以来 30秒で
- Marks time from a past event to the present.
- Similar to English 'since' or 'ever since'.
- Implies continuity of action or state.
- Used in various contexts, personal to formal.
The Chinese word 以来 (yǐlái) is a versatile adverbial particle that signifies a period of time starting from a specific past event or point in time up to the present moment. It's akin to the English words 'since' or 'ever since'. It marks the beginning of a duration that continues until now, implying that a certain state, action, or situation has been ongoing during that entire period. This word is fundamental for expressing continuity and historical progression from a past reference point.
When you use 以来, you are essentially drawing a line from a past event and saying that what follows has been true or has been happening from that point until the current time. It's crucial for establishing a timeline and emphasizing the duration of something. For instance, if you want to say that you haven't seen a friend since last year, you would use 以来 to mark 'last year' as the starting point of your not seeing them.
Consider its use in expressing personal experiences, historical changes, or developments over time. It helps to anchor these narratives to a specific moment in the past, making the subsequent events or conditions more understandable in their context. The particle adds a sense of completeness to the temporal scope being described, from the defined past origin to the present.
It's important to note that 以来 always refers to a time that has passed and extends to the present. It is not used to describe a future period or a period that has already concluded without reference to the present. The structure typically involves a time phrase or event followed by 以来, and then the statement about what has happened or been the case during that period.
The grammatical function of 以来 is to modify the entire clause that follows it, indicating the timeframe. It's commonly found in both spoken and written Chinese, making it an essential word for learners to master for expressing temporal relationships accurately. Its presence adds a layer of nuance, indicating that the present situation is a direct continuation or consequence of what has transpired since that past reference point.
For example, when discussing economic growth, one might say '改革开放以来，中国经济取得了巨大的进步' (Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has achieved tremendous progress). Here, '改革开放' (reform and opening up) is the starting point, and the progress has been ongoing since then until now. This illustrates how 以来 connects a past milestone to present achievements.
The primary structure involving 以来 is: [Past Time/Event] + 以来 + [Statement about the present or ongoing situation]. This structure is quite straightforward and forms the backbone of most sentences using this particle. The phrase preceding 以来 serves as the temporal starting point.
Let's break down the common sentence patterns. Often, the phrase before 以来 will be a noun phrase indicating a specific time or event. For example, '去年' (last year), '他离开后' (after he left), '改革开放' (reform and opening up), or '我认识你' (I knew you). These set the stage for what has happened since then.
Following 以来, you will typically find a clause describing a state, an action, or a change that has occurred. This could be a simple statement of fact, a description of personal feelings, or an observation about a broader trend. The key is that this statement is true for the entire duration from the starting point up to the present.
Consider these examples: '去年以来，我的中文进步了很多。' (Since last year, my Chinese has improved a lot.) Here, '去年' is the starting point, and the improvement has been continuous. Another example: '他上个月搬走以来，我一直没见到他。' (Since he moved away last month, I haven't seen him.) The starting point is his moving away, and the lack of seeing him has been continuous.
The word 以来 can also appear at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, often followed by a comma, and then the main statement. For instance: '以来，这个城市发生了巨大的变化。' (Since then, this city has undergone tremendous changes.) The 'since then' here refers to an implicitly understood past event or period. When used this way, it might be preceded by a sentence that establishes the context.
It's important to differentiate 以来 from similar-sounding phrases. For example, '自从 (zìcóng)' is often used interchangeably with 以来 in many contexts, particularly at the beginning of a sentence. However, 以来 is more flexible in its placement and can often appear later in the sentence to modify a preceding time phrase.
The particle 以 (yǐ) itself means 'with' or 'by means of,' and 来 (lái) means 'to come.' Together, 以来 implies 'coming from' or 'starting from' a point in time. This etymological hint can help in understanding its function as a marker of a temporal beginning that extends forward.
Remember that 以来 is not typically used with future tenses or to describe events that are entirely in the past and have no bearing on the present. Its essence is the link between a past starting point and the current state.
You will encounter 以来 in a wide range of everyday conversations and formal settings in Mandarin Chinese. Its utility in marking time makes it a staple for discussing personal history, societal changes, and professional developments.
In personal conversations, people use 以来 to talk about their lives. For example, someone might say, '自从我开始健身以来，感觉身体好多了。' (Since I started working out, I feel much better.) or '我们认识以来，你一直都很照顾我。' (Since we met, you've always taken good care of me.) These examples highlight its use in recounting personal experiences and relationships.
In news reports and documentaries, 以来 is frequently used to provide historical context and track progress. A news anchor might report, '改革开放以来，中国经济取得了举世瞩目的成就。' (Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has achieved world-renowned accomplishments.) This usage connects significant historical events to current national status.
In business and professional settings, 以来 is essential for discussing company performance, project timelines, and market trends. A manager might say, '自从这个项目启动以来，我们面临了许多挑战，但也取得了不错的进展。' (Since this project started, we have faced many challenges, but we have also made good progress.) This demonstrates its role in project management and performance reviews.
Academic lectures and historical discussions often employ 以来 when analyzing trends or developments over time. A historian might state, '自从第一次工业革命以来，科技的发展速度大大加快了。' (Since the First Industrial Revolution, the pace of technological development has greatly accelerated.) This shows its use in historical analysis.
Even in casual discussions among friends about hobbies or skills, 以来 finds its place. For instance, '自从我开始学弹吉他以来，我每天都练习一个小时。' (Since I started learning to play the guitar, I practice for an hour every day.) This illustrates its presence in everyday life, even for relatively minor activities.
The phrase '近年来' (in recent years) is a common precursor to 以来 in many contexts, especially when discussing trends or changes over a more recent, but still significant, period. For example, '近年来，环境污染问题日益严重以来...' (In recent years, environmental pollution has become increasingly serious since...). However, it's more common to see '近年来' followed by a statement about the situation, or '自从近年来...' is less common than just using '近年来' to introduce a topic that has been ongoing.
Overall, 以来 is a word you'll hear constantly once you start paying attention. It's a fundamental building block for expressing temporal continuity and historical perspective in Mandarin.
While 以来 is a common and useful word, learners sometimes make mistakes in its application. Understanding these common pitfalls can help you use it more accurately.
One frequent mistake is using 以来 to refer to a period that has completely ended in the past, without any connection to the present. For example, saying '我去年搬家以来，一直住在那里。' (Since I moved last year, I have been living there.) is correct. However, if you were to say '我去年搬家以来，我装修了房子。' (Since I moved last year, I renovated the house.) and the renovation is finished, it might sound slightly off if the focus is only on the past renovation. It's better to say '我去年搬家后装修了房子。' (After I moved last year, I renovated the house.) when the event is entirely in the past. 以来 inherently implies a continuation up to the present.
Another common error is confusing 以来 with words that simply indicate 'after' or 'following' an event without implying continuity. For instance, '他离开后，我才开始工作。' (After he left, I started working.) is correct for a sequence. Using '他离开以来，我才开始工作。' would imply that you have been working continuously from the moment he left until now, which might not be the intended meaning if the working period was brief or intermittent.
Incorrect placement of 以来 is also an issue. While it often follows a time phrase, placing it before the subject or in a position that disrupts the sentence flow can lead to awkwardness. For example, '以来，我学习了很多。' is grammatically incomplete without a preceding time reference. It should be something like '从那时以来，我学习了很多。' (Since then, I have learned a lot.) or '去年以来，我学习了很多。' (Since last year, I have learned a lot.)
Overuse or underuse can also be problematic. Some learners might try to force 以来 into sentences where a simpler particle would suffice, making the sentence sound unnatural. Conversely, they might miss opportunities to use 以来 when it would effectively convey the intended meaning of continuity from a past point.
A subtle point is the distinction between 以来 and '自从 (zìcóng)'. While often interchangeable, '自从' can sometimes feel more formal or literary, and it's more commonly placed at the very beginning of a sentence. '以来' offers more flexibility in its placement and can often modify a time phrase that appears earlier in the sentence.
Finally, remember that 以来 is typically followed by a statement about the present or an ongoing action. Using it with a completed past action that has no present relevance can be confusing. For instance, '我上个月搬家以来，我卖掉了旧家具。' (Since I moved last month, I sold my old furniture.) is not ideal because selling furniture is a completed action in the past. It's better to say '我上个月搬家后卖掉了旧家具。' (After I moved last month, I sold my old furniture.)
Understanding words similar to 以来 helps in choosing the most precise expression for your intended meaning. While 以来 is common, other words and phrases can serve similar temporal functions.
- 自从 (zìcóng)
- Meaning: Since.
- Usage: '自从' is very similar to '以来' and often interchangeable. It is typically used at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the starting point of a time period that continues to the present. For example, '自从我开始学中文，我每天都练习。' (Since I started learning Chinese, I practice every day.) '自从' is often followed by the main clause directly, without an intervening '以来'.
- 之后 (zhīhòu)
- Meaning: After, afterwards.
- Usage: '之后' indicates a sequence of events. It signifies that one event happened after another, but it does not necessarily imply continuity up to the present. For example, '他下班后去了健身房。' (After he got off work, he went to the gym.) This is a simple sequence and doesn't carry the 'up to now' implication of '以来'.
- 以后 (yǐhòu)
- Meaning: After, in the future.
- Usage: '以后' can refer to both past sequences and future events. When referring to the past, it functions similarly to '之后', indicating 'after'. For example, '我毕业以后，找到了第一份工作。' (After I graduated, I found my first job.) It does not imply continuity to the present in the same way '以来' does.
- 从...起 (cóng...qǐ)
- Meaning: Starting from...
- Usage: This phrase explicitly marks the beginning of an action or state. It is often used to emphasize the starting point. For example, '从那天起，我每天都坚持锻炼。' (Starting from that day, I persist in exercising every day.) While it signifies a start, '以来' emphasizes the duration from that start up to the present. '从...起' can be used for past or ongoing actions.
- 近年来 (jìnniánlái)
- Meaning: In recent years.
- Usage: This phrase refers to a general period of time in the recent past, often implying ongoing trends. It can be used in conjunction with statements about the present but doesn't necessarily pinpoint a specific starting event like '以来' does. For example, '近年来，科技发展迅速。' (In recent years, technology has developed rapidly.) It implies a trend over the last few years, and this trend continues.
In summary, while '自从' is the closest synonym and often interchangeable, especially at the beginning of a sentence, '之后' and '以后' focus on simple sequencing. '从...起' highlights the starting point, and '近年来' refers to a broader recent period. '以来' uniquely emphasizes the continuity from a specific past point to the present moment.
How Formal Is It?
豆知識
The character '以' has a long history and has evolved from pictographic origins representing a hand holding a broom or a tool. Its meaning has broadened significantly over time to encompass abstract concepts like 'from' or 'by means of'. The character '来' originally depicted a stalk of wheat, symbolizing harvest and the passage of time.
発音ガイド
- Incorrect tones: Failing to pronounce the tones correctly for 'yǐ' (third tone) and 'lái' (second tone in some contexts, but usually falling tone here when used as a particle).
- Pronouncing 'yi' as a standalone 'ee' sound without the proper tone.
- Pronouncing 'lai' as a diphthong that doesn't match the standard Mandarin pronunciation.
難易度
CEFR B1. The word '以来' is common in B1 reading materials. Learners will encounter it frequently in news articles, short stories, and general informational texts. Understanding its temporal function is key to comprehension.
CEFR B1. Learners at this level should be able to incorporate '以来' into their writing to express continuity from a past event. Practicing sentence structures is important.
CEFR B1. Actively using '以来' in spoken conversation helps learners express temporal relationships accurately. It's a useful tool for recounting experiences and describing ongoing situations.
CEFR B1. Recognizing '以来' when spoken is crucial for understanding the timeframe of a narrative or statement. Its pronunciation is generally clear and distinct.
次に学ぶべきこと
前提知識
次に学ぶ
上級
知っておくべき文法
Adverbial particles in Chinese
'以来' functions as an adverbial particle modifying the entire clause that follows it, indicating the temporal scope.
Time phrases in Chinese sentences
Time phrases like '[Past Event] + 以来' often appear at the beginning of a sentence or before the verb they modify.
Conjunctions indicating time
Words like '自从' (since) and '以来' are often used to connect a past time reference to the present.
Implication of continuity
The use of '以来' strongly implies that the action or state described has been continuous from the past reference point until the present.
Sentence structure with temporal adverbs
In sentences like '[Time Phrase] + 以来 + [Action/State]', the time phrase sets the context for the main clause.
レベル別の例文
自从我来到这里以来，我每天都很快乐。
Since I came here, I have been happy every day.
Simple statement of ongoing happiness since arrival.
自从我上个月开始学汉语以来，我认识了很多中国朋友。
Since I started learning Chinese last month, I have met many Chinese friends.
Connects the start of learning to meeting people.
自从我有了新手机以来，我拍照的照片都很好看。
Since I got a new phone, the photos I take are all beautiful.
Links owning a new item to improved results.
自从我搬到新家以来，我感觉很舒适。
Since I moved to the new house, I feel very comfortable.
Expresses a feeling of comfort after moving.
自从我开始阅读以来，我的词汇量增加了。
Since I started reading, my vocabulary has increased.
Shows the positive effect of reading on language skills.
自从我开始跑步以来，我身体越来越健康。
Since I started running, my body has become healthier and healthier.
Describes a gradual improvement in health due to an activity.
自从我有了宠物以来，我的生活充满了乐趣。
Since I got a pet, my life has been full of fun.
Highlights the joy a pet brings.
自从我学会做饭以来，我很少去外面吃饭。
Since I learned to cook, I rarely eat out.
Shows a change in habit due to a new skill.
自从上次考试以来，我一直在复习功课。
Since the last exam, I have been reviewing my lessons.
Indicates continuous action following a past event.
自从这家公司成立以来，它一直专注于技术创新。
Since this company was founded, it has focused on technological innovation.
Describes a company's consistent focus since its inception.
自从我开始学习摄影以来，我发现了观察世界的新方式。
Since I started learning photography, I have discovered new ways of observing the world.
Connects learning a skill to a new outlook.
自从他离开这个城市以来，我们再也没有见过面。
Since he left this city, we have not seen each other again.
Expresses a lack of contact since a person's departure.
自从我开始练习瑜伽以来，我的身体更加灵活了。
Since I started practicing yoga, my body has become more flexible.
Shows the physical benefit of a regular practice.
自从我们认识以来，你一直是我最好的朋友。
Since we met, you have always been my best friend.
Emphasizes the enduring nature of a friendship.
自从这个新规定实施以来，交通状况有所改善。
Since this new regulation was implemented, the traffic situation has improved.
Links a policy change to a positive outcome.
自从我开始听播客以来，我的通勤时间变得更有意义了。
Since I started listening to podcasts, my commute time has become more meaningful.
Describes how an activity enhances another part of life.
改革开放以来，中国经济取得了举世瞩目的成就。
Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has achieved world-renowned accomplishments.
Connects a major historical event to national progress.
自从我开始写日记以来，我更好地理解了自己的情感。
Since I started writing a diary, I have understood my emotions better.
Illustrates self-improvement through a reflective practice.
自从上次我们讨论这个问题以来，我一直在思考新的解决方案。
Since we last discussed this issue, I have been thinking about new solutions.
Indicates ongoing contemplation following a discussion.
自从他担任这个职位以来，公司业绩有了显著提升。
Since he took on this position, the company's performance has significantly improved.
Links a leadership change to positive business outcomes.
自从我开始学习古诗词以来，我对中国传统文化有了更深的认识。
Since I started studying ancient Chinese poetry, I have gained a deeper understanding of traditional Chinese culture.
Shows how studying a subject deepens cultural appreciation.
自从这个项目启动以来，我们团队一直保持着高效的协作。
Since this project started, our team has maintained efficient collaboration.
Highlights consistent teamwork since a project's beginning.
自从我开始关注健康饮食以来，我的精力更加充沛了。
Since I started paying attention to healthy eating, I have become more energetic.
Connects dietary changes to increased vitality.
自从我上次拜访您以来，您的花园变得更加美丽了。
Since my last visit to you, your garden has become even more beautiful.
Observes positive changes in a place since a previous visit.
自从全球金融危机以来，各国政府都在努力寻求经济复苏的途径。
Since the global financial crisis, governments worldwide have been striving to find paths to economic recovery.
Discusses ongoing global efforts following a major economic event.
自从我开始接触心理学以来，我逐渐理解了人类行为的复杂性。
Since I began to engage with psychology, I have gradually understood the complexity of human behavior.
Shows a growing understanding of a complex field.
自从这个科技公司发布了革命性的产品以来，整个行业都发生了翻天覆地的变化。
Since this tech company released its revolutionary product, the entire industry has undergone earth-shattering changes.
Links a product launch to widespread industry transformation.
自从我开始冥想以来，我学会了更好地处理压力和焦虑。
Since I started meditating, I have learned to better handle stress and anxiety.
Describes improved coping mechanisms developed through a practice.
自从上次的国际会议以来，各国之间的合作关系得到了进一步加强。
Since the last international conference, cooperation between countries has been further strengthened.
Indicates an enhancement of international relations post-conference.
自从我开始关注可持续发展以来，我对消费习惯有了重大的反思。
Since I started paying attention to sustainable development, I have had significant reflections on my consumption habits.
Shows a shift in personal philosophy and behavior.
自从这个教育改革方案推行以来，学生的学习兴趣和参与度都有所提高。
Since this educational reform plan was implemented, students' interest and participation in learning have both increased.
Connects educational policy to student engagement.
自从我上次阅读这本书以来，我对其深刻的哲学思想有了新的领悟。
Since I last read this book, I have gained new insights into its profound philosophical ideas.
Describes a deeper understanding gained from re-engaging with a text.
自从上世纪八十年代以来，全球化进程以前所未有的速度和规模展开。
Since the 1980s, the process of globalization has unfolded at an unprecedented speed and scale.
Discusses a significant historical trend with emphasis on its scale and speed.
自从我开始深入研究气候变化以来，我对地球生态系统的脆弱性有了更为深刻的认识。
Since I began to deeply research climate change, I have gained a more profound understanding of the fragility of the Earth's ecosystem.
Expresses a profound realization about environmental issues.
自从这位艺术家开创了独特的艺术风格以来，他的作品一直受到评论界的高度赞誉。
Since this artist pioneered a unique artistic style, their works have consistently received high praise from critics.
Links the development of a unique style to sustained critical acclaim.
自从我开始探索存在主义哲学以来，我对生命意义的追寻变得更加执着。
Since I began exploring existentialist philosophy, my pursuit of the meaning of life has become more persistent.
Describes an intensified personal quest driven by philosophical study.
自从互联网技术普及以来，信息传播的模式发生了根本性的改变。
Since the popularization of internet technology, the patterns of information dissemination have fundamentally changed.
Highlights a fundamental shift in communication due to technology.
自从我开始关注社会公正问题以来，我深刻体会到了系统性不平等的根源。
Since I started focusing on social justice issues, I have deeply understood the roots of systemic inequality.
Conveys a deep understanding of complex societal issues.
自从这个城市实施了严格的环保政策以来，空气质量得到了显著改善。
Since this city implemented strict environmental protection policies, air quality has significantly improved.
Shows the positive impact of stringent environmental measures.
自从我开始反思个人成长以来，我认识到过去的经历塑造了现在的我。
Since I started reflecting on personal growth, I have realized that past experiences have shaped the person I am today.
Expresses a realization about the formative power of past experiences.
自从新古典经济学理论问世以来，其对宏观经济分析的影响可谓深远。
Since the advent of neoclassical economic theory, its impact on macroeconomic analysis has been profound.
Discusses the far-reaching and significant impact of a major theoretical framework.
自从我开始深入钻研量子力学以来，我对宇宙基本规律的认知达到了前所未有的高度。
Since I began to delve deeply into quantum mechanics, my understanding of the fundamental laws of the universe has reached an unprecedented height.
Describes an elevated level of comprehension in a highly specialized scientific field.
自从这位哲学家提出了其颠覆性的思想以来，学术界对其理论的解读与辩论从未停止。
Since this philosopher proposed their subversive ideas, the academic community's interpretation and debate of their theories have never ceased.
Highlights the enduring and controversial nature of influential philosophical ideas.
自从我开始研究文化相对主义以来，我对不同文明的理解变得更加 nuanced。
Since I began studying cultural relativism, my understanding of different civilizations has become more nuanced.
Expresses a sophisticated and refined understanding of cultural diversity.
自从数字革命席卷全球以来，人类社会结构和互动方式发生了不可逆转的重塑。
Since the digital revolution swept across the globe, human societal structures and interaction methods have undergone irreversible reshaping.
Conveys the profound and permanent changes brought about by digital technology.
自从我开始审视后殖民主义理论以来，我对历史叙事的权力结构有了更为批判性的认识。
Since I began examining post-colonial theory, I have gained a more critical understanding of the power structures in historical narratives.
Demonstrates a critical and analytical perspective on historical discourse.
自从该生物技术突破性进展以来，医学界对其治疗潜力的评估愈发乐观。
Since this breakthrough in biotechnology, the medical community's assessment of its therapeutic potential has become increasingly optimistic.
Indicates a growing positive outlook based on scientific progress.
自从我开始从事比较文学研究以来，我认识到不同文化文本之间存在着错综复杂的互文性。
Since I began pursuing comparative literature studies, I have recognized the intricate intertextuality between different cultural texts.
Expresses an advanced understanding of literary relationships and influences.
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
— This is the most common structure, explicitly linking a past event or time to the present. It functions like 'Since...'.
自从我来到北京以来，我爱上了这座城市。
— The time phrase directly precedes '以来', specifying the starting point. This is a slightly more concise way to express the same idea.
去年以来，我的中文进步了很多。
— This phrase means 'always' or 'all along', emphasizing consistency over a period that extends to the present. It's very close in meaning to '以来' when referring to an ongoing state or characteristic.
他一直以来都非常努力。
— This phrase is less common and can be a bit redundant. '过去' means 'past', and '以来' already implies a link from the past to the present. It's generally better to use '以来' with a specific past time.
（不推荐）过去以来，情况一直没有改变。
— This phrase means 'since that time', referring back to a previously mentioned event or point in time.
从那时以来，我们成为了好朋友。
よく混同される語
Very similar and often interchangeable, especially when starting a sentence. '自从' can feel slightly more formal or literary in some contexts, while '以来' offers more flexibility in placement.
These words indicate a simple sequence of events ('after') and do not imply continuity to the present, unlike '以来'.
This phrase emphasizes the starting point but doesn't inherently carry the 'up to now' implication as strongly as '以来'.
間違えやすい
Both mark a period from a past event to the present.
'自从' is typically used at the beginning of a sentence and directly introduces the time frame. '以来' can follow a time phrase within the sentence or be used at the end. While often interchangeable, '以来' can sometimes feel more natural when modifying a time phrase that's already in place.
自从我搬来以来，我一直很喜欢这个城市。 (Both are natural) 我去年以来，一直很忙。 (Using '自从' here would be less common: '自从去年，我一直很忙。' is better)
Both relate to time and past events.
'之后' (zhīhòu) indicates a simple sequence: Event A happens, and then Event B happens after it. It does not imply that Event B has continued up to the present. '以来' marks a starting point and implies continuity from that point to the present.
他吃饭之后去睡觉了。 (Sequence) 自从他开始吃饭以来，他一直吃得很健康。 (Continuity)
Both indicate a starting point in time.
'从...起' (cóng...qǐ) explicitly marks the beginning of an action or state. It focuses on the initiation. '以来' emphasizes the duration and continuity from that starting point up to the present. '从...起' can be used for actions that might have finished, while '以来' strongly suggests an ongoing connection to the present.
从那天起，我每天都早起。 (Focus on the start) 从那天以来，我每天都早起。 (Focus on the continuous habit up to now)
Both can indicate continuity.
'一直' (yìzhí) means 'continuously' or 'always' and describes an action or state that has been ongoing without interruption. It often describes the manner of an action. '以来' specifies the temporal scope from a past point to the present. They can be used together: '自从...以来，我一直...'.
我一直在这里等你。 (Describes the continuous action of waiting) 自从我上次来以来，我一直在这里等你。 (Specifies the starting point of waiting and implies it continues to the present)
Both relate to past time.
'以往' (yǐwǎng) refers to past times in general or previous instances, contrasting with the present or a specific current situation. It does not imply continuity to the present. '以来' specifically connects a past point to the present.
以往，这个问题很少出现。 (General past situation) 自从这个问题出现以来，我们一直在努力解决。 (Continuity from the first appearance to now)
文型パターン
[Time] + 以来, + [Statement]
去年以来，我一直在学习中文。
自从 + [Time/Event] + 以来, + [Statement]
自从我来到这里以来，我都很开心。
[Statement] + [Time/Event] + 以来
我一直很忙，从毕业以来。
（Reference to previous statement/event）, 以来, + [Statement]
那次谈话之后，以来，我们关系更好了。
（Formal/Written）+ 自 + [Time/Event] + 以来, + [Statement]
自二十世纪末以来，全球化进程加速。
（Emphasis on continuity）+ 一直 + [Time/Event] + 以来, + [Statement]
他一直从上次生病以来，都在家休息。
（Complex sentence with subordinate clauses）+ [Clause 1] + 以来, + [Clause 2]
尽管面临挑战，自从这个项目启动以来，我们始终保持着积极的态度。
（Figurative/Literary）+ [Abstract past concept] + 以来, + [Abstract present consequence]
自文艺复兴以来，人文主义思想深刻地影响了西方文明。
語族
関連
使い方
High
-
Using '以来' for a completed past action with no present connection.
→
我去年搬家后装修了房子。
The phrase '以来' implies continuity up to the present. If the action (renovating the house) is completed and not ongoing, using a simple past marker like '后' (after) or '了' (le) is more appropriate. For example, '我去年搬家后装修了房子。' (After I moved last year, I renovated the house.)
-
Confusing '以来' with '之后' when only a sequence is intended.
→
他吃完饭之后就去睡觉了。
'之后' (zhīhòu) means 'after' and indicates a simple sequence of events. '以来' implies continuity from a past point to the present. In this sentence, the action of sleeping followed eating, but it's a one-time sequence, not an ongoing state since eating.
-
Incorrect placement of '以来'.
→
自从我来到中国以来，我一直很喜欢这里。
While '以来' can sometimes appear later in a sentence, it most commonly follows a time phrase or event. Placing it at the beginning without a preceding time reference can make the sentence feel incomplete or grammatically awkward. '自从' is often preferred at the very start.
-
Using '以来' for future events.
→
我明年以来会更加努力工作。（Incorrect）
我明年会更加努力工作。（Correct）
'以来' is exclusively used for past events that continue to the present. It cannot be used to describe future plans or timeframes.
-
Overgeneralizing its use when a simpler past marker would suffice.
→
我去年买了一辆新车。
If you simply want to state that an action happened in the past, a simple past marker like '了' (le) is sufficient. '以来' is used when you want to emphasize the period from a past point up to the present and the continuity of a state or action during that period.
ヒント
Think of a Timeline
Visualize a timeline. '以来' anchors you to a specific point in the past and draws a line from there to the present moment. Use it when you want to emphasize this continuous span of time.
Structure is Key
The most common structure is '[Past Time/Event] + 以来 + [Statement about the present/ongoing situation]'. Practice this basic pattern to build confidence.
Connect to 'Since'
Relate '以来' directly to the English word 'since'. Think of sentences where you would use 'since' in English and try to translate them using '以来'.
Real-World Application
When you hear or read news, stories, or personal accounts in Chinese, actively listen for '以来'. Notice what past events it refers to and what ongoing situations it describes.
Write It Out
Write sentences using '以来' about your own life, hobbies, or experiences. This active recall and application will solidify your understanding and usage.
Master the Tones
Pay close attention to the tones of 'yǐ' (third tone) and 'lái' (second/falling tone). Correct tones are crucial for clear communication in Mandarin.
Distinguish from '之后'
Remember that '之后' (zhīhòu) means 'after' and indicates a simple sequence, while '以来' implies continuity from a past point to the present. Choose the word that best fits the intended meaning.
Build Collocations
Learn common phrases like '改革开放以来' or '毕业以来'. These fixed expressions will help you use '以来' more naturally and effectively in specific contexts.
Explore Nuances
Once comfortable, explore how '以来' is used in more complex sentences and literary contexts. Notice its role in creating a sense of historical depth or ongoing development.
Regular Repetition
Revisit your '以来' sentences and usage examples regularly. Consistent review is key to long-term retention and fluent application of this important temporal particle.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Imagine a timeline. '以' (yǐ) is like a pointer on that timeline, pointing to a specific past event. '来' (lái) means 'to come', so the whole word '以来' means 'coming from that point on the timeline up to now'. Picture a person walking along the timeline, starting from that '以' point and '来'ing towards the present.
視覚的連想
Visualize a starting flag on a race track (representing the past event) and an unbroken line extending from that flag all the way to the finish line (representing the present). The line represents the time '以来'.
Word Web
チャレンジ
For the next week, try to consciously identify and use '以来' whenever you talk about something that started in the past and is still true or happening now. For example, when discussing your studies, your job, or even a hobby.
語源
The word '以来' is a compound word formed from '以' (yǐ) and '来' (lái). '以' can mean 'with', 'by means of', or 'from'. '来' means 'to come'. Together, they convey the sense of 'coming from' or 'starting from' a particular point in time.
元の意味： The literal meaning suggests 'coming from' a point, which extends to the current time.
Sino-Tibetan文化的な背景
The use of '以来' is generally neutral and does not carry specific sensitivities. However, the context of the past event it refers to might have cultural or historical significance that requires careful handling.
In English, 'since' serves a very similar function, marking the point in time when something began and has continued up to the present. Phrases like 'ever since' further emphasize this ongoing nature.
実生活で練習する
実際の使用場面
Personal life updates
- 自从我搬到这里以来...
- 毕业以来...
- 认识以来...
News and historical events
- 改革开放以来...
- 建国以来...
- 上次会议以来...
Professional development
- 入职以来...
- 担任这个职位以来...
- 项目启动以来...
Learning and skill development
- 学习以来...
- 开始练习以来...
- 掌握这项技能以来...
Changes and trends
- 近年来以来...
- 实施以来...
- 发布以来...
会話のきっかけ
"Can you tell me about something that has changed significantly in your life since you started learning Chinese?"
"What’s one thing you’ve been consistently doing since you moved to your current city?"
"How has your perspective on a particular topic evolved since you first learned about it?"
"Describe a hobby you picked up, and what has been happening with it since you started."
"What positive changes have you noticed in yourself or your surroundings since a specific past event?"
日記のテーマ
Write about a significant event in your past and describe how your life has unfolded since then, using '以来' to mark the transition.
Reflect on a skill you've been developing. Detail your progress and experiences since you began practicing, incorporating '以来' into your narrative.
Consider a personal goal you set. How have you been working towards it since you committed to it? Use '以来' to describe the duration of your effort.
Think about a relationship in your life. Describe its evolution and key moments since it began, using '以来' to mark the timeline.
Describe a change in your community or the world that you've observed. Discuss the developments that have occurred since a specific starting point, using '以来'.
よくある質問
10 問'以来' and '自从' are very similar and often interchangeable. Both mark a period from a past event or time up to the present. '自从' is typically placed at the very beginning of a sentence to introduce this time frame. '以来' can also start a sentence or follow a time phrase within it. For example, '自从我开始学中文，我进步很快' and '我学中文以来，进步很快' are both correct and convey the same meaning of continuity from the start of learning to the present.
No, '以来' is strictly for events or times in the past that extend to the present. It cannot be used to describe future occurrences or periods.
You can use '以来' with specific past time points (e.g., 去年 - last year, 上个月 - last month), significant past events (e.g., 改革开放 - reform and opening up, 毕业 - graduation), or the beginning of an action/state (e.g., 开始学习 - started learning, 搬家 - moved house).
Yes, the core meaning of '以来' is continuity. It strongly suggests that whatever is stated after '以来' has been true or has been happening from the past reference point right up to the present moment.
It's generally not recommended. 'Since' implies an ongoing state or action. If you want to talk about a completed action in the past that happened after another past event, words like '之后' (after) or '以后' (after) are more appropriate. For example, '我搬家后装修了房子' (After I moved, I renovated the house) is better than '我搬家以来，我装修了房子' if the renovation is finished and not ongoing.
'以来' is a neutral term and can be used in both formal and informal contexts. Its usage is very common across different registers, from casual conversations to formal speeches and written documents.
'一直' (yìzhí) means 'continuously' and describes the manner of an action (e.g., '我一直学习' - I have been studying continuously). '以来' specifies the temporal scope from a past point to the present (e.g., '我去年以来一直学习' - Since last year, I have been studying). They often work together to emphasize both the duration and the continuous nature of an activity.
Yes, it's possible, especially when the time reference is implied or has been mentioned earlier. For example, '我一直很忙，从去年以来。' (I have been very busy, since last year.) However, placing it after a specific time phrase is more common and often clearer.
The pronunciation is 'yǐ lái'. 'yǐ' has a third tone (falling-rising), and 'lái' has a second tone (rising) or often a falling tone when used as a particle. Focus on pronouncing the tones clearly.
Common mistakes include using it for completed past actions without present relevance, confusing it with simple sequential markers like '之后', or incorrect sentence placement. Always ensure it implies continuity from a past point to the present.
自分をテスト 10 問
/ 10 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
以来 (yǐlái) is a crucial temporal particle in Mandarin, indicating a continuous period from a specific past reference point up to the present moment, essential for expressing history and ongoing situations.
- Marks time from a past event to the present.
- Similar to English 'since' or 'ever since'.
- Implies continuity of action or state.
- Used in various contexts, personal to formal.
Think of a Timeline
Visualize a timeline. '以来' anchors you to a specific point in the past and draws a line from there to the present moment. Use it when you want to emphasize this continuous span of time.
Structure is Key
The most common structure is '[Past Time/Event] + 以来 + [Statement about the present/ongoing situation]'. Practice this basic pattern to build confidence.
Connect to 'Since'
Relate '以来' directly to the English word 'since'. Think of sentences where you would use 'since' in English and try to translate them using '以来'.
Real-World Application
When you hear or read news, stories, or personal accounts in Chinese, actively listen for '以来'. Notice what past events it refers to and what ongoing situations it describes.
関連コンテンツ
generalの関連語
一下儿
A1「ちょっと」「少し」という意味で、動詞の後ろに置いて口調を和らげます。
点儿
A1少し、あるいは少量の。動詞の後に置いて「少しの〜」を、形容詞の後に置いて比較（もう少し〜）を表します。
有点儿
A1少し、ちょっと（不満や不快な状態を表す）
一下
A2ちょっと；少し（動詞の後に置いて、口調を和らげるために使われます）。
一点儿
A1少し、少々。量や程度がわずかであることを表す。
一会儿
A1少しの間、しばらく。
一部分
B1一部分（いっぶぶん）；一部。
异样
B1普通とは違う、様子が変であること。
关于
A1「〜について」や「〜に関する」を意味する前置詞。話題を導入したり、本や会話の内容を定義したりする際に使われます。
快要
A2電車はまもなく駅に到着します。もうすぐ雨が降るので、傘を持って行きなさい。
