A1 · 初級 チャプター 22

Ongoing Actions and Negation

3 トータルルール
33 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the present moment and the power of 'no' in Chinese conversation.

  • Describe ongoing actions using the marker 在 (zài).
  • Distinguish between 不 (bù) and 没 (méi) for different types of negation.
  • Express past non-actions and lack of possession using 没(有) (méiyǒu).
Living in the now and mastering the 'no'!

学べること

Ready to dive into super useful Chinese skills? In this exciting A1 chapter, we're unlocking two huge conversation powers! First, you'll learn how to tell everyone what you're doing *right now*. Imagine saying I am eating or I am studying like a pro. We'll introduce you to the magic word 在 (zài), which you place before a verb to instantly make it in progress. No more guessing how to say you're busy! Then, we'll tackle the art of saying no – because sometimes you just need to! But guess what? Chinese has a cool trick: two main ways to negate, and knowing which one to use is key. You'll master 不 (bù) for expressing opinions and regular habits (like "I don't like it or I don't usually go"). And for things that *didn't* happen in the past or simply saying you *don't have* something, 没 (méi) (or 没(有)) will be your new best friend. For example, you can confidently say "I didn't eat breakfast or I don't have a pen." By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand the rules; you'll be able to confidently talk about your ongoing activities, express your preferences, deny facts, and share what you have or don't have, and what you did or didn't do. These are fundamental building blocks for real-life chats, whether you're explaining your current task or politely declining an invitation. Don't worry, it's easier than you think, and we'll guide you every step of the way to chat like a native!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Describe what you are doing at the exact moment of speaking using 在 (zài).
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Choose correctly between 不 (bù) and 没 (méi) when negating habits versus past events.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: State that you do not possess an item or did not perform a past action.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to an exciting chapter in your A1 Chinese grammar journey! This guide is your key to unlocking two incredibly useful and fundamental communication skills that will instantly boost your confidence. We're talking about how to describe what you're doing *right now* – like saying I am studying or She is eating – and mastering the art of saying no in its various forms.
These aren't just abstract rules; they are the essential Chinese phrases you'll use every single day in real-life conversations.
Understanding these concepts is a cornerstone for any beginner Chinese learner. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to confidently talk about your ongoing activities, express your preferences, deny facts, and share what you have or don't have. We'll introduce you to the magical word 在 (zài) for ongoing actions, and then dive deep into the two main negation words: 不 (bù) and 没 (méi).
Don't worry, it's easier than you think, and we'll guide you step-by-step through these crucial Chinese grammar points, ensuring you build a solid foundation for your language learning adventure.

How This Grammar Works

Let's dive into the core mechanics of how to express ongoing actions and negation in Chinese. We’ll break down the Progressive Aspect: The ing Form (在 zài), and then tackle How to Say 'No' in Chinese: 不 (bù) and 没 (méi).
First, to talk about something happening *right now*, Chinese uses 在 (zài). Think of it as adding an -ing to your verbs. You place 在 (zài) directly before the verb to show that the action is in progress. The structure is simple: Subject + 在 (zài) + Verb (+ Object).
* 我在学习中文。 (Wǒ zài xuéxí Zhōngwén. - I am studying Chinese.)
* 她正在吃饭。 (Tā zhèngzài chīfàn. - She is eating.) (Note: 正在 (zhèngzài) is a slightly stronger version of 在 (zài), emphasizing the action is *right at this moment*, but 在 (zài) alone is perfectly fine for A1.)
Next, for negation, Chinese has two main words: 不 (bù) and 没 (méi).
You use 不 (bù) to negate present or future actions, habits, opinions, or adjectives. It's for general statements of "don't or not."
* 我不喜欢苹果。 (Wǒ bù xǐhuān píngguǒ. - I don't like apples.)
* 他不是学生。 (Tā bú shì xuéshēng. - He is not a student.) (Remember 不 (bù) changes to *bú* before a 4th tone syllable like 是 (shì).)
Then there's 没 (méi), which is crucial for Negating with 没(有): Didn't Do & Don't Have. You use 没 (méi) (or its full form 没有 (méiyǒu)) to negate past actions ("didn't do) or to express don't have."
* 我没吃饭。 (Wǒ méi chīfàn. - I didn't eat.) (Referring to a specific past meal)
* 我没有钱。 (Wǒ méiyǒu qián. - I don't have money.)
Understanding when to use 不 (bù) versus 没 (méi) is one of the most important distinctions you'll learn at the A1 level.

Common Mistakes

Learning A1 Chinese means encountering new grammatical structures. Here are some common pitfalls and how to avoid them:
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 我不在吃饭。 (Wǒ bú zài chīfàn.) (I am not eating.)
✓ Correct: 我没吃饭。 (Wǒ méi chīfàn.) (I didn't eat.) OR 我不在家吃饭。 (Wǒ bú zài jiā chīfàn.) (I am not eating at home.)
*Explanation:* This is a tricky one! To negate an ongoing action with 在 (zài), you actually use 不 (bù) *before* 在 (zài), like 我不在学习 (Wǒ bú zài xuéxí - I am not studying). However, if you mean "I didn't eat (a meal)
in the past, you use 没 (méi). The first
wrong
example is ambiguous and usually means
I didn't eat or I'm not eating (at a specific place). For I am not currently eating,
the more natural way is often to state what you *are* doing or simply 我没有在吃饭。 (Wǒ méiyǒu zài chīfàn.) but 我没吃饭 is much more common if it refers to a past meal. At A1, stick to 没 (méi) for
didn't do
and 不 (bù) for
don't like/is not."
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 我没喜欢。 (Wǒ méi xǐhuān.) (I didn't like.)
✓ Correct: 我不喜欢。 (Wǒ bù xǐhuān.) (I don't like.)
*Explanation:* 没 (méi) is not used to negate opinions, preferences, or adjectives. For these, always use 不 (bù). 没 (méi) is specifically for negating past actions or to have.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 我吃早饭。 (Wǒ chī zǎofàn.) (I eat breakfast.)
✓ Correct: 我在吃早饭。 (Wǒ zài chī zǎofàn.) (I am eating breakfast.)
*Explanation:* While 我吃早饭 can mean I eat breakfast as a habit, if you want to explicitly say you are doing it *right now*, you need to include 在 (zài). Omitting it changes the nuance from ongoing to habitual or general.

Real Conversations

Here are some dialogues to see these Chinese grammar points in action:

A

A

你在做什么？ (Nǐ zài zuò shénme? - What are you doing?)
B

B

我在看书。 (Wǒ zài kàn shū. - I am reading a book.)
A

A

你喜欢喝咖啡吗？ (Nǐ xǐhuān hē kāfēi ma? - Do you like to drink coffee?)
B

B

我不喜欢。我没喝咖啡。 (Wǒ bù xǐhuān. Wǒ méi hē kāfēi. - I don't like it. I didn't drink coffee.)
A

A

他有手机吗？ (Tā yǒu shǒujī ma? - Does he have a phone?)
B

B

他没有手机，他不喜欢用手机。 (Tā méiyǒu shǒujī, tā bù xǐhuān yòng shǒujī. - He doesn't have a phone, he doesn't like to use phones.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I say

I am not eating
in Chinese, specifically for an ongoing action?

You would say 我不在吃饭。 (Wǒ bú zài chīfàn.) or more completely, 我没有在吃饭。 (Wǒ méiyǒu zài chīfàn.) The 不 (bù) or 没有 (méiyǒu) goes before 在 (zài).

Q

Can 没有 (méiyǒu) always be shortened to 没 (méi)?

Yes, in most cases, especially in spoken Chinese, 没有 (méiyǒu) for "don't have or didn't do" can be shortened to 没 (méi) without losing its meaning.

Q

Is 在 (zài) always necessary for ing actions in A1 Chinese?

For clarity at the A1 level, it's best to always use 在 (zài) when you want to express an action is currently in progress. While sometimes context can imply it, 在 (zài) makes it explicit.

Q

What's the main difference between 不 (bù) and 没 (méi) for Chinese negation?

不 (bù) is used for general negation, habits, opinions, and adjectives (e.g., "I don't like,« »it's not big

). 没 (méi) is used for negating past actions (
didn't do) and expressing don't have."

Cultural Context

In Chinese communication, clarity about what you are doing or not doing is valued. Using 在 (zài) to indicate ongoing actions is a direct way to convey your current status, which can be useful in various social situations, from explaining why you're busy to describing what you see. The distinction between 不 (bù) and 没 (méi) is fundamental and permeates everyday conversations.
Mastering these A1 Chinese negation patterns allows for

重要な例文 (4)

1

我不吃肉。

私は肉を食べません。

中国語で「ノー」と言う方法：不 (bù) と 没 (méi)
2

我没吃肉。

私は肉を食べませんでした。

中国語で「ノー」と言う方法：不 (bù) と 没 (méi)
3

{你在做什么？|Nǐ zài zuò shénme?}

何をしているの？

進行形：「～ている」の表現 (在 zài)
4

{我在看书。|Wǒ zài kànshū.}

本を読んでいます。

進行形：「～ている」の表現 (在 zài)

ヒントとコツ (3)

⚠️

「了」のワナに注意！

«没» を使って否定する時は、文末に «了» を付けてはいけません。 «我没有去。» が正解です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語で「ノー」と言う方法：不 (bù) と 没 (méi)
💡

「有」は省略してもOK！

カジュアルな会話では「没有」を短くして「没」だけで言うのが自然です。 «我没看» と言えばこなれて聞こえますよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: `没(有)` での否定：「～しなかった」と「～持っていない」
⚠️

「是」のトラップに注意！

「私は食べている」を «{我是吃|Wǒ shì chī}» と言わないようにしましょう。 «{是|Shì}» は名詞をつなぐ言葉で、動詞を進行形にするのは «{在|Zài}» の役割です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 進行形：「～ている」の表現 (在 zài)

重要な語彙 (7)

在 (zài) in the process of / at 不 (bù) not (for habits/future) 没 (méi) not (for past/possession) 喝 (hē) to drink 学习 (xuéxí) to study 咖啡 (kāfēi) coffee 书 (shū) book

Real-World Preview

phone

A Phone Call with a Friend

Review Summary

  • Subject + 在 (zài) + Verb + (Object)
  • Subject + 不 (bù) + Verb
  • Subject + 没(有) (méiyǒu) + Verb/Noun

よくある間違い

You can never use 不 (bù) to negate the verb 有 (yǒu). It must always be 没 (méi).

Wrong: 我不有书。(Wǒ bù yǒu shū.)
正解: 我没有书。(Wǒ méiyǒu shū.)

To say you 'didn't' do something in the past, use 没 (méi). 不 (bù) implies you 'don't' (habitually) or 'won't'.

Wrong: 我昨天不看电影。(Wǒ zuótiān bù kàn diànyǐng.)
正解: 我昨天没看电影。(Wǒ zuótiān méi kàn diànyǐng.)

The marker 在 (zài) must come BEFORE the verb, not after it.

Wrong: 我吃在饭。(Wǒ chī zài fàn.)
正解: 我在吃饭。(Wǒ zài chī fàn.)

Next Steps

You've just mastered some of the most practical grammar in the Chinese language. Being able to say 'I'm doing this' and 'I didn't do that' makes you a much more effective communicator. Keep it up!

Look around and say 3 things you are doing right now using 在.

Write 3 sentences about what you didn't do this morning.

Continue to: Particles: The Building Blocks of Chinese

クイック練習 (9)

この文の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

{我们是看电影。|Wǒmen shì kàn diànyǐng.} (私たちは映画を見ています)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {我们在看电影。|Wǒmen zài kàn diànyǐng.}
「是」を取り除き、「在」を使ってアクションが今起きていることを示します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 進行形：「～ている」の表現 (在 zài)

「彼は寝ています」という意味の文はどれですか？

正しい翻訳を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他在睡觉。|Tā zài shuìjiào.}
「是」は不要です。「主語 + 在 + 動詞」の形にします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 進行形：「～ている」の表現 (在 zài)

「私は昨日行きませんでした」という正しい文章を選んでください。

正しい過去の否定文を選びましょう：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我昨天没去。
過去の動作を否定する時は «没» を使い、文末に «了» は付けません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語で「ノー」と言う方法：不 (bù) と 没 (méi)

「私は仕事をしています」と言うために空欄を埋めてください。

{我 ___ 工作。|Wǒ ___ gōngzuò.}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 在 (zài)
進行中のアクションを表すには、動詞の前に「在」を置きます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 進行形：「～ている」の表現 (在 zài)

空欄に正しい否定語を入れてください。

我昨天 ___ 去商店。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 没
「昨日（昨天）」という過去の動作を否定しているので「没」が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: `没(有)` での否定：「～しなかった」と「～持っていない」

正しい文章を選んでください。

「弟はいません」を正しく言っているのはどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我没有弟弟。
「持っていない」という否定には必ず「没有」を使います。「不有」という言い方は存在しません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: `没(有)` での否定：「～しなかった」と「～持っていない」

文の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

我今天早上不喝了咖啡。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我今天早上没喝咖啡。
「今朝」の出来事なので「没」を使い、さらに「没」と「了」は一緒に使わないルールを適用します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: `没(有)` での否定：「～しなかった」と「～持っていない」

「私はコンピュータを持っていません」と言うために、空欄を埋めてください。

我 ___ 电脑。 (wǒ ___ diànnǎo)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 没有
「持っている・いない」という所有の否定には、必ず «没有» を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語で「ノー」と言う方法：不 (bù) と 没 (méi)

「コーヒーは熱くない」という文の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

咖啡没热。 (kāfēi méi rè)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 咖啡不热。
「熱い」のような形容詞を否定する時は、 «不» を使うのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語で「ノー」と言う方法：不 (bù) と 没 (méi)

Score: /9

よくある質問 (6)

自分の意思や習慣には «不» 、過去の事実や所有には «没» と使い分けるルールがあるからです。 «我不喝茶» と «我没喝茶» では意味が変わります。
いいえ、 «不有» は間違いです。持っていない時は必ず «没有» と言いましょう。
「没」は過去の出来事や所有（持ってない）に使います。「不」は現在・未来の意思や習慣（しない）に使います。 «我没去» は行かなかった、 «我不去» は行かない、です。
はい！動詞を否定する時は «我没去» のように「没」だけでOKです。所有の時は «我没钱» も言いますが、初心者は «没有» と言う方が確実です。
いいえ！「私」「あなた」「彼」「私たち」など、誰が主語でも «{在|zài}» はそのままです。中国語の動詞は人称によって変化しません。
いいえ。「明日飛行機に乗る予定です」という時に «{在|zài}» は使えません。その場合は «{要|yào}»（〜するつもり）を使います。 «{在|zài}» は今この瞬間のことだけです。
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