A1 · 초급 챕터 21

Linking Sentences Together

8 총 규칙
84 예문
5 분
이 챕터의 규칙 빠른 연습

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Transform short, choppy sentences into elegant, flowing Arabic descriptions using relative pronouns and emphasis.

  • Connect sentences using 'who', 'which', and 'that' (al-ladhi/al-lati).
  • Master the 'returning pronoun' to keep your descriptions grammatically perfect.
  • Use 'Iyya' to emphasize people and objects in your speech.
Connect your thoughts, amplify your voice.

배울 내용

Hey friend! Ready to make your Arabic sentences more beautiful and complete than ever? In this chapter, you're going to learn how to link words and ideas together in Arabic, making your speech sound much more natural and professional. No more short, choppy sentences! What will we learn? Our main focus will be on Arabic relative pronouns, just like who, which, or that in English, such as «الذی» (al-ladhī) and «التی» (al-latī). You'll learn exactly how to use them correctly so their gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/dual/plural) perfectly match the noun they're describing. We'll even see how they change for two items (like «الذان» and «التان») and discover that for indefinite nouns, you don't need them at all. Another exciting part is learning how to properly place the resumptive pronoun to make your sentence fully coherent. And wait, there's another cool trick: we'll learn how to use «إیا» (iyyā) to emphasize you or any other object, for instance, when you want to strongly state,

It was *you* who saw him!
or deliver a serious warning! Why does it matter? Imagine you want to tell your friend,
That boy who I saw at the cafe yesterday was really cool.
Or,
The book that you gave me changed my life.
If you don't know these structures, your sentences will feel incomplete. But with this chapter, you'll be able to convey your exact meaning, create beautiful and precise descriptions, and no one will think you're a beginner anymore! This chapter is like a step that takes you towards fluent and engaging Arabic. Don't worry at all, it's easier than you think!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to identify and use the correct singular and dual relative pronouns based on gender.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to construct sentences that include a resumptive pronoun (damir al-aa'id).
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to emphasize a specific person or object using the 'Iyya' particle.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Welcome, future Arabic speaker! Ready to level up your A1 Arabic grammar? This chapter is your secret weapon for transforming basic sentences into rich, natural-sounding Arabic.
Forget short, choppy phrases; we're diving into the art of linking ideas, making your speech flow beautifully. Understanding how to connect thoughts seamlessly is a cornerstone of true fluency, and it's what will make you sound less like a beginner and more like a confident communicator. We'll explore the fascinating world of Arabic relative pronouns, which are essential for describing nouns with more detail, much like who, which, or that in English.
By mastering these structures, you'll gain the ability to express complex ideas with clarity and precision. Imagine being able to say,
The book that I read was interesting,
or
The friend who helped me is kind.
These are common sentence patterns in everyday conversation, and this guide will equip you with the tools to construct them effortlessly. We'll also uncover the clever use of resumptive pronouns and even learn how to add powerful emphasis using a special pronoun for you or other objects.
This chapter is designed to build a strong foundation, ensuring your Arabic journey is both effective and enjoyable.

How This Grammar Works

Our journey into linking sentences begins with Arabic relative pronouns, the glue that connects a noun to a descriptive clause. For singular nouns, we primarily use الذي (al-ladhī) for masculine and التي (al-latī) for feminine. For example, to say the boy who..., you'd use الولد الذي (al-walad al-ladhī).
For the girl who..., it's الفتاة التي (al-fatāh al-latī). These pronouns must match the noun they refer to in gender and number.
Let's look at examples:
الرجل الذي رأيته في السوق كان لطيفاً. (The man who I saw in the market was kind.)
السيارة التي اشتريتها جديدة. (The car which I bought is new.)
What about when you're talking about two people or things? That's where Relative Pronouns for Two come in! For masculine duals, we use اللذان (al-ladhān) in the nominative case (when it's the subject) or اللذين (al-ladhayn) in accusative/genitive.
For feminine duals, it's اللتان (al-latān) in the nominative or اللتين (al-latayn). At A1, focus on اللذان and اللتان first:
الطالبان اللذان نجحا سعيدان. (The two students who succeeded are happy.)
المدينتان اللتان زرتهما جميلتان. (The two cities which I visited are beautiful.)
A crucial element here is The 'Returning' Pronoun (or resumptive pronoun). This is a small pronoun (like -ه, -ها, -هم) embedded in the relative clause that refers back to the noun described by the relative pronoun. It's often hidden in English but vital in Arabic.
الكتاب الذي قرأته ممتع. (The book which I read *it* is interesting.) - The ـه (hu) in قرأته (qara'tuhu) refers back to الكتاب.
الفتاة التي رأيتها في الحديقة صديقتي. (The girl who I saw *her* in the park is my friend.) - The ـها (hā) in رأيتها (ra'aytuhā) refers back to الفتاة.
Finally, for emphasis, especially with you, we use Arabic Separate Object Pronouns: Emphasizing 'YOU' with إيا (iyyā). This is a powerful way to highlight the object of a verb.
إياك نعبد. (It is *You* we worship.) - A very strong emphasis on You.
إياك أقصد. (It is *you* I mean.)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: الرجل الذي رأيت كان لطيفاً. (The man who I saw was kind.)
✓ Correct: الرجل الذي رأيته كان لطيفاً. (The man who I saw *him* was kind.)
*Explanation:* This is a common error of omitting the resumptive pronoun (the -ه in رأيته). In Arabic, the relative clause must contain a pronoun that refers back to the noun being described.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: السيارة الذي اشتريتها جديدة. (The car which I bought is new.)
✓ Correct: السيارة التي اشتريتها جديدة. (The car which I bought is new.)
*Explanation:* The relative pronoun الذي (masculine) does not match the feminine noun السيارة (car). It should be التي (feminine). Always match gender and number!
  1. 1✗ Wrong: أنت أقصد. (You I mean.)
✓ Correct: إياك أقصد. (It is *you* I mean.)
*Explanation:* While «أنت أقصد» is grammatically understandable, to convey strong emphasis on you as the direct object, إياك is the correct and more impactful structure.

Real Conversations

A

A

هل تعرف الرجل الذي يعمل في هذا المتجر؟ (Do you know the man who works in this store?)
B

B

نعم، الرجل الذي تراه هناك هو صديقي. (Yes, the man whom you see there is my friend.)
A

A

أين الكتب التي اشتريتها أمس؟ (Where are the books which you bought yesterday?)
B

B

الكتب التي اشتريتها على الطاولة. (The books which I bought are on the table.)
A

A

هل هذا هو الكتاب الذي كنت تبحث عنه؟ (Is this the book that you were looking for?)
B

B

نعم، إياه أبحث عنه منذ أيام! (Yes, it is *that* I have been looking for for days!)

Quick FAQ

Q

What are Arabic relative pronouns and why are they important for A1 Arabic learners?

Arabic relative pronouns (like الذي and التي) are words that connect a noun to a descriptive clause, allowing you to add more detail to your sentences. They are crucial for A1 Arabic as they enable you to move beyond simple statements and create more natural, complex expressions, making your communication clearer and more precise.

Q

When do I use الذي versus التي?

You use الذي (al-ladhī) when the noun you are describing is masculine and singular. You use التي (al-latī) when the noun is feminine and singular. Always match the relative pronoun's gender and number to the noun it refers to.

Q

What is a resumptive pronoun in Arabic, and why is it necessary?

A resumptive pronoun is a small pronoun (like -ه, -ها) embedded within the relative clause that refers back to the noun described by the relative pronoun. It's necessary in Arabic to maintain grammatical coherence and clearly link the relative clause back to its antecedent, even if it's not explicitly translated into English.

Q

How can I emphasize you or another object in an Arabic sentence?

To strongly emphasize you or another object, you can use the pronoun إيا (iyyā) followed by the appropriate attached pronoun (e.g., إياك for masculine singular you, إياها for feminine singular her). This structure highlights the object with significant force.

Cultural Context

These linking structures, particularly Arabic relative pronouns and resumptive pronouns, are fundamental to how native Arabic speakers articulate complex thoughts. They are not just formal grammar points but are deeply integrated into everyday speech, from casual conversations to formal news broadcasts and literature. Mastering them allows for elegant and precise descriptions, preventing ambiguity and enriching your expression.
While regional dialects might simplify or omit some grammatical nuances, the standard usage of these pronouns remains a hallmark of clear and educated Arabic, making your speech sound more authentic and sophisticated across the Arab world.

주요 예문 (8)

1

هذا هو الفيلم الذي شاهدته أمس.

이것은 제가 어제 본 영화예요.

아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 (الذي, التي)
2

أين البيتزا التي طلبتها؟

제가 주문한 피자는 어디 있어요?

아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 (الذي, التي)
3

Ar-rajulu al-ladhi ra'aytuhu fi al-matjar.

내가 상점에서 본 그 남자.

아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 것/사람 (al-ladhi, al-lati)
4

As-sayyaratu al-lati ishtaraytuha sari'a.

내가 산 그 차는 빨라요.

아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 것/사람 (al-ladhi, al-lati)
5

Al-rajulu alladhi yaskunu huna tayyib jiddan.

여기 사는 남자는 정말 착해요.

아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 사람/것 (alladhi, allati)
6

Ayna al-mihfadha allati kanat 'ala al-tawila?

테이블 위에 있던 지갑은 어디 있어요?

아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 사람/것 (alladhi, allati)
7

`al-rajul al-ladhī ya'kul al-tuffāḥah`

사과를 먹고 있는 그 남자.

아랍어 관계 대명사: '...하는 것/사람' (الذي, التي)
8

`hādhihi hiya al-bint al-latī tadrus ma'ī`

이 아이가 나와 함께 공부하는 그 여자아이예요.

아랍어 관계 대명사: '...하는 것/사람' (الذي, التي)

팁과 요령 (4)

💡

숨겨진 대명사

아랍어에서는 관계대명사 뒤에 나오는 문장에 명사를 다시 가리키는 작은 대명사가 숨어있을 때가 많아요. 마치 '내가 그 책을 읽었어'처럼 '그 책'을 다시 가리키는 거죠. «الكتاب الذي قرأته» (내가 그것을 읽은 책).
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 (الذي, التي)
⚠️

보이지 않는 다리

'알(al-)'이 없는 불특정 명사 뒤에는 'al-ladhi'를 절대 쓰면 안 돼요. 예를 들어, Kitab al-ladhi는 틀리고, al-kitab al-ladhi 또는 그냥 kitab이라고 해야 해요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 것/사람 (al-ladhi, al-lati)
💡

'Al-'의 비밀

명사 앞에 'Al-' (알-)이 붙었는지 꼭 확인하세요. 만약 없으면, 관계대명사는 필요 없답니다! «سيارة جميلة» (아름다운 차)처럼요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 사람/것 (alladhi, allati)
⚠️

투명 관계대명사

명사가 불확실할 때는 영어의 'that'에 해당하는 아랍어 단어를 억지로 번역해서 넣지 마세요. '내가 아는 사람'은 그냥 아랍어로 «شخص أعرفه» (내가 아는 사람)라고 말해요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 관계 대명사: '...하는 것/사람' (الذي, التي)

핵심 어휘 (6)

اَلرَّجُلُ the man (al-rajulu) اَلْمَرْأَةُ the woman (al-mar'atu) اَلْكِتَابُ the book (al-kitābu) قَرَأَ he read (qara'a) رَأَى he saw (ra'ā) إِيَّاكَ You (emphatic object) (iyyāka)

Real-World Preview

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Describing a Lost Item

Review Summary

  • Definite Noun + الذي/التي + Clause
  • Noun + Relative + Verb + [Suffix Pronoun]
  • إيا + [Suffix Pronoun] + Verb

자주 하는 실수

In Arabic, you must include the 'returning' pronoun (it) if the relative pronoun is the object of the verb.

Wrong: الرجل الذي رأيت (Al-rajulu al-ladhī ra'aytu)
정답: الرجل الذي رأيته (Al-rajulu al-ladhī ra'aytuhu)

Relative pronouns only follow definite nouns (with Al-). Also, the gender must match (al-latī for girl).

Wrong: بنت الذي درست (Bintun al-ladhī darasat)
정답: البنت التي درست (Al-bintu al-latī darasat)

The relative pronoun must match the gender of the noun it describes, and the subsequent description must also agree.

Wrong: الرجل الذي هي طويلة (Al-rajulu al-ladhī hiya tawīlatun)
정답: الرجل الذي هو طويل (Al-rajulu al-ladhī huwa tawīlun)

이 챕터의 규칙 (8)

1

아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 (الذي, التي)

A1
관계대명사는 명사를 설명과 연결해주는 마법 같은 단어예요. 명사의 «성별»과 «숫자»에 맞춰서 'الذي', 'التي'를 잘 골라 쓰면 문장이 더 자연스러워져요.
هذا هو الفيلم الذي شاهدته أمس.
10 예문
2

아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 것/사람 (al-ladhi, al-lati)

A1
관계대명사는 '알(al-)'이 붙은 명사를 더 자세히 설명해주는 다리 같은 거예요! 명사의 '성별'과 '수'에 꼭 맞춰서 써야 한다는 점, 잊지 마세요!
Ar-rajulu al-ladhi ra'aytuhu fi al-matjar.
10 예문
3

아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 사람/것 (alladhi, allati)

A1
관계대명사는 '명사'를 '설명'과 연결하는 마법의 도구예요! 성별, 숫자, 그리고 'Al-'가 있는지 없는지 꼭 맞춰줘야 해요.
Al-rajulu alladhi yaskunu huna tayyib jiddan.
10 예문
4

아랍어 관계 대명사: '...하는 것/사람' (الذي, التي)

A1
관계대명사는 '누구' 또는 '무엇'인지 확실한 명사에 대한 설명을 이어줄 때 사용해요. '어떤 것'처럼 불확실한 명사에는 아랍어에서 관계대명사가 필요 없어요. 마치 마법처럼 문장을 이어주는 «الذي»와 «التي»를 기억하세요!
`al-rajul al-ladhī ya'kul al-tuffāḥah`
10 예문
5

2인용 관계대명사 (Al-Ladhān / Al-Latān)

A1
두 개를 가리키는 관계대명사는 명사의 끝부분처럼 «-ān»이나 -ayn으로 바뀌고, 항상 «ل»이 두 개 붙는다는 점이 특별해요!
Jā'a al-muhandisāni alladhāni ṣammamā al-taṭbīq.
11 예문
6

중첩 관계절 (~하는 사람, ~인 것)

B1
구체적인 명사 뒤에는 alladhī(남성)나 allatī(여성)를 써서 설명하고, 일반적인 명사 뒤에는 아무것도 안 붙여요. 기억하세요!
Hādhā huwā al-hātif alladhī fī-hi al-suwar allatī...
10 예문
7

되돌아오는 대명사 (재귀 대명사)

A2
사물을 설명할 때, 그 사물을 다시 가리키는 대명사를 동사에 꼭 붙여야 해요. 마치 '그것'을 다시 한번 '콕' 짚어주는 거죠. 핵심은 'هُ', 'هَا', 'الذي' 에요.
Hādhā huwa al-kitāb alladhī qara'tuhu ams.
11 예문
8

아랍어 분리 목적격 대명사: '너'를 강조하기 (iyyāka)

A2
إِيَّا와 인칭 대명사가 합쳐진 이 표현은, '누군가를' 특별히 강조하거나, '조심해!' 하고 단단히 경고할 때 사용하는 '강조의 마법사'예요.
iyyāka naʿbudu
12 예문

Next Steps

You've just unlocked a major level of Arabic fluency. Connecting sentences is what makes you sound like a real speaker. Keep practicing these links!

Describe three items in your room using relative pronouns.

Listen to a basic Arabic news clip and try to spot the word 'al-ladhī'.

Continue to: Focusing on the Action: The Passive Voice

빠른 연습 (10)

"테이블 위에 있는 두 권의 책"에 대한 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: الكتابان اللذان على الطاولة.
«두 권의 책»(الكتابان)은 주어(주격, '-ān'으로 끝남)예요. 관계대명사도 이에 맞춰 'اللذان'이 되어야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 2인용 관계대명사 (Al-Ladhān / Al-Latān)

빈칸에 올바른 관계대명사를 채워 넣으세요.

البيت ___ أسكن فيه كبير.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: الذي
'البيت' (집)은 남성 단수 명사이므로 'الذي'가 필요해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 (الذي, التي)

빈칸에 올바른 접미 대명사를 채우세요.

Al-qahwah allatī sharibtu___ kānat sākhinah. (내가 마신 커피는 뜨거웠다.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: hā (그녀)
Al-qahwah (커피)는 여성 명사이므로, 여성 접미사 -hā가 필요해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 되돌아오는 대명사 (재귀 대명사)

경고 문장을 완성하세요.

___ wa-l-nār! (Beware of the fire!)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Iyyāka
경고는 항상 iyyāka (또는 비슷한 변형) + wa로 시작해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 분리 목적격 대명사: '너'를 강조하기 (iyyāka)

'너'를 강조하는 문장을 고르세요.

Select the sentence that means 'It is YOU I saw' (not someone else).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Iyyāka ra'aytu (إِيَّاكَ رَأَيْتُ)
Ra'aytuka는 평범한 표현이에요. Anta ra'aytu는 (목적어 자리에 주어 대명사를 써서) 문법적으로 틀린 문장이에요. Iyyāka ra'aytu는 독립 목적어 대명사를 사용해서 강조해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 분리 목적격 대명사: '너'를 강조하기 (iyyāka)

일반 명사를 올바르게 설명하는 문장은 무엇인가요?

I saw a movie that was funny.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شاهدت فيلماً كان مضحكاً (Shāhadtu fīlman kāna mudhikan)
맞아요! 명사가 'fīlman'(영화)처럼 일반 명사일 때는 연결어를 완전히 생략해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 중첩 관계절 (~하는 사람, ~인 것)

알맞은 관계대명사를 고르세요.

الكتاب ___ قرأته مفيد جداً.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: الذي
'Al-kitab' (책)은 남성 단수이므로 'الذي'가 필요해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 사람/것 (alladhi, allati)

실수를 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

القهوة الذي شربتها لذيذة.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: القهوة التي شربتها لذيذة.
'القهوة' (커피)는 여성 명사이므로 'الذي'가 아닌 'التي'가 필요해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 (الذي, التي)

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

'공부하는 소녀'에 대한 올바른 문장을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: البنت التي تدرس
'البنت' (소녀)는 여성 단수 명사이므로 'التي'를 사용해야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 관계대명사: ~하는 (الذي, التي)

관계대명사의 실수를 찾으세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

جاء الولدان اللذين يدرسان معي.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: جاء الولدان اللذان يدرسان معي.
«두 소년들»(Al-waladān)이 주어(주격, '-ān'으로 끝남)이므로, 관계대명사도 주격인 'اللذان'이어야 해요('اللذين'이 아님).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 2인용 관계대명사 (Al-Ladhān / Al-Latān)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

아니요, 'الذي'는 남성에게만 사용해요. 여자아이 또는 다른 여성 명사에는 반드시 'التي'를 써야 해요.
정해지지 않은 명사(부정 명사)와 관계대명사를 함께 쓰는 거예요. 예를 들어, 'al-rajul al-ladhi' (그 남자) 대신 'rajul al-ladhi' (한 남자)라고 말하는 거죠.
남성 단수 명사를 가리킬 때 '누구', '무엇', 또는 '그것'이라는 뜻이에요. 문장을 연결해주는 역할을 해요. 예를 들어, 'الرجل الذي...'는 '그 남자, (어떤 남자냐면)...' 이런 식이죠.
아랍어 문법에서는 관계대명사를 '알(al-)'이 붙은 특정 명사에만 써요. 불특정 명사일 때는 대명사 없이 의미가 전달돼요. 예를 들어, 'ولد أعرفه'라고 하면 '내가 아는 어떤 소년'이라는 뜻이 돼요.
명사에 대한 정보를 더해주는 '누구', '어떤 것'과 같은 단어예요. 아랍어에서는 주로 'الذي' (알라디)와 'التي' (알라티)를 말해요.
네, 가능해요! 영어는 'who'와 'which'를 구분하지만, 아랍어는 성별에 따라서만 구분해요. 'الرجل الذي' (그 남자)와 'الكتاب الذي' (그 책) 모두 맞아요.
이전 챕터
Actions and Results
다음 챕터
Focusing on the Action: The Passive Voice
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