B1 · 中級 チャプター 14

Describing Nouns and Creating Concepts

6 トータルルール
65 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Transform your Korean sentences from simple statements into rich, descriptive, and complex ideas.

  • Master noun modifiers to describe people, places, and things in any timeframe.
  • Convert verbs into nouns to express abstract concepts and habits.
  • Explain the purpose behind your actions using advanced connecting structures.
Master the art of description and unlock complex expression.

学べること

Hey friend! Ready to level up your Korean? In this chapter, you're going to learn how to make your sentences super descriptive. No more plain sentences! You'll master how to use verbs like adjectives to perfectly describe nouns – whether it's something happening *right now*, something that *already happened*, something that *will happen*, or even things you *used to do*. For example, imagine you want to say “the friend *who is coming*” or “that movie *I watched last night*.” This is exactly what you'll learn! Or maybe you want to say “reading books is great” – turning actions into concepts is key here. We'll start by describing things in the present tense, then move to the past and future. After that, we'll dive into how to turn any verb into a noun – like transforming “eat” into “eating.” Finally, you'll learn how to express the purpose of an action, like saying something is “for studying.” It's like unlocking a whole new level of expression! By the end of this chapter, you won't just be describing nouns; you'll be building complex ideas. You'll be able to confidently talk about “the book *you want to read*”, “the task *you need to do*”, or “the reason *why you are learning Korean*.” Your speaking will sound much more natural, you'll express your thoughts with greater precision, and you'll truly feel like a B1 Korean speaker. Ready? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use verb-based modifiers to describe specific nouns in past, present, and future contexts.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Nominalize actions to discuss hobbies and reasons using -는 것 and -기.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome, language adventurers, to a pivotal chapter in your Korean journey! If you've been yearning to add depth and nuance to your sentences, you're in the right place. This guide is designed for B1 Korean grammar learners ready to move beyond basic structures and truly express themselves.
We're diving deep into how to describe nouns with precision, transforming simple statements into rich, detailed observations. You’ll learn to use verbs like adjectives, allowing you to talk about
the friend *who is coming*
(오는 친구) or
the movie *I watched yesterday*
(어제 본 영화).
This chapter is crucial for elevating your Korean descriptive grammar. You’ll master various forms of noun modification – present, past, future, and even past habits – making your speech incredibly natural and engaging. Beyond just describing, we’ll also explore Korean nominalization, which is the fascinating process of turning actions into concepts.
Imagine saying
reading books is fun
(책 읽는 것이 재미있어요) or studying is important (공부하기는 중요해요). By the end, you'll not only describe *what* something is but also *why* it is, like
a tool *for studying*
(공부하기 위한 도구). This skill set is a hallmark of B1 Korean proficiency, enabling you to construct more complex ideas and convey your thoughts with clarity and confidence.
Get ready to unlock a whole new level of expression!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces several powerful grammar patterns that allow you to modify nouns with verbs and turn verbs into nouns. Let's break them down:
First, we have the Present Tense Modifiers: -는 for action verbs. This is like saying
who/which/that is doing [verb]
. For example, 읽는 책 (the book that is being read / the book one is reading) or 이야기하는 사람 (the person who is talking).
For descriptive verbs (adjectives), we use -ㄴ/은 directly, like 예쁜 꽃 (a pretty flower).
Next, the Past Tense Noun Modifier: -ㄴ/은. This attaches to action verbs to describe a noun that *was* affected by the action. For instance, 먹은 음식 (the food that was eaten) or 본 영화 (the movie that was seen/watched).
Then, the Future Noun Modifier: -ㄹ/을. This indicates something that *will* happen or needs to happen. Think of it as to do or
that will be done.
Examples include 갈 곳 (the place to go / the place one will go) or 할 일 (the work to do).
The Korean Past Habit Modifier: -던 expresses an action that *used to* happen repeatedly or continuously in the past. It emphasizes the ongoing nature of the past action. For example, 살던 집 (the house I used to live in) or 자주 가던 카페 (the cafe I used to go to often).
Unlike -ㄴ/은, which marks a completed past action, -던 suggests a past action that was habitual or interrupted.
Now, let's turn actions into nouns. Turning Actions into Nouns (-는 것) is a versatile way to nominalize verbs. It literally means
the thing of doing [verb].
For instance, 한국어를 배우는 것 (the act of learning Korean / learning Korean) or 책을 읽는 것 (reading books).
Another form of Korean Nominalization: -기 also turns verbs into nouns, often used for general activities, abilities, or commands. For example, 읽기 (reading, as a skill or activity) or 쓰기 (writing). It's often used with verbs like to like or to dislike, or with expressions of ease/difficulty.
Finally, we have Purpose for Nouns: -기 위한. This structure expresses that something is
for the sake of doing [verb]
or for [verb]-ing. It combines -기 with 위하다 (to be for the sake of) and the modifier -ㄴ/은. So, 공부하기 위한 책 (a book for studying) or 여행하기 위한 돈 (money for traveling).
These patterns will dramatically enhance your ability to create descriptive and complex sentences.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    어제 먹는 밥은 맛있었어요.
    (The rice that is eating yesterday was delicious.)
✓ Correct:
어제 먹은 밥은 맛있었어요.
(The rice I ate yesterday was delicious.)
*Explanation:* When describing a noun with a past action, you must use the past tense modifier -ㄴ/은. -는 is for present actions.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    나는 살은 집이 그리워요.
    (I miss the house that was lived in.) (implies the house itself was lived in once and it's done, not a habit)
✓ Correct:
나는 살던 집이 그리워요.
(I miss the house I used to live in.)
*Explanation:* Use -던 to express a past habit or an action that occurred continuously or repeatedly in the past. -ㄴ/은 focuses on a completed action.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    읽는 것은 쉬워요.
    (Reading is easy.) (While not strictly wrong, often less natural for general ability)
✓ Correct:
읽기는 쉬워요.
(Reading is easy.)
*Explanation:* While both -는 것 and -기 can nominalize verbs, -기 is often preferred when talking about general activities, abilities, or when paired with verbs like 쉽다/어렵다 (easy/difficult), 좋다/싫다 (like/dislike).

Real Conversations

A

A

민수 씨, 어제 본 영화 어땠어요? (Min-su, how was the movie you watched yesterday?)
B

B

정말 좋았어요! 다시 보고 싶은 영화예요. (It was really good! It's a movie I want to watch again.)
A

A

이 책은 뭐예요? (What is this book?)
B

B

아, 이건 한국어 공부하기 위한 책이에요. (Oh, this is a book for studying Korean.)
A

A

대단하네요! 매일 공부하는 모습이 멋져요. (That's amazing! The way you study every day is cool.)
A

A

옛날에 자주 가던 식당이 있었는데, 요즘은 안 가요. (There was a restaurant I used to go to often in the past, but I don't go these days.)
B

B

왜요? 음식이 맛있는 곳이었어요? (Why not? Was it a place where the food was delicious?)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between -는 것 and -기 for nominalization?

While both nominalize verbs, -는 것 often refers to a specific instance or a more concrete thing of an action, whereas -기 is frequently used for general activities, abilities, or when paired with adjectives like easy or difficult. For example, 수영하는 것 (the act of swimming) vs. 수영하기 (swimming as an activity/skill).

Q

Can -던 be used for actions that happened only once in the past?

Generally, no. -던 implies a repeated, habitual, or continuous action in the past that is now finished or interrupted. For a single, completed past action, you should use the past tense modifier -ㄴ/은.

Q

Is there a simpler way to say

the person who is running
than 뛰는 사람?

Not really with a single word that retains the same meaning. 뛰는 사람 is the most direct and natural way to say

the person who is running
using Korean noun modification. This structure is fundamental for descriptive sentences.

Cultural Context

These noun modifiers and nominalization patterns are the backbone of descriptive and complex sentences in Korean. You'll encounter them constantly in daily conversations, news articles, and K-dramas. Mastering them allows you to speak with greater precision and express nuanced ideas, a key characteristic of proficient B1 Korean speakers.
For instance, instead of just saying
I like to read,
a native speaker might naturally say 책 읽는 것을 좋아해요 (I like the act of reading books), or 읽기가 좋아요 (Reading is good/easy). Using -던 also adds a layer of nostalgia or personal history, making your storytelling richer. These structures are not just grammar rules; they are essential tools for effective and natural communication.

重要な例文 (8)

1

내가 자주 가는 카페야.

私がよく行くカフェだよ。

現在連体形：-는（動詞を修飾語に変える魔法のパーツ）
2

지금 듣는 노래 제목이 뭐야?

今聴いている曲のタイトルは何？

現在連体形：-는（動詞を修飾語に変える魔法のパーツ）
3

어제 본 영화가 진짜 재미있었어요.

昨日見た映画が本当に面白かったです。

過去の連体形 (ㄴ/은)
4

이게 제가 어제 인스타그램に 올린 사진이에요.

これが私が昨日インスタにアップした写真です。

過去の連体形 (ㄴ/은)
5

이게 내가 `마시던` 커피야.

これ、私が飲んでいた（飲みかけの）コーヒーだよ。

韓国語の過去回想・習慣の連体形：～していた（～던）
6

여기가 제가 자주 `가던` 맛집이에요.

ここが、私がよく行っていた美味しいお店です。

韓国語の過去回想・習慣の連体形：～していた（～던）
7

제 취미는 영화를 보는 것이에요.

私の趣味は映画を見ることです。

動詞の名詞化：〜すること (는 것)
8

한국어 공부하는 게 재미있어요.

韓国語を勉強するのが楽しいです。

動詞の名詞化：〜すること (는 것)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

後ろから訳してみよう

長い韓国語の文で迷ったら、一番後ろの名詞から前に戻って読んでみて。「피자를 먹는 사람」なら「人（사람）←食べている（먹는）←ピザを（피자를）」という感じだよ。 «피자를 먹는 사람을 봐요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在連体形：-는（動詞を修飾語に変える魔法のパーツ）
⚠️

形容詞との違いに注意！

動詞に付けると「過去」ですが、形容詞に付けると「現在」の意味になります。例えば «예쁜 꽃» は「きれいな（今の状態の）花」ですよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の連体形 (ㄴ/은)
💡

『D』は『Doing』のD！

«던» の頭文字『D』を、英語の『Doing（繰り返していた）』や『Didn't finish（終わっていない）』と結びつけて覚えると忘れにくいですよ。 «마시던 커피»（飲みかけのコーヒー）のようにね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の過去回想・習慣の連体形：～していた（～던）
🎯

短縮形を使いこなそう

友達へのメッセージで「는 것이」を使うと、まるで契約書のように堅苦しく聞こえます。会話では必ず «게»、«걸»、«건» を使いましょう！ «한국어 배우는 게 재미있어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動詞の名詞化：〜すること (는 것)

重要な語彙 (5)

읽다 (ikda) to read 가다 (gada) to go 공부 (gongbu) study 취미 (chwimi) hobby 영화 (yeonghwa) movie

Real-World Preview

coffee

Talking about Hobbies

Review Summary

  • Verb stem + 는 + Noun
  • Verb stem + ㄴ/은 + Noun
  • Verb stem + 던 + Noun
  • Verb stem + 는 것
  • Verb stem + 기
  • Verb stem + 기 위한 + Noun

よくある間違い

You used the past modifier instead of the present. Use -는 for current actions.

Wrong: 먹은 사람 (when meaning a person eating now)
正解: 먹는 사람

Ensure you are modifying a noun with -기 위한. If you want to say 'in order to study', use -기 위해서.

Wrong: 공부하기 위한 것이에요
正解: 공부하기 위한 것이에요 (or simply 공부하기 위해서)

-던 is strictly for past habits or interrupted past actions, not current ones.

Wrong: 읽던 책을 읽어요 (when meaning reading a book right now)
正解: 읽는 책을 읽어요

このチャプターのルール (6)

1

現在連体形：-는（動詞を修飾語に変える魔法のパーツ）

B1
名詞を動詞で詳しく説明したい時は、語幹に «-는» をつけて名詞の直前に置けばOK！ «가는», «먹는», «하는» の形を使いこなそう。
내가 자주 가는 카페야.
12 例文
2

過去の連体形 (ㄴ/은)

B1
「ㄴ/은」を使えば、「飲んだコーヒー」や「見た映画」のように、終わった動作で名詞を詳しく説明できる «魔法のパーツ» です。
어제 본 영화가 진짜 재미있었어요.
10 例文
3

韓国語の過去回想・習慣の連体形：～していた（～던）

B1
過去の習慣や、中断されたままの行動を思い出しながら名詞を詳しく説明したい時は «던» を使いましょう。 «가던» や «먹던» が代表的です。
이게 내가 `마시던` 커피야.
10 例文
4

動詞の名詞化：〜すること (는 것)

B1
動詞を「〜すること」という名詞に変えたい時は «는 것» を使いましょう。会話では «게»、«걸»、«건» と短縮するのがネイティブ流です。
제 취미는 영화를 보는 것이에요.
11 例文
5

韓国語の名詞化: ~기 (動詞を名詞にする魔法)

B1
動詞の語幹に付けるだけで、アクションを「概念」に変える魔法のツールです。 «~기» を使って、リスト作成や «~기 때문에» などの重要表現を使いこなしましょう！
한국어 말하기 연습을 해요.
12 例文
6

名詞の目的：〜のための (-기 위한)

B1
動詞を「〜するための」という目的のラベルに変えて、後ろの名詞を詳しく説明する魔法の形だよ！ «-기 위한» を使えば、その物の役割がハッキリ伝わるね。
이것은 한국어를 배우기 위한 책입니다.
10 例文

Next Steps

You've done an incredible job! You are now equipped to describe your world in Korean. Keep practicing!

Write a journal entry about your past habits and current goals.

Continue to: Refining Context and Comparisons

クイック練習 (10)

読み終わっていない本についての文の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

어제 읽은 책을 아직 다 못 읽었어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 어제 읽던 책을 아직 다 못 읽었어요.
まだ読み終わっていないので、完了を意味する 읽은 よりも、やりかけを意味する 읽던 が正確です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の過去回想・習慣の連体形：～していた（～던）

（ ）の中の動詞を正しい形に変えて、空欄を埋めてね。

내가 자주 ___ 카페 (가다)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가는
「가다（行く）」は現在の動作を表す動詞なので、語幹に「-는」をつけて「가는（行く〜）」にします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在連体形：-는（動詞を修飾語に変える魔法のパーツ）

次の文章の間違いを見つけて直してみよう。

성공하기 위해 노력을 많이 했어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 성공하기 위한 노력을 많이 했어요.
'노력'（努力）という名詞を説明するには、形容詞のような役割をする '-기 위한' を使う必要があるんだ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 名詞の目的：〜のための (-기 위한)

文法的に正しい文章はどれかな？

目的を表す修飾語が正しく使われているものを選んでね：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 살을 빼기 위한 식단이 중요해요.
この文では '식단'（献立）が修飾される名詞だから、 '-기 위한' でつなぐのが一番自然だよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 名詞の目的：〜のための (-기 위한)

「音楽を聞くのが好きです」という意味になるように、空欄を埋めてください。

저는 음악을 ___ 좋아해요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 듣는 걸
「聞くこと」を目的語として自然に表現するには、短縮形の «듣는 걸» が最適です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動詞の名詞化：〜すること (는 것)

文脈に合うように文法パターンを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

本を読むために（目的）、静かにしてください。：책을 읽기 때문에 조용히 해 주세요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 책을 읽기 위해서 조용히 해 주세요.
때문에 は「理由」ですが、ここでは「〜するために」という「目的」が適切なので «~기 위해서» を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の名詞化: ~기 (動詞を名詞にする魔法)

「学ぶのは簡単です」という正しい文章を選んでください。

自然な韓国語はどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 배우기 쉬워요.
「〜しやすい」というパターンは必ず「語幹 + 기 + 쉽다」という形になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の名詞化: ~기 (動詞を名詞にする魔法)

文章の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

제 취미는 춤추다 것이에요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 제 취미는 춤추는 것이에요.
語幹の「춤추-」に直接「는 것」を付ける必要があります。「다」は削除します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動詞の名詞化：〜すること (는 것)

文法的に正しい文章はどれですか？

正しい名詞化の形を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 밥을 먹는 것이 힘들어요.
「는」と「것」の間には必ずスペースを入れる必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動詞の名詞化：〜すること (는 것)

「ソウルに住んでいる友達」という正しい表現を選んでね。

Choose the correct way to say 'the friend who lives in Seoul':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 서울에 사는 친구
「살다」は「ㄹ」で終わる動詞なので、「ㄹ」を消してから「-는」をつけます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在連体形：-는（動詞を修飾語に変える魔法のパーツ）

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

韓国語では、辞書形の動詞をそのまま名詞の前に置くことはできないんだ。接着剤のような役割をする「-는」が必要だよ。 «먹는 음식» と言おう。
いいえ、使えないよ。「-는」は動詞専用なんだ。形容詞の場合は「(으)ㄴ」を使うから、大きいバッグは «큰 가방» になるよ。
はい、使えますが、形容詞の場合は「現在の状態」を表します。例えば «예쁜 꽃» は「（今）きれいな花」という意味になります。
「먹은」は単純な過去の事実を言いますが、 «먹었던» は「以前食べていた（今は食べていない）」という回想や中断のニュアンスが強くなります。
ㄴ は完了した過去の動作、 던 は習慣や未完了の動作に使います。例えば 본 영화（見終わった映画）と 보던 영화（見ていた途中の映画）の違いです。
はい、使えます！「以前は〜だった（今は違う）」という変化を表します。 춥던 날씨（寒かった天気）は、今はもう寒くないことを示唆します。
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