B1 Advanced Verbs 17 min read 中等

印地语被动语态 (事情被完成)

Use Verb-Participle + jānā to hide the doer or express that you physically can't do something.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The Hindi passive voice focuses on the action or the object rather than the person performing the action.

  • Use the verb 'jaana' (to go) as an auxiliary: 'kaam kiya gaya' (the work was done).
  • The main verb must be in the past participle form (e.g., 'kiya', 'likha').
  • The subject (if mentioned) is marked with 'ke dwara' (by).
Object + Past Participle + jaana (conjugated) = Passive Voice

Overview

### Overview
在学习印地语的过程中,被动语态(Passive Voice)是一个非常关键的进阶语法点。对于母语为中文的同学来说,理解印地语的被动语态可能是一个挑战,因为中文的被动语态通常使用“被”、“让”、“叫”等词,且结构相对简单。而在印地语中,被动语态不仅用于描述动作的承受者,还广泛用于表达“无能为力”或“客观状态”,这在中文里往往没有直接对应的语法结构。在印地语中,使用被动语态可以让你在表达时显得更加客观、正式,或者在描述某些无法抗拒的生理、心理状态时更加地道。例如,当你感到累得走不动时,中文说“我走不动了”,印地语则倾向于使用被动结构“मुझसे चला नहीं जाता”(通过我,走这个动作无法发生)。掌握这个语法,能让你从单纯的“主谓宾”思维中跳出来,更深入地理解印地语的逻辑。记住,印地语的被动语态不仅仅是把句子倒过来,它还承载了说话人的情感和对客观事实的描述。
### How This Grammar Works
印地语被动语态的核心逻辑是:将动作的焦点从“执行者”转移到“动作本身”或“受事者”身上。其基本公式是:动词的完成分词(Perfective Participle)+ 助动词 जाना (jānā) 的变位。这与中文的“被”字句有本质区别。中文的“被”字句通常是“主语 + 被 + 执行者 + 谓语”,而印地语的被动语态中,जाना 的变位必须与新的主语(也就是原句的宾语)在性和数上保持一致。这对于习惯了中文动词“零变形”的我们来说,是一个需要刻意练习的点。
你可以把 जाना 理解为一种“状态转换器”。在主动句中,जाना 是“去”的意思;但在被动句中,它失去了位移的含义,完全变成了一个语法工具。例如,主动句 पुलिस ने चोर को पकड़ा(警察抓住了小偷),变为被动句时,चोर(小偷)变成了句子的主语,动词 पकड़ना 变为分词 पकड़ा,并根据 चोर(阳性单数)加上了 गया。中文里我们说“小偷被抓了”,动词“抓”没有变化,但在印地语里,पकड़ागया 必须随着主语的性别和数量而变。这种“双重一致性”是印地语语法的精髓所在,也是我们作为中文母语者最容易出错的地方。
### Formation Pattern
形成印地语被动语态的步骤非常规范。请务必记住以下口诀:找对象,变分词,配 जाना,加 से
| 语法成分 | 描述 | 示例(主动) | 示例(被动) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 执行者 (Agent) | 原主语,加 सेके द्वारा | मैंने (我) | मुझसे (由我) |
| 新主语 (Subject) | 原宾语,决定动词形式 | पत्र (信) | पत्र (信) |
| 主要动词 | 变为完成分词,与新主语一致 | लिखा (写了) | लिखा (被写) |
| 助动词 जाना | 随主语及原时态变位 | 无 | गया (被) |
例如:
  1. 1主动:माँ खाना बनाएगी। (妈妈会做饭。)
  2. 2被动:माँ से खाना बनाया जाएगा। (饭将由妈妈做。)
  3. 3注意:बनायाजाएगा 都是阳性单数,因为 खाना 是阳性单数名词。
### When To Use It
印地语的被动语态主要有两种使用场景。第一种是标准被动语态,用于执行者不重要、未知或为了强调客观事实,这与中文的“被”字句用法相似。例如新闻报道:कल बैठक आयोजित की गई थी।(昨天的会议被举行了,即“举行了会议”)。在这种情况下,我们并不关心是谁组织的,只关心会议本身。
第二种是“无能为力”被动语态 (Incapacity Passive),这是印地语特有的。当你想表达“由于某种原因,我无法完成某事”时,使用这种结构非常地道。例如:मुझसे यह काम नहीं किया जाता।(我做不了这件事/这件事我做不下去)。这里的“不能”不是指能力不足,而是指心理厌恶、疲惫或客观条件限制。这比简单的 मैं नहीं कर सकता 更具情感色彩,能体现出你对某事的无奈或拒绝。在社交场合,使用这种结构比直接说“不”要委婉得多,这是一种非常高情商的表达方式。
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1忽视动词的一致性:中文动词没有性别和数量变化,所以很多同学在写印地语被动句时,会忘记让分词和 जाना 与新主语保持一致。例如,错误地写成 मुझसे किताब लिखा गया(应该是 लिखी गई,因为 किताब 是阴性)。
  2. 2滥用“被”字逻辑:中文里我们倾向于把所有事情都用“被”来表达,但在印地语中,如果动作是主观意愿的行为,强制使用被动语态会显得非常奇怪。印地语的被动语态更偏向于“状态”而非“动作”。
  3. 3混淆 सेके द्वारा:很多同学在所有被动句中都使用 के द्वारा。其实在口语中,से 更加自然,而 के द्वारा 通常只出现在正式书面语或新闻中。不要在日常聊天中把句子写得像公文一样死板。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
| 语法点 | 中文对应结构 | 印地语结构特点 | 区别 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主动语态 | 主谓宾 | 强调执行者 | 动作主动发出 |
| 被动语态 | 被/让/叫 | 强调受事者或动作 | 动词需变位一致 |
| 无能为力式 | 我做不动/做不了 | से + 动词分词 + जाना | 强调状态而非动作本身 |
### Quick FAQ
  1. 1问:所有的动词都可以变被动吗?
答:只有及物动词(Transitive Verbs)可以变为被动语态,因为被动语态需要一个宾语(即新主语)。不及物动词如 जाना(去)、सोना(睡)通常不能变被动。
  1. 1问:मुझसे 这个词是怎么来的?
答:它是代词 मैं (我) + 后置词 से (从/通过/由) 的合并形式。在被动语态中,它表示动作的“发起者”。
  1. 1问:在口语中,我可以省略 से 吗?
答:在某些极端的口语中可能会省略,但为了语法正确和清晰,建议在 B1 阶段一定要加上 से,否则句子会显得支离破碎,听者很难理解动作的发出者是谁。

Passive Voice Conjugation (Verb: Karna - To do)

Tense Masculine Singular Feminine Singular Masculine Plural Feminine Plural
Past
kiya gaya
ki gayi
kiye gaye
ki gayin
Present Perfect
kiya gaya hai
ki gayi hai
kiye gaye hain
ki gayin hain
Future
kiya jayega
ki jayegi
kiye jayenge
ki jayengi

Meanings

The passive voice is used when the performer of the action is unknown, irrelevant, or when you want to emphasize the result of the action.

1

Formal Reporting

Used in news or official reports to maintain objectivity.

“कानून पास किया गया।”

“दोषियों को पकड़ा गया।”

2

Focus on Result

When the outcome is more important than the person who caused it.

“खाना परोसा गया।”

“घर सजाया गया।”

Reference Table

Reference table for 印地语被动语态 (事情被完成)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Object + Participle + gaya
Kaam kiya gaya.
Negative
Object + nahi + Participle + gaya
Kaam nahi kiya gaya.
Interrogative
Kya + Object + Participle + gaya?
Kya kaam kiya gaya?
Future
Object + Participle + jayega
Kaam kiya jayega.
Continuous
Object + Participle + ja raha hai
Kaam kiya ja raha hai.
Perfect
Object + Participle + gaya hai
Kaam kiya gaya hai.

正式程度

正式
कार्य पूरा किया गया।

कार्य पूरा किया गया। (Work/Project)

中性
काम पूरा किया गया।

काम पूरा किया गया। (Work/Project)

非正式
काम हो गया।

काम हो गया। (Work/Project)

俚语
काम निपट गया।

काम निपट गया। (Work/Project)

Passive Voice Components

Passive Voice

Auxiliary

  • jaana to go

Main Verb

  • Past Participle e.g., kiya, likha

Agent

  • ke dwara by

按水平分级的例句

1

काम किया गया।

The work was done.

2

खाना खाया गया।

The food was eaten.

3

पत्र लिखा गया।

The letter was written.

4

किताब पढ़ी गई।

The book was read.

1

दरवाजा खोला गया।

The door was opened.

2

खिड़कियाँ बंद की गईं।

The windows were closed.

3

सब्जी काटी गई।

The vegetable was cut.

4

पानी पिया गया।

The water was drunk.

1

यह फैसला सरकार के द्वारा लिया गया।

This decision was taken by the government.

2

मीटिंग कल आयोजित की जाएगी।

The meeting will be organized tomorrow.

3

उसे इनाम दिया गया।

He was given a prize.

4

गलती सुधार दी गई है।

The mistake has been corrected.

1

इस समस्या पर विचार किया जाना चाहिए।

This problem should be considered.

2

कानून को सख्ती से लागू किया गया।

The law was strictly enforced.

3

उसे पद से हटा दिया गया।

He was removed from the position.

4

सभी सबूत पेश किए गए।

All evidence was presented.

1

यह सिद्धांत वैज्ञानिकों द्वारा प्रतिपादित किया गया था।

This theory was propounded by scientists.

2

ऐतिहासिक तथ्यों को तोड़-मरोड़ कर पेश किया गया।

Historical facts were presented in a distorted manner.

3

इस मुद्दे को गंभीरता से लिया जाना अपेक्षित है।

It is expected that this issue be taken seriously.

4

संविधान में संशोधन किया गया।

The constitution was amended.

1

उक्त प्रस्ताव को सर्वसम्मति से पारित किया गया।

The aforementioned proposal was passed unanimously.

2

विवादित भूमि का सीमांकन किया गया है।

The disputed land has been demarcated.

3

साहित्यिक कृतियों का अनुवाद किया जाना एक कठिन कार्य है।

Translating literary works is a difficult task.

4

जनता के हितों को सर्वोपरि रखा गया है।

Public interests have been kept paramount.

容易混淆

Hindi Passive Voice (Getting Things Done) 对比 Causative Verbs

Learners confuse 'done by me' (passive) with 'got done by someone else' (causative).

Hindi Passive Voice (Getting Things Done) 对比 Compulsion Structure

Learners confuse 'Mujhe jana hai' (I have to go) with passive.

Hindi Passive Voice (Getting Things Done) 对比 Active Voice

Overusing passive where active is more natural.

常见错误

Main khaya gaya.

Khana khaya gaya.

Passive voice needs an object, not a subject.

Kaam kiya gaye.

Kaam kiya gaya.

Agreement error.

Patra likha hai.

Patra likha gaya hai.

Missing the passive auxiliary.

Khana banaya.

Khana banaya gaya.

Missing the auxiliary.

Kitab padha gaya.

Kitab padhi gayi.

Gender mismatch.

Sab kaam kiya gaya.

Sab kaam kiye gaye.

Number mismatch.

Uske dwara main gaya.

Mere dwara kaam kiya gaya.

Misuse of agent.

Mujhe khaya gaya.

Khana mere dwara khaya gaya.

Passive voice is not for personal experience.

Sona gaya.

Soya gaya.

Intransitive verbs cannot be passive.

Kaam karwaya gaya.

Kaam kiya gaya.

Confusing passive with causative.

Yeh baat bola gaya.

Yeh baat kahi gayi.

Gender/Verb agreement.

Woh mara gaya.

Woh mara gaya (correct, but context matters).

Contextual usage.

句型

___ (object) ___ (participle) gaya.

___ (object) ___ (participle) jayega.

___ (object) ___ (agent) ke dwara ___ (participle) gaya.

Kya ___ (object) ___ (participle) gaya?

Real World Usage

News Report constant

दोषियों को पकड़ा गया।

Work Email very common

प्रोजेक्ट पूरा किया गया है।

Cooking Recipe common

प्याज को काटा गया।

Legal Document very common

कानून पारित किया गया।

Social Media occasional

फोटो शेयर की गई।

Travel Announcement common

टिकट बुक किया गया है।

💡

Focus on the Object

Always look at the object first. If it's feminine, your verb must be feminine.
⚠️

Don't Overuse

Hindi speakers prefer active voice. Use passive only when necessary.
🎯

The 'dwara' Trap

Don't use 'ke dwara' for every passive sentence. It sounds like a bad translation.
💬

Formal Tone

Use passive voice in professional emails to sound more polite and objective.

Smart Tips

Use passive voice to list steps clearly.

Maine pehle pani dala, phir cheeni dali. Pehle pani dala gaya, phir cheeni dali gayi.

Use passive to remain neutral.

Police ne chor ko pakda. Chor ko pakda gaya.

Use passive to avoid 'I' or 'You'.

Maine kaam khatam kiya. Kaam khatam kiya gaya hai.

Passive is your best friend.

Kisi ne khidki todi. Khidki todi gayi.

发音

gah-yah / gah-yee

Gaya/Gayi

Ensure the 'y' sound is clear. 'Gaya' (masc) vs 'Gayi' (fem).

Falling intonation

Kaam kiya gaya ↓

Used for declarative statements.

记住它

记忆技巧

Passive is 'Gone' (Gaya) - the subject has 'gone' away, and the action is left behind.

视觉联想

Imagine a letter sitting on a desk. The person who wrote it is invisible. The letter is just 'being written' (likha gaya).

Rhyme

Action is the star of the show, Just add 'gaya' and let the subject go.

Story

A chef makes a cake. In active voice: 'Chef makes cake.' In passive voice: 'The cake is made.' The cake is now the hero of the story, and the chef is just a shadow.

Word Web

jaanagayagayigayedwarakiyalikha

挑战

Look around your room and describe 3 things using passive voice (e.g., 'The light was turned on').

文化笔记

Passive voice is highly valued in formal settings to avoid sounding aggressive.

News anchors use passive voice to report events neutrally.

Legal documents rely heavily on passive constructions.

The Hindi passive voice evolved from Sanskrit passive constructions, simplified over centuries.

对话开场白

क्या आज का काम पूरा किया गया?

क्या कल की मीटिंग आयोजित की गई थी?

क्या यह फिल्म देखी गई है?

क्या घर सजाया गया है?

日记主题

Describe a project you finished at work using passive voice.
Write a news report about a local event.
Describe how your favorite dish is prepared.
Write about a historical event using passive voice.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct passive form.

काम ___ (karna) गया।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kiya
Past participle of karna is kiya.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

किताब पढ़ा गया।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kitab padhi gayi.
Kitab is feminine.
Choose the correct passive sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Patra likha gaya.
Patra is masculine singular.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kaam kiya gaya.
Correct word order.
Translate to Hindi. 翻译

The food was eaten.

Answer starts with: Kha...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Khana khaya gaya.
Khana is masculine singular.
Conjugate 'likhna' for feminine plural. Conjugation Drill

Letters were written.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Chitthiyan likhi gayin.
Feminine plural requires 'gayin'.
Match the tense. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Past vs Future
Gaya is past, jayega is future.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Kya kaam hua? B: Haan, kaam ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kiya gaya
Passive voice is needed.

Score: /8

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct passive form.

काम ___ (karna) गया।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kiya
Past participle of karna is kiya.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

किताब पढ़ा गया।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kitab padhi gayi.
Kitab is feminine.
Choose the correct passive sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Patra likha gaya.
Patra is masculine singular.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

गया / काम / किया

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kaam kiya gaya.
Correct word order.
Translate to Hindi. 翻译

The food was eaten.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Khana khaya gaya.
Khana is masculine singular.
Conjugate 'likhna' for feminine plural. Conjugation Drill

Letters were written.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Chitthiyan likhi gayin.
Feminine plural requires 'gayin'.
Match the tense. Match Pairs

Match: 'kiya gaya' vs 'kiya jayega'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Past vs Future
Gaya is past, jayega is future.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Kya kaam hua? B: Haan, kaam ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kiya gaya
Passive voice is needed.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
Complete the sentence 填空

Kal match dekha ___ tha. (The match was watched yesterday)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gaya
Arrange to form a Passive sentence Sentence Reorder

hai / jaati / English / yahan / boli

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Yahan English boli jaati hai
Identify the Passive Voice 多项选择

Which sentence is Passive?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ram se gaana gaya jaata hai.
Translate 'The food is being cooked.' 翻译

The food is being cooked.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Khana banaya ja raha hai.
Match the Active sentence to its Passive form Match Pairs

Match correctly

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {"Mai ye karta hu":"Mujhse ye kiya jaata hai","Usne khana khaya":"Uske dwara khana khaya gaya"}
Fix the agent marker Error Correction

Main khana nahi khaya jaata.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse khana nahi khaya jaata.
Select the correct form 填空

Mujhse ye bojh uthaya nahi ___. (I can't lift this load - incapacity)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: jaata
Select the correct translation for 'Chor pakda gaya' 多项选择

Chor pakda gaya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The thief was caught.
Grammar agreement check 填空

Kitabein (Books) padhi ___ hain.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: jaati
Unscramble the future passive Sentence Reorder

jayega / kaam / kiya / kal

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kal kaam kiya jayega
Translate to Hindi 翻译

English is taught here.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Yahan English sikhayi jaati hai.
Which sentence implies 'I am unable to run'? 多项选择

Select the Incapacity Passive.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mujhse bhaaga nahi jaata.

Score: /12

常见问题 (8)

No, it sounds unnatural. Use it only when the focus is on the action.

It means 'by' and is used to introduce the agent in a passive sentence.

Yes, it is generally more formal than active voice.

No, only transitive verbs can be passive.

Because it must agree with the object of the sentence.

It is used, but less frequently than in English.

You must learn the gender of nouns to use passive correctly.

Yes, but it's less common than past tense passive.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English high

to be + past participle

Hindi passive is less common in daily speech than English.

Spanish high

ser + participio

Spanish also uses the 'se' passive, which Hindi lacks.

German high

werden + Partizip II

German has a more complex case system.

Japanese low

-(r)eru suffix

Japanese passive can imply suffering (adversative passive).

Arabic low

Internal vowel change

Hindi uses an external auxiliary word.

Chinese moderate

bei (被) construction

Chinese passive is often used for negative outcomes.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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