ヒンディー語の受動態(~される、~できない)
jānā to hide the doer or express that you physically can't do something.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The Hindi passive voice focuses on the action or the object rather than the person performing the action.
- Use the verb 'jaana' (to go) as an auxiliary: 'kaam kiya gaya' (the work was done).
- The main verb must be in the past participle form (e.g., 'kiya', 'likha').
- The subject (if mentioned) is marked with 'ke dwara' (by).
Overview
जाना (jānā)」の組み合わせです。日本語の「~される」という受身形と構造を比較してみましょう。日本語では動詞の語幹に「れる・られる」という接尾辞を付けますが、ヒンディー語では動詞そのものを変形させ、さらに「行く」を意味する जाना を付け加えます。この जाना は、本来の「行く」という意味を完全に失い、英語の「be動詞」のように受動のマーカーとして機能します。जाना の両方が、この新しい主語の「性(Gender)」と「数(Number)」に一致しなければなりません。日本語には「性」や「数」によって動詞が変化する仕組みがないため、ここが日本人学習者にとって最大の難所となります。例えば、「本(女性名詞)が読まれる」と言う場合、動詞も जाना も女性単数形に合わせる必要があります。से (se) または के द्वारा (ke dvārā) を用います。これは日本語の「~によって」に相当しますが、ヒンディー語では行為者が「主体」ではなく「原因・手段」として扱われるため、主語としての格(主格)ではなく、道具や手段を表す格として扱われる点に注目してください。この「行為者を主語の座から引きずり下ろす」というプロセスこそが、ヒンディー語の受動態の真髄です。-ना を取り除き、性・数に応じて変化させます。से | 動作主(~によって) | मुझसे (私によって) | 動作の源泉 |पत्र (手紙) | 文の焦点 |लिखा (書かれた) | 動作の内容 |जाना | गया (~された) | 時制・態の決定 |- 1能動態:
मैंने पत्र लिखा।(私は手紙を書いた) - 2受動態:
मुझसे पत्र लिखा गया।(私によって手紙が書かれた)
लिखा (完了分詞) と गया (補助動詞の過去形) の両方が पत्र (男性単数) に一致しています。もしこれが किताब (女性名詞) であれば、मुझसे किताब लिखी गई। となり、両方が女性単数形に変化します。この「ダブル一致」の感覚を、日本語の感覚(動詞が一つ変化するだけ)から切り替える訓練が必要です。मुझसे चला नहीं जाता।(歩けない。)
मुझसे यह देखा नहीं जाता।(見ていられない。)
- 1一致の無視: 日本語には性・数の概念がないため、動詞の完了分詞と
जानाを常に同じ形(男性単数)で固定してしまうミスです。これは、日本語の「~される」という形がどんな主語でも変わらないことに起因するL1干渉です。常に「主語は何か?女性名詞か?」と一呼吸置く癖をつけましょう。 - 2行為者の格の誤用:
के द्वाराを使えば間違いありませんが、सेを使う際、行為者を主格(मैंなど)のまま置いてしまうミスが多発します。日本語の「私は~される」の「私」が主語であるという感覚が強いため、मैंを使いたくなりますが、ヒンディー語ではमुझसे(私から・私によって) と変化させる必要があります。 - 3時制の不一致: 補助動詞
जानाを常にगया(過去形) にしてしまうミスです。能動態の文が現在形ならजाता है、未来形ならजाएगाになる必要があります。日本語の受身形は時制が語尾で決まりますが、ヒンディー語はजानाの変化が時制を担うため、ここを柔軟に変える練習が必要です。
जाना |से と के द्वारा はどちらを使えばいいですか?से は日常会話で多用されます。के द्वारा はよりフォーマルで、新聞や公的文書で使われます。最初は से を使って会話に慣れるのがおすすめです。जाना を使うのですか?Passive Voice Conjugation (Verb: Karna - To do)
| Tense | Masculine Singular | Feminine Singular | Masculine Plural | Feminine Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Past
|
kiya gaya
|
ki gayi
|
kiye gaye
|
ki gayin
|
|
Present Perfect
|
kiya gaya hai
|
ki gayi hai
|
kiye gaye hain
|
ki gayin hain
|
|
Future
|
kiya jayega
|
ki jayegi
|
kiye jayenge
|
ki jayengi
|
Meanings
The passive voice is used when the performer of the action is unknown, irrelevant, or when you want to emphasize the result of the action.
Formal Reporting
Used in news or official reports to maintain objectivity.
“कानून पास किया गया।”
“दोषियों को पकड़ा गया।”
Focus on Result
When the outcome is more important than the person who caused it.
“खाना परोसा गया।”
“घर सजाया गया।”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Object + Participle + gaya
|
Kaam kiya gaya.
|
|
Negative
|
Object + nahi + Participle + gaya
|
Kaam nahi kiya gaya.
|
|
Interrogative
|
Kya + Object + Participle + gaya?
|
Kya kaam kiya gaya?
|
|
Future
|
Object + Participle + jayega
|
Kaam kiya jayega.
|
|
Continuous
|
Object + Participle + ja raha hai
|
Kaam kiya ja raha hai.
|
|
Perfect
|
Object + Participle + gaya hai
|
Kaam kiya gaya hai.
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
कार्य पूरा किया गया। (Work/Project)
काम पूरा किया गया। (Work/Project)
काम हो गया। (Work/Project)
काम निपट गया। (Work/Project)
Passive Voice Components
Auxiliary
- jaana to go
Main Verb
- Past Participle e.g., kiya, likha
Agent
- ke dwara by
レベル別の例文
काम किया गया।
The work was done.
खाना खाया गया।
The food was eaten.
पत्र लिखा गया।
The letter was written.
किताब पढ़ी गई।
The book was read.
दरवाजा खोला गया।
The door was opened.
खिड़कियाँ बंद की गईं।
The windows were closed.
सब्जी काटी गई।
The vegetable was cut.
पानी पिया गया।
The water was drunk.
यह फैसला सरकार के द्वारा लिया गया।
This decision was taken by the government.
मीटिंग कल आयोजित की जाएगी।
The meeting will be organized tomorrow.
उसे इनाम दिया गया।
He was given a prize.
गलती सुधार दी गई है।
The mistake has been corrected.
इस समस्या पर विचार किया जाना चाहिए।
This problem should be considered.
कानून को सख्ती से लागू किया गया।
The law was strictly enforced.
उसे पद से हटा दिया गया।
He was removed from the position.
सभी सबूत पेश किए गए।
All evidence was presented.
यह सिद्धांत वैज्ञानिकों द्वारा प्रतिपादित किया गया था।
This theory was propounded by scientists.
ऐतिहासिक तथ्यों को तोड़-मरोड़ कर पेश किया गया।
Historical facts were presented in a distorted manner.
इस मुद्दे को गंभीरता से लिया जाना अपेक्षित है।
It is expected that this issue be taken seriously.
संविधान में संशोधन किया गया।
The constitution was amended.
उक्त प्रस्ताव को सर्वसम्मति से पारित किया गया।
The aforementioned proposal was passed unanimously.
विवादित भूमि का सीमांकन किया गया है।
The disputed land has been demarcated.
साहित्यिक कृतियों का अनुवाद किया जाना एक कठिन कार्य है।
Translating literary works is a difficult task.
जनता के हितों को सर्वोपरि रखा गया है।
Public interests have been kept paramount.
間違えやすい
Learners confuse 'done by me' (passive) with 'got done by someone else' (causative).
Learners confuse 'Mujhe jana hai' (I have to go) with passive.
Overusing passive where active is more natural.
よくある間違い
Main khaya gaya.
Khana khaya gaya.
Kaam kiya gaye.
Kaam kiya gaya.
Patra likha hai.
Patra likha gaya hai.
Khana banaya.
Khana banaya gaya.
Kitab padha gaya.
Kitab padhi gayi.
Sab kaam kiya gaya.
Sab kaam kiye gaye.
Uske dwara main gaya.
Mere dwara kaam kiya gaya.
Mujhe khaya gaya.
Khana mere dwara khaya gaya.
Sona gaya.
Soya gaya.
Kaam karwaya gaya.
Kaam kiya gaya.
Yeh baat bola gaya.
Yeh baat kahi gayi.
Woh mara gaya.
Woh mara gaya (correct, but context matters).
文型パターン
___ (object) ___ (participle) gaya.
___ (object) ___ (participle) jayega.
___ (object) ___ (agent) ke dwara ___ (participle) gaya.
Kya ___ (object) ___ (participle) gaya?
Real World Usage
दोषियों को पकड़ा गया।
प्रोजेक्ट पूरा किया गया है।
प्याज को काटा गया।
कानून पारित किया गया।
फोटो शेयर की गई।
टिकट बुक किया गया है।
Focus on the Object
Don't Overuse
The 'dwara' Trap
Formal Tone
Smart Tips
Use passive voice to list steps clearly.
Use passive to remain neutral.
Use passive to avoid 'I' or 'You'.
Passive is your best friend.
発音
Gaya/Gayi
Ensure the 'y' sound is clear. 'Gaya' (masc) vs 'Gayi' (fem).
Falling intonation
Kaam kiya gaya ↓
Used for declarative statements.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Passive is 'Gone' (Gaya) - the subject has 'gone' away, and the action is left behind.
視覚的連想
Imagine a letter sitting on a desk. The person who wrote it is invisible. The letter is just 'being written' (likha gaya).
Rhyme
Action is the star of the show, Just add 'gaya' and let the subject go.
Story
A chef makes a cake. In active voice: 'Chef makes cake.' In passive voice: 'The cake is made.' The cake is now the hero of the story, and the chef is just a shadow.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Look around your room and describe 3 things using passive voice (e.g., 'The light was turned on').
文化メモ
Passive voice is highly valued in formal settings to avoid sounding aggressive.
News anchors use passive voice to report events neutrally.
Legal documents rely heavily on passive constructions.
The Hindi passive voice evolved from Sanskrit passive constructions, simplified over centuries.
会話のきっかけ
क्या आज का काम पूरा किया गया?
क्या कल की मीटिंग आयोजित की गई थी?
क्या यह फिल्म देखी गई है?
क्या घर सजाया गया है?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
काम ___ (karna) गया।
Find and fix the mistake:
किताब पढ़ा गया।
Which is correct?
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
The food was eaten.
Answer starts with: Kha...
Letters were written.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
A: Kya kaam hua? B: Haan, kaam ___.
Score: /8
練習問題
8 exercisesकाम ___ (karna) गया।
Find and fix the mistake:
किताब पढ़ा गया।
Which is correct?
गया / काम / किया
The food was eaten.
Letters were written.
Match: 'kiya gaya' vs 'kiya jayega'
A: Kya kaam hua? B: Haan, kaam ___.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesKal match dekha ___ tha. (The match was watched yesterday)
hai / jaati / English / yahan / boli
Which sentence is Passive?
The food is being cooked.
Match correctly
Main khana nahi khaya jaata.
Mujhse ye bojh uthaya nahi ___. (I can't lift this load - incapacity)
Chor pakda gaya.
Kitabein (Books) padhi ___ hain.
jayega / kaam / kiya / kal
English is taught here.
Select the Incapacity Passive.
Score: /12
よくある質問 (8)
No, it sounds unnatural. Use it only when the focus is on the action.
It means 'by' and is used to introduce the agent in a passive sentence.
Yes, it is generally more formal than active voice.
No, only transitive verbs can be passive.
Because it must agree with the object of the sentence.
It is used, but less frequently than in English.
You must learn the gender of nouns to use passive correctly.
Yes, but it's less common than past tense passive.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
to be + past participle
Hindi passive is less common in daily speech than English.
ser + participio
Spanish also uses the 'se' passive, which Hindi lacks.
werden + Partizip II
German has a more complex case system.
-(r)eru suffix
Japanese passive can imply suffering (adversative passive).
Internal vowel change
Hindi uses an external auxiliary word.
bei (被) construction
Chinese passive is often used for negative outcomes.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
関連動画
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