B1 · 中級 チャプター 3

Mastering Time and Completion

5 トータルルール
52 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of narrating your past, present completion, and future assumptions with total confidence.

  • Navigate the 'ne' particle to describe completed actions accurately.
  • Emphasize total completion using the versatile 'chukā' structure.
  • Express past habits and make intelligent guesses about what 'must have' happened.
From simple facts to rich, nuanced storytelling.

学べること

Ready to sound truly fluent in Hindi? This B1 chapter will supercharge your ability to discuss completed actions, past routines, and intelligent predictions, making your conversations far more nuanced and natural. You'll master five crucial grammatical structures. We'll start by diving into the **Hindi Present Perfect**, learning how to precisely convey I have done – including navigating the essential, yet often tricky, 'ne' particle and object agreement for transitive verbs. Next, you'll discover the power of chukā – "The 'Already' Rule

– to emphasize an action is **completely finished**, always agreeing with the subject without ne. Then, we shift to reminiscing, using **Habitual Past (karta tha)** to beautifully describe what you
used to do" or past routines. Why does this matter? Imagine confidently narrating your day, confirming if a friend has *already* finished a task, or sharing cherished memories from your childhood. This chapter also equips you to make sophisticated assumptions: you'll learn the **Hindi Future Perfect** to express will have done or must have done about past events, and how to use the **Presumptive Future** for general probabilities – like inferring,
They *must be* busy
or
He *probably left* already.
These rules build on each other, moving from definite past completion to nuanced emphasis, then to habitual actions, and finally to future completion and probabilities. By the end of this chapter, you won't just be stating facts; you'll be weaving rich narratives, expressing subtle shades of meaning, and confidently navigating complex timelines and possibilities in Hindi. Get ready to elevate your Hindi to an impressive B1 level!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Correctly use the 'ne' particle with transitive verbs in the present perfect tense.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Differentiate between simple completion and emphasized completion using 'chukā'.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Describe childhood routines and past habits using the habitual past tense.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to: Formulate logical assumptions about past events using the presumptive future.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to
Mastering Time and Completion,
a crucial chapter for anyone aiming for B1 Hindi fluency! This guide will empower you to express nuanced ideas about time, actions, and possibilities, moving beyond simple statements to truly engaging conversations. Understanding these Hindi grammar structures is essential for sounding natural and confident, whether you're narrating your day, sharing memories, or making intelligent predictions.
By mastering these rules, you'll significantly elevate your conversational abilities and unlock a deeper understanding of how native speakers communicate.
In this chapter, we'll dive into five interconnected grammatical concepts. We'll begin with the Hindi Present Perfect, learning to perfectly say I have done, including the often-challenging ne particle and its role in object agreement. Next, you'll discover the emphatic power of chukā – "The 'Already' Rule" – which highlights actions that are completely finished.
We'll then journey into the past with the Habitual Past (karta tha), allowing you to describe what you used to do or past routines with grace.
But it doesn't stop there! We'll equip you to make sophisticated assumptions and predictions. You'll learn the Hindi Future Perfect to express will have done or must have done about past events, and then explore the Presumptive Future for general probabilities, helping you infer things like
They *must be* busy
or He *probably left*. This comprehensive approach to Hindi time expressions will transform your ability to weave rich narratives and express subtle shades of meaning, solidifying your B1 Hindi foundation.

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces you to five powerful structures that will refine your ability to discuss time and completion in Hindi. Let's break them down with practical examples.
First, the Hindi Present Perfect describes actions that have been completed in the recent past and have a connection to the present, like I have eaten. For transitive verbs (verbs that take a direct object), the ne particle is used with the subject, and the verb then agrees with the object. For intransitive verbs, ne is not used, and the verb agrees with the subject.
* मैंने खाना खाया है। (I have eaten food.) - Transitive, ne used, verb agrees with खाना (food, masculine singular).
* वह चली गई है। (She has left.) - Intransitive, no ne, verb agrees with वह (she, feminine singular).
Next, "The 'Already' Rule" uses chukā (or chukī/chuke/chukīn) to emphasize that an action is *completely* finished. It always agrees with the subject and *never* uses the ne particle.
* मैं खाना खा चुका हूँ। (I have already eaten food.)
* वे काम कर चुके हैं। (They have already finished the work.)
To talk about past routines or actions you used to do, we use the Habitual Past (karta tha). This is formed by taking the stem of the verb, adding -tā (or -tī/-te), and then the past auxiliary thā (or thī/the/thīn).
* मैं रोज़ स्कूल जाता था। (I used to go to school daily.)
* हम बचपन में खेलते थे। (We used to play in childhood.)
The Hindi Future Perfect allows you to express will have done or, more commonly, must have done when making an assumption about a past event. It's formed with the past participle of the verb followed by the future form of honā (to be), which is hogā (or hogī/honge/hongī).
* वह घर पहुँच गया होगा। (He must have reached home / He will have reached home.) - Assumption about a past event.
* उन्होंने किताब पढ़ ली होगी। (They must have read the book / They will have read the book.)
Finally, the Presumptive Future is used for general probabilities or assumptions about the present or near future, meaning must be doing or
probably is/will be.
It's formed with the present participle of the verb (verb stem + -tā/-tī/-te) followed by hogā (or hogī/honge/hongī).
* वह अभी पढ़ रहा होगा। (He must be studying right now.)
* वे आज देर से आएंगे होंगे। (They will probably come late today.)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: मैंने गया है। (I have gone.)
✓ Correct: मैं गया हूँ। (I have gone.)
*Explanation:* The ne particle is *only* used with transitive verbs in the Present Perfect. जाना (to go) is an intransitive verb, so ne is not needed. The verb गया हूँ agrees with the subject मैं.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: उसने खाना खा चुका है। (He has already eaten food.)
✓ Correct: वह खाना खा चुका है। (He has already eaten food.)
*Explanation:* The chukā construction *never* uses the ne particle. The verb चुका है agrees with the subject वह.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: वह कल आया होगा। (He will come tomorrow.) - *Ambiguous, often misunderstood.*
✓ Correct: वह कल आएगा। (He will come tomorrow.)
✓ Correct: वह कल आया होगा। (He must have come yesterday / He will have come by tomorrow.) - *Used for assumption about past or completion by future.*
*Explanation:* While आया होगा *can* mean future perfect, its most common usage in spoken Hindi is an assumption about a *past* event (
he must have come
). For a simple future action, use the simple future tense आएगा.

Real Conversations

A

A

क्या तुमने होमवर्क कर लिया है? (Have you done the homework?)
B

B

हाँ, मैंने अभी-अभी कर लिया है। (Yes, I have just done it.)
A

A

तुम बचपन में क्या करते थे? (What did you used to do in childhood?)
B

B

मैं बहुत खेलता था और किताबें पढ़ता था। (I used to play a lot and read books.)
A

A

राहुल अभी तक नहीं आया। वह कहाँ होगा? (Rahul hasn't come yet. Where must he be?)
B

B

वह शायद रास्ते में होगा या ट्रैफिक में फँस गया होगा। (He must be on the way or he might have gotten stuck in traffic.)

Quick FAQ

Q

Why is the ne particle so tricky in Hindi Present Perfect?

The ne particle is used only with transitive verbs in the Present Perfect (and Simple Past). When ne is present, the verb agrees with the *direct object* in gender and number, not the subject. If there's no direct object or the verb is intransitive, ne is not used, and the verb agrees with the subject.

Q

What's the main difference between मैंने खाया है and मैं खा चुका हूँ?

मैंने खाया है (I have eaten) is the standard Hindi Present Perfect, indicating completion with a present relevance. मैं खा चुका हूँ (I have *already* eaten) uses chukā to add emphasis on the absolute completion and finality of the action – it's fully done and over with.

Q

Can I use karta tha for a single past event?

No, karta tha (Habitual Past) is specifically for describing repeated actions, routines, or habits in the past, like used to do. For a single past event, you would use the Simple Past tense (e.g., मैंने खाया - I ate).

Q

How do I distinguish between will have done and must have done with hogā in the Hindi Future Perfect?

In most contexts, when hogā is used with a past participle (e.g., वह गया होगा), it expresses an *assumption* or *probability* about a *past* event (

he must have gone
). While it *can* translate to will have done for future completion, the must have done interpretation for past events is more common in everyday B1 Hindi conversation. Context is key to understanding the nuance.

Cultural Context

These time and completion structures are deeply embedded in how Hindi speakers articulate their experiences and assumptions. The emphasis on completion with chukā often reflects a desire for clarity in tasks, while the Habitual Past is crucial for sharing personal histories and cultural narratives. The various forms of hogā (Future Perfect and Presumptive Future) are especially common in daily conversation, allowing speakers to express probability, conjecture, and soft assumptions without sounding overly definitive.
This reflects a cultural tendency towards indirectness and considering possibilities, rather than always stating facts with absolute certainty. Mastering these nuances will not only improve your Hindi grammar but also your cultural understanding.

重要な例文 (8)

1

Main film dekh chukā hūn.

I have already seen the movie.

「もう〜した」のルール (Chukā)：完了した動作
2

Bus jā chukī hai.

The bus has already left.

「もう〜した」のルール (Chukā)：完了した動作
3

मैं पहले बहुत वीडियो गेम्स खेलता था।

以前はよくビデオゲームをしていました。

習慣過去：過去の習慣と「〜したものだ」 (karta tha)
4

बचपन में हम हर संडे नानी के घर जाते थे।

子供の頃、毎週日曜日はおばあちゃんの家に行っていました。

習慣過去：過去の習慣と「〜したものだ」 (karta tha)
5

Vah ab tak pahunch gayā hogā.

彼は今ごろ着いているはずです。

ヒンディー語の未来完了：「〜しただろう」「〜したに違いない」 (Past Participle + hogā)
6

Tumne merī post dekh lī hogī.

君は僕の投稿を見たはずだよね。

ヒンディー語の未来完了：「〜しただろう」「〜したに違いない」 (Past Participle + hogā)
7

उसने तुम्हारा मैसेज पढ़ लिया होगा。

彼は君のメッセージを読んだはずだよ。

ヒンディー語の推量： 「〜したに違いない」「〜だろう」 (Presumptive Future)
8

वे अब सो रहे होंगे。

彼らは今ごろ寝ているだろうね。

ヒンディー語の推量： 「〜したに違いない」「〜だろう」 (Presumptive Future)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💬

「ご飯食べた？」は挨拶！

インドでは「元気？」の代わりに「ご飯食べた？」とよく聞きます。
Kyā āpne khānā khā liyā hai?
は相手を気遣う定番フレーズです。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の現在完了形：『〜しました』（neの用法）
💡

Gender Matters

Always check if the subject is masculine or feminine before choosing chukā/chukī.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「もう〜した」のルール (Chukā)：完了した動作
🎯

「Would」への置き換え

英語の 'would'（よく〜したものだ）に置き換えられる文なら、この形が正解！
In summer, we would swim.
は
Garmiyon mein hum tairte the.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 習慣過去：過去の習慣と「〜したものだ」 (karta tha)
🎯

「〜したはず」の裏技

「誰かが何かをしたに違いない」と推測したい時は、いつもこの時制を使えばOK。ヒンディー語で最も自然な推測方法です。
Usne khānā khā liyā hogā.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の未来完了：「〜しただろう」「〜したに違いない」 (Past Participle + hogā)

重要な語彙 (6)

खत्म करना (khatm karna) to finish बचपन (bachpan) childhood शायद (shayad) perhaps/maybe पहुँचना (pahunchna) to arrive रोज़ (roz) daily कहानी (kahaani) story

Real-World Preview

home

Checking in with a Roommate

Review Summary

  • Subj + ne + Obj + Verb(Past Participle) + hai/hain
  • Subj + Verb(Root) + chuka/chuki/chuke + hai/hain
  • Subj + Verb(Root) + ta/ti/te + tha/thi/the
  • Subj(+ne) + Verb(Past Participle) + hoga/hogi/hoge

よくある間違い

Never use 'ne' with intransitive verbs like 'jaana' (to go). 'Ne' is only for verbs that can take an object.

Wrong: मैं ने गया है (Main ne gaya hai)
正解: मैं गया हूँ (Main gaya hoon)

The 'chukā' auxiliary behaves like an intransitive verb. Even if the main verb (khana) is transitive, 'ne' is forbidden with 'chukā'.

Wrong: मैं ने खा चुका हूँ (Main ne kha chuka hoon)
正解: मैं खा चुका हूँ (Main kha chuka hoon)

To describe a past habit, you must use the past auxiliary 'tha/thi/the', not the present 'hai'.

Wrong: मैं बचपन में खेलता है (Main bachpan mein khelta hai)
正解: मैं बचपन में खेलता था (Main bachpan mein khelta tha)

このチャプターのルール (5)

1

ヒンディー語の現在完了形：『〜しました』（neの用法）

B1
過去と今をつなぐ現在完了形。他動詞なら ne を使って、動詞を「目的語」に合わせるのが最大のポイントです！
मैंने सब कुछ देख लिया है।
11 例文
2

「もう〜した」のルール (Chukā)：完了した動作

B1
Use chukā to emphasize that an action is completely finished, always agreeing with the subject without using ne.
Main film dekh chukā hūn.
11 例文
3

習慣過去：過去の習慣と「〜したものだ」 (karta tha)

B1
習慣を表す karta 系の形と、過去を表す tha をセットにして「昔の習慣」を表現しよう。
मैं पहले बहुत वीडियो गेम्स खेलता था।
10 例文
4

ヒンディー語の未来完了：「〜しただろう」「〜したに違いない」 (Past Participle + hogā)

B1
過去分詞に hogā を添えるだけで、「〜してしまっただろう」という未来の完了や、「〜したに違いない」という推測を表現できます。
Vah ab tak pahunch gayā hogā.
10 例文
5

ヒンディー語の推量： 「〜したに違いない」「〜だろう」 (Presumptive Future)

B1
動詞の形に「होना」の未来形を組み合わせるだけで、「〜だろう」「〜したはずだ」というリッチな表現が作れます。 «होगा» «होगी» «होंगे» が魔法のキーワードです。
उसने तुम्हारा मैसेज पढ़ लिया होगा।
10 例文

Next Steps

You've just unlocked the ability to tell true stories in Hindi. Keep practicing these completion patterns; they are the hallmark of a B1 speaker!

Record a 1-minute voice note about your childhood routine.

Write 3 assumptions about what your favorite celebrity 'must have done' today.

Continue to: The Power of Infinitives

クイック練習 (10)

Fill in the blank.

Kya tum kaam kar ___ ho?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: chukē
Tum requires chukē.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「もう〜した」のルール (Chukā)：完了した動作

次の文の間違いを見つけて直してください： 'Ve so गया होगा' (彼らは寝たはずだ)。

Ve so गया होगा।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ve so gaye honge.
'Ve'（彼ら）は複数形なので、分詞と助動詞も複数形の 'so gaye honge' にする必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の未来完了：「〜しただろう」「〜したに違いない」 (Past Participle + hogā)

「彼女は本を読んでいました」という正しい文を選んでください。

文法的に正しい選択肢はどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Woh kitaabein padhti thi.
'Woh' は彼も彼女も指しますが、'padhti thi' が女性主語であることを示しています。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 習慣過去：過去の習慣と「〜したものだ」 (karta tha)

Choose the correct form.

Vah ___ chukī hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ā
Root is ā.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「もう〜した」のルール (Chukā)：完了した動作

性別の一致が間違っている箇所を見つけてください。

मेरी माँ बाज़ार गया होगा।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: मेरी माँ बाज़ार गई होगी。
お母さん（माँ）は女性なので、「gaya hoga」を女性形の「gayi hogi」に変える必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の推量： 「〜したに違いない」「〜だろう」 (Presumptive Future)

「彼女はメッセージを見たはずだ」という文として正しいのはどれ？

文法的に正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: उसने मैसेज देखा होगा।
'dekhnā' は他動詞なので 'ne' が必要です。また、分詞の 'dekhā' は男性名詞の 'message' に一致します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の未来完了：「〜しただろう」「〜したに違いない」 (Past Participle + hogā)

「着く (pahunchnā)」の正しい形を選んで空欄を埋めてください。

वह घर ___ होगा। (Vah ghar ___ hogā.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: पहुँच गया
ここでの 'Vah' は男性単数として扱われているので、過去分詞は 'pahunch gayā' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の未来完了：「〜しただろう」「〜したに違いない」 (Past Participle + hogā)

Correct the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Humne kar chukē hain.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Hum kar chukē hain
No ergative case needed.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「もう〜した」のルール (Chukā)：完了した動作

Correct the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Main khā chukī hūn (if male).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main khā chukā hūn
Gender agreement.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「もう〜した」のルール (Chukā)：完了した動作

この丁寧な文の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Aap kahan rehta tha?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Aap kahan rehte the?
'Aap' (丁寧なあなた) は、相手が一人でも常に複数形の一致 ('rehte the') を取ります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 習慣過去：過去の習慣と「〜したものだ」 (karta tha)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

'Main gayā' は単なる過去（行った）ですが、 'Main gayā hūm̐' は「行って、今もそこにいる」という今の状況を含みます。
ロティが女性名詞だからです。 'ne' を使うと、動詞は主語を無視して目的語に合わせるルールになります。
Maine roṭī khāī hai.
Chukā emphasizes completion, while simple past just states the action happened.
Yes, with future auxiliaries like 'hogā'.
'Main gaya' (単純過去) は「行った」という一度きりの出来事です。 'Main jaata tha' (習慣過去) は「よく行っていた」という繰り返しの習慣を表します。
いいえ、基本的には使いません。
Main smoking karta tha
と言うと、今はもう吸っていないというニュアンスが強くなります。今の習慣は現在形の karta hoon を使いましょう。
前のチャプター
Emphasis and Relationships
次のチャプター
The Power of Infinitives
ロードマップに戻る