Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The Hindi passive voice focuses on the action or the object rather than the person performing the action.
- Use the verb 'jaana' (to go) as an auxiliary: 'kaam kiya gaya' (the work was done).
- The main verb must be in the past participle form (e.g., 'kiya', 'likha').
- The subject (if mentioned) is marked with 'ke dwara' (by).
Overview
जाना (jānā, 가다) 동사를 조동사처럼 활용하는 것입니다. 한국어 문법 지식으로 연결해 보자면, 한국어의 피동형인 '먹히다', '잡히다'처럼 동사 어간에 접사를 붙이는 방식이 아니라, '행동이 이루어지다'와 같이 보조 용언을 활용하는 구조와 매우 유사합니다. 힌디어 수동태는 '과거분사(Perfective Participle) + जाना'의 조합으로 이루어집니다.जाना는 '가다'라는 본래의 의미를 완전히 잃어버리고, 오직 수동의 의미를 전달하는 기능어(Functional word)로 변합니다.जाना 모두 이 새로운 주어의 성과 수에 맞춰 변해야 합니다.के द्वारा (ke dvārā)를 쓰거나, 좀 더 일상적인 표현인 से (se)를 사용합니다.मैंने पत्र लिखा) | 예시 (수동: मुझसे पत्र लिखा गया) |से 또는 के द्वारा 추가 | मैंने (나) | मुझसे (나에 의해) |पत्र (편지) | पत्र (편지) |लिखा (썼다) | लिखा (쓰여진) |जाना의 시제/성/수 일치 | 없음 | गया (되었다) |लिखा गया가 되지만, '책(किताब, 여성 단수)'을 쓴다면 लिखी गई가 되어야 합니다. 힌디어 학습자가 가장 많이 실수하는 지점이 바로 이 '새로운 주어'에 맞춘 동사 변형입니다. 항상 문장의 중심이 되는 명사가 무엇인지 먼저 파악하고, 그 명사의 성별을 확인하는 습관을 들이세요.मुझसे खाना नहीं खाया जाता (나에 의해 밥이 먹히지 않는다)라고 하면 '너무 배가 불러서' 혹은 '너무 슬퍼서' 도저히 먹을 수 없는 상황적, 심리적 압박감을 강조합니다. 친구와 카페에 갔는데 너무 배가 불러서 더 못 먹겠을 때, 단순히 '못 먹어'라고 하기보다 이 수동태를 사용하여 '상황상 내가 먹는 것이 불가능하다'는 뉘앙스를 전달해 보세요.- 1성/수 일치 오류: 한국어에는 성별 개념이 없습니다. 그래서
किताब(책, 여성)을 주어로 두고도 무의식적으로लिखा गया(남성형)라고 말하는 경우가 많습니다. 이는 한국어의 '자동사/타동사' 구분만 생각하고 '명사의 성'을 간과하기 때문입니다. 항상 주어 명사의 성별을 먼저 체크하세요. - 2능동태와의 혼용: '나는 밥을 먹었다'를
मुझसे खाना खाया गया로 쓰는 경우입니다. 수동태는 모든 문장에 쓸 수 있는 것이 아닙니다. 행위자가 명확하고 의도적인 행동일 때는 능동태가 훨씬 자연스럽습니다. 한국어의 '피동문 남용' 습관을 힌디어까지 가져오지 마세요. - 3시제 조동사 변형 누락:
जाना의 시제 변형을 잊고 항상 기본형만 쓰는 오류입니다. 과거형이면गया, 미래형이면जाएगा로 반드시 시제에 맞춰 조동사를 바꿔야 합니다. 한국어의 어미 변화보다 힌디어의 조동사 변화가 더 복잡하다는 점을 인지해야 합니다.
जाना (पकड़ा जाना) |से + 수동태 + 부정 (खाया नहीं जाता) |खाया नहीं जाता는 '상황적 불가능'을 포함합니다. 한국어 화자는 이 차이를 이해하는 것이 가장 중요합니다. 단순히 '능력'을 말하고 싶다면 सकना (saknā) 동사를 쓰고, '상황 때문에 안 된다'는 뉘앙스를 강조하고 싶다면 수동태를 사용하세요.के द्वारा와 से의 차이는 무엇인가요?के द्वारा는 뉴스나 공식 문서에서 주로 쓰이는 격식체이고, से는 일상 회화에서 훨씬 자주 쓰이는 범용적인 표현입니다.Passive Voice Conjugation (Verb: Karna - To do)
| Tense | Masculine Singular | Feminine Singular | Masculine Plural | Feminine Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Past
|
kiya gaya
|
ki gayi
|
kiye gaye
|
ki gayin
|
|
Present Perfect
|
kiya gaya hai
|
ki gayi hai
|
kiye gaye hain
|
ki gayin hain
|
|
Future
|
kiya jayega
|
ki jayegi
|
kiye jayenge
|
ki jayengi
|
Meanings
The passive voice is used when the performer of the action is unknown, irrelevant, or when you want to emphasize the result of the action.
Formal Reporting
Used in news or official reports to maintain objectivity.
“कानून पास किया गया।”
“दोषियों को पकड़ा गया।”
Focus on Result
When the outcome is more important than the person who caused it.
“खाना परोसा गया।”
“घर सजाया गया।”
Reference Table
| 시제 | 힌디어 구조 | 예시 (객체: Kaam - 일) | 영어 번역 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
현재 단순
|
동사-aa + jaata hai
|
Kaam kiya jaata hai
|
Work is done
|
|
과거 단순
|
동사-aa + gaya
|
Kaam kiya gaya
|
Work was done
|
|
미래 단순
|
동사-aa + jayega
|
Kaam kiya jayega
|
Work will be done
|
|
진행형
|
동사-aa + ja raha hai
|
Kaam kiya ja raha hai
|
Work is being done
|
|
부정 (불가능)
|
동사-aa + nahi jaata
|
Mujhse kaam kiya nahi jaata
|
I can't do the work (incapacity)
|
|
조동사
|
동사-aa + ja sakta hai
|
Kaam kiya ja sakta hai
|
Work can be done
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
कार्य पूरा किया गया। (Work/Project)
काम पूरा किया गया। (Work/Project)
काम हो गया। (Work/Project)
काम निपट गया। (Work/Project)
수준별 예문
काम किया गया।
The work was done.
खाना खाया गया।
The food was eaten.
पत्र लिखा गया।
The letter was written.
किताब पढ़ी गई।
The book was read.
दरवाजा खोला गया।
The door was opened.
खिड़कियाँ बंद की गईं।
The windows were closed.
सब्जी काटी गई।
The vegetable was cut.
पानी पिया गया।
The water was drunk.
यह फैसला सरकार के द्वारा लिया गया।
This decision was taken by the government.
मीटिंग कल आयोजित की जाएगी।
The meeting will be organized tomorrow.
उसे इनाम दिया गया।
He was given a prize.
गलती सुधार दी गई है।
The mistake has been corrected.
इस समस्या पर विचार किया जाना चाहिए।
This problem should be considered.
कानून को सख्ती से लागू किया गया।
The law was strictly enforced.
उसे पद से हटा दिया गया।
He was removed from the position.
सभी सबूत पेश किए गए।
All evidence was presented.
यह सिद्धांत वैज्ञानिकों द्वारा प्रतिपादित किया गया था।
This theory was propounded by scientists.
ऐतिहासिक तथ्यों को तोड़-मरोड़ कर पेश किया गया।
Historical facts were presented in a distorted manner.
इस मुद्दे को गंभीरता से लिया जाना अपेक्षित है।
It is expected that this issue be taken seriously.
संविधान में संशोधन किया गया।
The constitution was amended.
उक्त प्रस्ताव को सर्वसम्मति से पारित किया गया।
The aforementioned proposal was passed unanimously.
विवादित भूमि का सीमांकन किया गया है।
The disputed land has been demarcated.
साहित्यिक कृतियों का अनुवाद किया जाना एक कठिन कार्य है।
Translating literary works is a difficult task.
जनता के हितों को सर्वोपरि रखा गया है।
Public interests have been kept paramount.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners confuse 'done by me' (passive) with 'got done by someone else' (causative).
Learners confuse 'Mujhe jana hai' (I have to go) with passive.
Overusing passive where active is more natural.
자주 하는 실수
Main khaya gaya.
Khana khaya gaya.
Kaam kiya gaye.
Kaam kiya gaya.
Patra likha hai.
Patra likha gaya hai.
Khana banaya.
Khana banaya gaya.
Kitab padha gaya.
Kitab padhi gayi.
Sab kaam kiya gaya.
Sab kaam kiye gaye.
Uske dwara main gaya.
Mere dwara kaam kiya gaya.
Mujhe khaya gaya.
Khana mere dwara khaya gaya.
Sona gaya.
Soya gaya.
Kaam karwaya gaya.
Kaam kiya gaya.
Yeh baat bola gaya.
Yeh baat kahi gayi.
Woh mara gaya.
Woh mara gaya (correct, but context matters).
문장 패턴
___ (object) ___ (participle) gaya.
___ (object) ___ (participle) jayega.
___ (object) ___ (agent) ke dwara ___ (participle) gaya.
Kya ___ (object) ___ (participle) gaya?
Real World Usage
दोषियों को पकड़ा गया।
प्रोजेक्ट पूरा किया गया है।
प्याज को काटा गया।
कानून पारित किया गया।
फोटो शेयर की गई।
टिकट बुक किया गया है।
'Jaana'의 함정
Kaam kiya jaata hai(일이 행해진다)는 '일이 행해지러 간다'는 뜻이 아니에요.
정중한 거절
Mujhse nahi hoga. (저는 할 수 없어요.)성수 일치 주의!
Smart Tips
Use passive voice to list steps clearly.
Use passive to remain neutral.
Use passive to avoid 'I' or 'You'.
Passive is your best friend.
발음
Gaya/Gayi
Ensure the 'y' sound is clear. 'Gaya' (masc) vs 'Gayi' (fem).
Falling intonation
Kaam kiya gaya ↓
Used for declarative statements.
암기하기
기억법
Passive is 'Gone' (Gaya) - the subject has 'gone' away, and the action is left behind.
시각적 연상
Imagine a letter sitting on a desk. The person who wrote it is invisible. The letter is just 'being written' (likha gaya).
Rhyme
Action is the star of the show, Just add 'gaya' and let the subject go.
Story
A chef makes a cake. In active voice: 'Chef makes cake.' In passive voice: 'The cake is made.' The cake is now the hero of the story, and the chef is just a shadow.
Word Web
챌린지
Look around your room and describe 3 things using passive voice (e.g., 'The light was turned on').
문화 노트
Passive voice is highly valued in formal settings to avoid sounding aggressive.
News anchors use passive voice to report events neutrally.
Legal documents rely heavily on passive constructions.
The Hindi passive voice evolved from Sanskrit passive constructions, simplified over centuries.
대화 시작하기
क्या आज का काम पूरा किया गया?
क्या कल की मीटिंग आयोजित की गई थी?
क्या यह फिल्म देखी गई है?
क्या घर सजाया गया है?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
Cricket Bharat mein khela ___ hai. (인도에서는 크리켓이 행해진다)
올바른 수동태 구문을 선택하세요:
Chai banaya gaya hai. (차가 만들어졌다)
Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercisesकाम ___ (karna) गया।
Find and fix the mistake:
किताब पढ़ा गया।
Which is correct?
गया / काम / किया
The food was eaten.
Letters were written.
Match: 'kiya gaya' vs 'kiya jayega'
A: Kya kaam hua? B: Haan, kaam ___.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesKal match dekha ___ tha. (어제 경기가 봤졌다)
hai / jaati / English / yahan / boli
다음 중 수동태 문장은?
The food is being cooked.
Match correctly
Main khana nahi khaya jaata.
Mujhse ye bojh uthaya nahi ___. (이 짐을 들 수 없어요 - 불가능)
The thief was caught.
Kitabein (Books) padhi ___ hain.
jayega / kaam / kiya / kal
English is taught here.
Which sentence implies 'I am unable to run'?
Score: /12
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
No, it sounds unnatural. Use it only when the focus is on the action.
It means 'by' and is used to introduce the agent in a passive sentence.
Yes, it is generally more formal than active voice.
No, only transitive verbs can be passive.
Because it must agree with the object of the sentence.
It is used, but less frequently than in English.
You must learn the gender of nouns to use passive correctly.
Yes, but it's less common than past tense passive.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
to be + past participle
Hindi passive is less common in daily speech than English.
ser + participio
Spanish also uses the 'se' passive, which Hindi lacks.
werden + Partizip II
German has a more complex case system.
-(r)eru suffix
Japanese passive can imply suffering (adversative passive).
Internal vowel change
Hindi uses an external auxiliary word.
bei (被) construction
Chinese passive is often used for negative outcomes.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
관련 동영상
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