詞が -s のつかない形であることを確認する癖をつけましょう。10 items or less と書いてあるのをよく見かけます。これは文法的には 10 items or fewer であるべきですが、看板のスペースの都合や、慣用的な言い回しとして less が定着してしまっています。これを「正しい文法」だと思い込んで真似してしまうと、フォーマルな場での失敗につながります。less / fewer の関係は、他の数量表現とも密接に関連しています。以下の表で、その体系を整理してみましょう。many (e.g., many friends) | much (e.g., much water) |a few (e.g., a few apples) | a little (e.g., a little salt) |few (e.g., few options) | little (e.g., little hope) |fewer (e.g., fewer errors) | less (e.g., less noise) |many を使うべきところに much を使わないのと同様に、fewer を使うべきところに less を使わないという一貫性を持たせることが大切です。fewer は「数」を減らすことに焦点を当てますが、lesser という単語も存在します。これは「重要度や質が劣る」という意味(e.g., the lesser of two evils - 二悪のうちの小さい方)であり、数量の比較には使いません。混同しないようにしましょう。less people と言っているのをよく聞きます。それでも fewer を使わなければなりませんか?fewer を使うことを強くお勧めします。日常会話では less が「数」に対しても広く使われるようになっていますが、これは厳密には「誤用が定着したもの」です。フォーマルなメールやプレゼンテーション、試験などでは fewer を使うことで「教養のある、正確な英語を話す人」という信頼を得ることができます。money は数えられるのに、なぜ不可算名詞で less を使うのですか?money という単語自体は「通貨という概念」を指します。「1つのお金、2つのお金(one money, two moneys)」とは言いませんよね。数えているのは yen や dollar という「単位」であって、money そのものではないのです。そのため、money は不可算名詞として扱われ、less money となります。time は less ですか、fewer ですか?less time です。しかし、「回数(〜回)」という意味で times と複数形にする場合は可算名詞になるので、fewer times(より少ない回数)となります。I have less time today.(今日は時間が(量が)あまりない。)I've visited Kyoto fewer times than you.(私はあなたほど京都を訪れた回数が多くない。)
less を使います。これらは「数」ではないからです。This task is less difficult.(このタスクはそれほど難しくない。)She speaks less fluently than her brother.(彼女は兄ほど流暢には話さない。)
less は名詞を修飾するだけでなく、比較級を作る副詞としても非常に幅広く使われます。Quantifier Usage by Noun Type
| Noun Type | Quantifier | Example | Check Question |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Countable (Plural)
|
Fewer
|
Fewer apples
|
How many?
|
|
Uncountable (Mass)
|
Less
|
Less water
|
How much?
|
|
Time/Money/Distance
|
Less
|
Less than $5
|
Is it a total amount?
|
|
Abstract Qualities
|
Less
|
Less hope
|
Can you count it?
|
Meanings
Both words are the comparative forms of 'few' and 'little', used to describe a smaller amount or number of something compared to something else.
Countable Comparison
Used to compare individual items that can be counted (plural nouns).
“There are fewer students in class today.”
“We need fewer chairs for the meeting.”
Uncountable Comparison
Used to compare mass nouns, qualities, or abstract concepts that cannot be counted.
“I have less money than I thought.”
“Please put less salt in the soup.”
Measurement Exception
Used for units of time, money, distance, and weight when they are viewed as a total amount rather than individual units.
“The trip took less than three hours.”
“It costs less than fifty dollars.”
Reference Table
| カテゴリー | ルール | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
|
数えられる名詞
|
fewer を使う
|
There are fewer cookies in this jar.
|
|
数えられない名詞
|
less を使う
|
I'd like less sugar in my tea, please.
|
|
時間
|
less を使う (ひとまとめの単位として)
|
The film was less than 90 minutes long.
|
|
お金
|
less を使う (合計金額として)
|
The ticket costs less than $20.
|
|
距離
|
less を使う (測定値として)
|
She lives less than a mile from here.
|
|
重さ
|
less を使う (測定値として)
|
I weigh less than I did last year.
|
|
抽象的な概念
|
less を使う
|
We need less talk and more action.
|
|
人々 (People)
|
fewer を使う
|
Fewer people applied for the job this year.
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
There were fewer attendees than anticipated. (Event attendance)
There were fewer people than we expected. (Event attendance)
There were less people than we thought. (Event attendance)
Hardly anyone showed up. (Event attendance)
Less vs. Fewer: 数えられるかどうかが鍵
FEWER を使う場合:
- Friends Countable (数えられる)
- Books Countable (数えられる)
- Mistakes Countable (数えられる)
LESS を使う場合:
- Water Uncountable (数えられない)
- Time Uncountable (量として扱う)
- Money Uncountable (量として扱う)
Fewer と Less の使い分け表
Less か Fewer か?パッと決めるフローチャート
その名詞は数えられますか?
それは時間・お金・距離の測定値ですか?
Less/Fewer 名詞の仕分け
FEWER と一緒に使う
- • choices
- • songs
- • hours*
- • dollars*
- • people
- • ingredients
LESS と一緒に使う
- • choice
- • music
- • time
- • money
- • love
- • salt
レベル別の例文
I want less sugar in my tea.
He has fewer toys than me.
There is less milk in the fridge.
She has fewer pens.
We have less time than yesterday.
There are fewer cars on the road today.
I need to spend less money.
He made fewer mistakes in the test.
Fewer people are smoking these days.
This recipe uses less butter than the other one.
I have fewer opportunities to travel now.
The new engine produces less noise.
The project was completed in less than six months.
There were fewer than twenty applicants for the job.
I feel less confident about the results now.
We should use fewer resources and more creativity.
The policy resulted in fewer instances of corruption.
There is less likelihood of a recession this year.
Fewer and fewer students are choosing to study Latin.
The task was less daunting than I had imagined.
The manuscript contained no fewer than fifty errors.
The impact of the law was less than negligible.
Fewer still are those who truly understand the theory.
He is less a leader and more a figurehead.
間違えやすい
Learners mix up the base forms before they even get to the comparative forms.
Learners think 'lesser' is just a fancier version of 'less'.
Both can mean 'not as many as', but 'under' is often used for numbers.
よくある間違い
I have less books.
I have fewer books.
Fewer water please.
Less water please.
I have less friends.
I have fewer friends.
Less cars on the road.
Fewer cars on the road.
He has fewer money.
He has less money.
I need fewer salt.
I need less salt.
Less than five students.
Fewer than five students.
Fewer than ten dollars.
Less than ten dollars.
Fewer than two hours.
Less than two hours.
I have fewer interest in art.
I have less interest in art.
The lesser people know, the better.
The less people know, the better.
Fewer than 50% of the population.
Less than 50% of the population.
He is fewer of a man.
He is less of a man.
文型パターン
I want to spend ___ time on ___.
There are ___ ___ in the room than yesterday.
We need ___ ___ to finish this project.
Eating ___ ___ will help you feel better.
Real World Usage
10 items or fewer.
You consumed fewer calories today.
Expect less rain this afternoon.
The company reported fewer profits this quarter.
I'm trying to have less screen time.
Requires less than 3 years of experience.
「数字」が置けるかチェック!
less、ボトルは fewer です。 I drank less water today.
スーパーの看板に注意
fewer です。 Please use fewer plastic bags.
複数形の '-s' がヒント
I have fewer problems now.
洗練された英語の証
We have fewer resources this year.
Smart Tips
Always double-check your plural nouns. If it ends in 's', change 'less' to 'fewer'.
Always use 'less' unless you are talking about individual physical coins.
Try to put a number in front of it. If 'three sugars' sounds weird, use 'less'.
Remember that 'less than' is a fixed phrase for numbers and measurements.
発音
Fewer
Two syllables: FEW-er. The 'w' sound is subtle.
Less
One syllable. Short 'e' sound as in 'bed'.
Comparative Stress
I want LESS sugar, not MORE.
Stress the quantifier to emphasize the change in amount.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Fewer is for Fingers (you can count them). Less is for Liquid (you can't count it).
視覚的連想
Imagine a jar of jellybeans. You can count the beans (fewer beans), but you can't count the jelly (less jelly).
Rhyme
If you count them one by one, 'fewer' is the way it's done. If it's a pile or a mess, use the little word 'less'.
Story
A chef is making a cake. He needs fewer eggs (1, 2, 3) but less flour (a big pile). He looks at his watch and sees he has less than an hour left.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Look around your room. Find three things you can count (use 'fewer') and three things you can't (use 'less'). Say them out loud.
文化メモ
Both dialects follow the same formal rule, but American English is slightly more permissive of 'less' in casual speech.
In universities, using 'less' with countable nouns is often seen as a sign of poor education.
In the UK, some supermarkets (like Tesco) changed their signs from '10 items or less' to '10 items or fewer' after public complaints from grammar enthusiasts.
Both words come from Old English. 'Less' comes from 'læs' (smaller), while 'fewer' comes from 'feawa' (not many).
会話のきっかけ
Do you have less free time now than you did five years ago?
If you could have fewer responsibilities, which ones would you give away?
Does your city have fewer parks than it used to?
Would you prefer to work fewer hours for less money?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
If you make ___ mistakes, you will get a better grade.
Choose the correct sentence:
There were less people at the concert than we expected.
Score: /3
練習問題
8 exercisesThere are ___ students in the library today than yesterday.
Which sentence is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
He made less mistakes on his second attempt.
sugar / I / less / in / coffee / my / want
Match: 1. Less, 2. Fewer | A. Water, B. Bottles
The trip takes ___ than three hours.
We should use ___ plastic bags.
I have ___ interest in politics than you.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThis digital camera has ___ moving parts than the old film cameras.
I'm trying to spend ___ money on clothes this year.
正しい文を選んでください:
正しい文を選んでください:
The grocery store's express lane is for ten items or less.
We need to generate fewer interest in this topic.
「そのプロジェクトには1,000ドルもかかりませんでした。」を英語に訳してください。
単語を並べ替えて正しい文を作ってください:
単語を並べ替えて正しい文を作ってください:
名詞に合わせて less か fewer を選んでください。
There's ___ than a week until the final exam!
「今年は仕事のチャンス(機会)がより少ないです。」を英語に訳してください。
Score: /12
よくある質問 (8)
Grammatically, yes. It should be `fewer` because items are countable. However, it is so common that it's accepted in casual English.
Because distance is seen as a total amount or a single measurement, not as individual miles you count one by one.
In formal writing, no. Use `fewer people`. In casual speech, you will hear `less people`, but it's better to avoid it.
`Less` refers to quantity (amount), while `lesser` refers to quality, importance, or rank (e.g., 'a lesser known artist').
No, but it is becoming more restricted to formal writing and professional contexts.
Usually, yes. 'Less than 50%' is standard because it refers to a portion of a whole.
This is a formal idiom used to emphasize a surprisingly large number (e.g., 'No fewer than 100 people attended').
Yes! In sentences like 'I eat less,' it is an adverb. In this case, you never use 'fewer'.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
menos
English requires two different words based on countability.
moins de
French does not distinguish between 'less' and 'fewer'.
weniger / wenige
German is more similar to English but the distinction is fading faster.
sukunai (少ない)
Japanese does not use plural nouns, so the 'fewer' rule doesn't apply.
aqall (أقل)
One word covers both meanings in Arabic.
shǎo (少)
Chinese has no distinction between countable and uncountable quantifiers.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
関連動画
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